{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T15:44:57Z","timestamp":1786981497077,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757894400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757894400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metab Brain Dis"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-025-01698-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T08:39:19Z","timestamp":1757925559000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Curcumin treatment reduces motor impairments and protects against rotenone-induced neurodegeneration in a rat model of Parkinson disease"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5364-2838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L. V.","family":"Darbinyan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3694-4068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L. E.","family":"Hambardzumyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7605-5189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L. P.","family":"Manukyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8334-7066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. H.","family":"Danielyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2519-1225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K. V.","family":"Karapetyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1663-3219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V. H.","family":"Sarkisian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6884-6545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K. V.","family":"Simonyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"1698_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.13087","volume":"133","author":"RM Abdelsalam","year":"2015","unstructured":"Abdelsalam RM, Safar MM (2015) Neuroprotective effects of vildagliptin in rat rotenone parkinson\u2019s disease model: role of RAGE-NF\u03baB and Nrf2-antioxidant signaling pathways. J Neurochem 133(5):700\u2013707","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"1698_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-46401-5_1","volume":"595","author":"BB Aggarwal","year":"2007","unstructured":"Aggarwal BB, Sundaram C, Malani N, Ichikawa H (2007) Curcumin: the Indian solid gold. Adv Exp Med Biol 595:1\u201375","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1698_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4328(02)00180-8","volume":"136","author":"M Alam","year":"2002","unstructured":"Alam M, Schmidt WJ (2002) Rotenone destroys dopaminergic neurons and induces parkinsonian symptoms in rats. Behav Brain Res 136(1):317\u2013324","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"1698_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145711001696","volume":"15","author":"TJ Banasikowski","year":"2012","unstructured":"Banasikowski TJ, Beninger RJ (2012) Haloperidol conditioned catalepsy in rats: a possible role for D1-like receptors. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 15(10):1525\u20131534","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"issue":"12","key":"1698_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1038\/81834","volume":"3","author":"R Betarbet","year":"2000","unstructured":"Betarbet R, Sherer TB, MacKenzie G, Garcia-Osuna M, Panov AV, Greenamyre JT (2000) Chronic systemic pesticide exposure reproduces features of parkinson\u2019s disease. Nat Neurosci 3(12):1301\u20131306","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"11","key":"1698_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7105","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.15-11-07105.1995","volume":"15","author":"MD Bevan","year":"1995","unstructured":"Bevan MD, Bolam JP, Cholinergic (1995) GABAergic, and glutamate-enriched inputs from the mesopontine tegmentum to the subthalamic nucleus in the rat. J Neurosci 15(11):7105\u20137120","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"1698_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-4580(02)00065-9","volume":"24","author":"H Braak","year":"2003","unstructured":"Braak H, Del Tredici K, R\u00fcb U, de Vos RA, Jansen Steur EN, Braak E (2003) Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neurobiol Aging 24(2):197\u2013211","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"issue":"5","key":"1698_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.249847","volume":"14","author":"M Bisbal","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bisbal M, Sanchez M (2019) Neurotoxicity of the pesticide rotenone on neuronal polarization: a mechanistic approach. Neural Regen Res 14(5):762\u2013766","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"key":"1698_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00044","volume":"9","author":"S Breit","year":"2018","unstructured":"Breit S, Kupferberg A, Rogler G, Hasler G (2018) Vagus nerve as modulator of the brain-gut axis in psychiatric and inflammatory disorders. Front Psychiatry 9:44","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"1698_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2014.02.013","volume":"120","author":"B Bricker","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bricker B, Sampson D, Ablordeppey SY (2014) Evaluation of the potential of antipsychotic agents to induce catalepsy in rats: assessment of a new, commercially available, semi-automated instrument. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 120:109\u2013116","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"issue":"2","key":"1698_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.01.016","volume":"34","author":"JR Cannon","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cannon JR, Tapias V, Na HM, Honick AS, Drolet RE, Greenamyre JT (2009) A highly reproducible rotenone model of parkinson\u2019s disease. Neurobiol Dis 34(2):279\u2013290","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"1698_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0b013e3181e50ef1","volume":"26","author":"KF Carlson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Carlson KF, Kehle SM, Meis LA, Greer N, Macdonald R, Rutks I, Sayer NA, Dobscha SK, Wilt TJ (2011) Prevalence, assessment, and treatment of mild traumatic brain injury and posttraumatic stress disorder: a systematic review of the evidence. J Head Trauma Rehabil 26(2):103\u2013115","journal-title":"J Head Trauma Rehabil"},{"key":"1698_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.01494","volume":"10","author":"NE Chambers","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chambers NE, Lanza K, Bishop C (2020) Pedunculopontine nucleus degeneration contributes to both motor and non-motor symptoms of parkinson\u2019s disease. Front Pharmacol 10:1494","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"issue":"48","key":"1698_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40364","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M509329200","volume":"280","author":"J Chen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chen J, Zhou Y, Mueller-Steiner S, Chen LF, Kwon H, Yi S, Mucke L, Gan L (2005) SIRT1 protects against microglia-dependent amyloid-beta toxicity through inhibiting NF-kappaB signaling. J Biol Chem 280(48):40364\u201340374","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"16","key":"1698_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.3654","volume":"311","author":"BS Connolly","year":"2014","unstructured":"Connolly BS, Lang AE (2014) Pharmacological treatment of Parkinson disease: a review. JAMA 311(16):1670\u20131683 Apr 23\u201330","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"1698_CR16","unstructured":"Cooper GM (2000) The cell: a molecular approach, 2nd edn. Sinauer Associates; The Central Role of Enzymes as Biological Catalysts,\u00a0Sunderland"},{"issue":"Pt 6","key":"1698_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1884","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws101","volume":"135","author":"C Costa","year":"2012","unstructured":"Costa C, Sgobio C, Siliquini S, Tozzi A, Tantucci M, Ghiglieri V, Di Filippo M, Pendolino V, de Iure A, Marti M, Morari M, Spillantini MG, Latagliata EC, Pascucci T, Puglisi-Allegra S, Gardoni F, Di Luca M, Picconi B, Calabresi P (2012) Mechanisms underlying the impairment of hippocampal long-term potentiation and memory in experimental Parkinson\u2019s disease. Brain 135(Pt 6):1884\u20131899","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"1","key":"1698_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-025-10345-1","volume":"52","author":"R \u00c7\u0131nar","year":"2025","unstructured":"\u00c7\u0131nar R, Y\u0131ld\u0131zhan K (2025) Curcumin protects against MPP+-induced neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells by modulating the TRPV4 channel. Mol Biol Rep 52(1):255","journal-title":"Mol Biol Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"1698_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-023-00455-7","volume":"9","author":"A Davin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Davin A, Chabard\u00e8s S, Devergnas A, Benstaali C, Gutekunst CN, David O, Torres-Martinez N, Piallat B (2023) Excessive daytime sleepiness in a model of Parkinson\u2019s disease improved by low-frequency stimulation of the pedunculopontine nucleus. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 9(1):9","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinsons Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"1698_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-022-00941-6","volume":"37","author":"LV Darbinyan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Darbinyan LV, Simonyan KV, Hambardzumyan LE, Manukyan LP, Badalyan SH, Sarkisian VH (2022) Protective effect of curcumin against rotenone-induced substantia nigra pars compacta neuronal dysfunction. Metab Brain Dis 37(4):1111\u20131118","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"1698_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-017-0060-y","volume":"32","author":"LV Darbinyan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Darbinyan LV, Hambardzumyan LE, Simonyan KV, Chavushyan VA, Manukyan LP, Badalyan SA, Khalaji N, Sarkisian VH (2017) Protective effects of curcumin against rotenone-induced rat model of parkinson\u2019s disease: in vivo electrophysiological and behavioral study. Metab Brain Dis 32(6):1791\u20131803","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"1698_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2457","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-023-01237-z","volume":"38","author":"LV Darbinyan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Darbinyan LV, Simonyan KV, Hambardzumyan LE, Simonyan MA, Simonyan RM, Manukyan LP (2023) Membrane-stabilizing and protective effects of curcumin in a rotenone-induced rat model of Parkinson disease. Metab Brain Dis 38(7):2457\u20132464","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis"},{"key":"1698_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2018.08.014","volume":"128","author":"G Di Giovanni","year":"2019","unstructured":"Di Giovanni G, Chagraoui A, Puginier E, Galati S, De Deurwaerd\u00e8re P (2019) Reciprocal interaction between monoaminergic systems and the pedunculopontine nucleus: implication in the mechanism of L-DOPA. Neurobiol Dis 128:9\u201318","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"1698_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.13805","volume":"28","author":"H Fikry","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fikry H, Saleh LA, Abdel Gawad S (2022) Neuroprotective effects of curcumin on the cerebellum in a rotenone-induced parkinson\u2019s disease model. CNS Neurosci Ther 28(5):732\u2013748","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"},{"key":"1698_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2018.00099","volume":"10","author":"IT French","year":"2018","unstructured":"French IT, Muthusamy KA (2018) A review of the pedunculopontine nucleus in parkinson\u2019s disease. Front Aging Neurosci 10:99","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"1698_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.911924","volume":"14","author":"L Gao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gao L, Cao M, Du GH, Qin XM (2022) Huangqin decoction exerts beneficial effects on Rotenone-induced rat model of Parkinson\u2019s disease by improving mitochondrial dysfunction and alleviating metabolic abnormality of mitochondria. Front Aging Neurosci 14:911924","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"1698_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2003.08.009","volume":"151","author":"OA Gharbawie","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gharbawie OA, Whishaw PA, Whishaw IQ (2004) The topography of three-dimensional exploration: a new quantification of vertical and horizontal exploration, postural support, and exploratory bouts in the cylinder test. Behav Brain Res 151(1\u20132):125\u2013135","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"issue":"24","key":"1698_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15245053","volume":"15","author":"M Guariglia","year":"2023","unstructured":"Guariglia M, Saba F, Rosso C, Bugianesi E (2023) Molecular mechanisms of curcumin in the pathogenesis of metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease. Nutrients 15(24):5053","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"1698_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.132982","volume":"291","author":"Z Guo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Guo Z, Ruan Z, Zhang D, Liu X, Hou L, Wang Q (2022) Rotenone impairs learning and memory in mice through microglia-mediated blood brain barrier disruption and neuronal apoptosis. Chemosphere 291(Pt 2):132982","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"1","key":"1698_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1159\/000489810","volume":"47","author":"CW Huang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Huang CW, Lin KM, Hung TY, Chuang YC, Wu SN (2018) Multiple actions of rotenone, an inhibitor of mitochondrial respiratory chain, on ionic currents and miniature end-plate potential in mouse hippocampal (mHippoE-14) neurons. Cell Physiol Biochem 47(1):330\u2013343","journal-title":"Cell Physiol Biochem"},{"key":"1698_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.01294","volume":"10","author":"A Murueta-Goyena","year":"2019","unstructured":"Murueta-Goyena A, Andikoetxea A, G\u00f3mez-Esteban JC, Gabilondo I (2019) Contribution of the GABAergic system to non-motor manifestations in premotor and early stages of parkinson\u2019s disease. Front Pharmacol 10:1294","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1698_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-022-03193-8","volume":"60","author":"MT Ibarra-Guti\u00e9rrez","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ibarra-Guti\u00e9rrez MT, Serrano-Garc\u00eda N, Orozco-Ibarra M (2023) Rotenone-induced model of parkinson\u2019s disease: beyond mitochondrial complex I inhibition. Mol Neurobiol 60(4):1929\u20131948","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1698_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.114.2.285","volume":"114","author":"WL Inglis","year":"2000","unstructured":"Inglis WL, Olmstead MC, Robbins TW (2000) Pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus lesions impair stimulus\u2013reward learning in autoshaping and conditioned reinforcement paradigms. Behav Neurosci 114(2):285\u2013294","journal-title":"Behav Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"1698_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4328(01)00181-4","volume":"123","author":"WL Inglis","year":"2001","unstructured":"Inglis WL, Olmstead MC, Robbins TW (2001) Selective deficits in attentional performance on the 5-choice serial reaction time task following pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus lesions. Behav Brain Res 123(2):117\u2013131","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"1698_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.0c00522","volume":"34","author":"J Innos","year":"2021","unstructured":"Innos J, Hickey MA (2021) Using rotenone to model Parkinson\u2019s disease in mice: a review of the role of pharmacokinetics. Chem Res Toxicol 34(5):1223\u20131239","journal-title":"Chem Res Toxicol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1698_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2007.131045","volume":"79","author":"J Jankovic","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jankovic J (2008) Parkinson\u2019s disease: clinical features and diagnosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 79(4):368\u2013376","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"1698_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.2002.7980","volume":"177","author":"Y Jin","year":"2002","unstructured":"Jin Y, Fischer I, Tessler A, Houle JD (2002) Transplants of fibroblasts genetically modified to express BDNF promote axonal regeneration from supraspinal neurons following chronic spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol 177(1):265\u2013275","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"1698_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2014.12.002","volume":"46","author":"ME Johnson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Johnson ME, Bobrovskaya L (2015) An update on the rotenone models of Parkinson\u2019s disease: their ability to reproduce the features of clinical disease and model gene-environment interactions. Neurotoxicology 46:101\u2013116","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"1698_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S94","DOI":"10.5213\/inj.2244252.126","volume":"26","author":"B Kim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kim B, Weerasinghe-Mudiyanselage PDE, Ang MJ, Lee J, Kang S, Kim JC, Kim SH, Kim JS, Jung C, Shin T, Moon C (2022) Changes in the neuronal architecture of the hippocampus in a 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rat model of Parkinson disease. Int Neurourol J 26(Suppl 2):S94-105","journal-title":"Int Neurourol J"},{"issue":"21","key":"1698_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14497","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M708373200","volume":"283","author":"SJ Kim","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kim SJ, Son TG, Park HR, Park M, Kim MS, Kim HS, Chung HY, Mattson MP, Lee J (2008) Curcumin stimulates proliferation of embryonic neural progenitor cells and neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus. J Biol Chem 283(21):14497\u201314505","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"24","key":"1698_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6165","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0282-08.2008","volume":"28","author":"AA K\u00fchn","year":"2008","unstructured":"K\u00fchn AA, Kempf F, Br\u00fccke C, Gaynor Doyle L, Martinez-Torres I, Pogosyan A, Trottenberg T, Kupsch A, Schneider GH, Hariz MI, Vandenberghe W, Nuttin B, Brown P (2008) High-frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus suppresses oscillatory beta activity in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease in parallel with improvement in motor performance. J Neurosci 28(24):6165\u20136173","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"1698_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lavoie B, Parent A (1994)Pedunculopontine nucleus in the squirrel monkey: cholinergic and glutamatergic projections to the substantia Nigra. J Comp Neurol 344(2):232\u2013241","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903440205"},{"issue":"8","key":"1698_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1992","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6663","volume":"34","author":"P Liczbi\u0144ski","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liczbi\u0144ski P, Micha\u0142owicz J, Bukowska B (2020) Molecular mechanism of Curcumin action in signaling pathways: review of the latest research. Phytother Res 34(8):1992\u20132005","journal-title":"Phytother Res"},{"key":"1698_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2023.1095441","volume":"17","author":"C Lin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lin C, Ridder MC, Sah P (2023) The PPN and motor control: preclinical studies to deep brain stimulation for Parkinson\u2019s disease. Front Neural Circuits 17:1095441","journal-title":"Front Neural Circuits"},{"issue":"2","key":"1698_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.14245\/ns.2244148.074","volume":"19","author":"S Lee","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lee S, Cho DC, Han I, Kim KT (2022) Curcumin as a promising neuroprotective agent for the treatment of spinal cord injury: a review of the literature. Neurospine 19(2):249\u2013261","journal-title":"Neurospine"},{"issue":"6","key":"1698_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e16921","volume":"9","author":"X Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu X, Zhang H, Li C, Chen Z, Gao Q, Han M, Zhao F, Chen D, Chen Q, Hu M, Li Z, Wei S, Geng X (2023) The dosage of curcumin to alleviate movement symptoms in a 6-hydroxydopamine-induced parkinson\u2019s disease rat model. Heliyon 9(6):e16921","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"3","key":"1698_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0488-19.2020","volume":"7","author":"KR Luciani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Luciani KR, Frie JA, Khokhar JY (2020) An open source automated bar test for measuring catalepsy in rats. eNeuro 7(3):ENEURO.0488-19.2020","journal-title":"eNeuro"},{"key":"1698_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.02021","volume":"11","author":"K Mallah","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mallah K, Couch C, Borucki DM, Toutonji A, Alshareef M, Tomlinson S (2020) Anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective agents in clinical trials for CNS disease and injury: where do we go from here?? Front Immunol 11:2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1698_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28075-4","volume":"13","author":"D Masini","year":"2022","unstructured":"Masini D, Kiehn O (2022) Targeted activation of midbrain neurons restores locomotor function in mouse models of parkinsonism. Nat Commun 13(1):504","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"12","key":"1698_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2152","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2011.219","volume":"19","author":"JL McBride","year":"2011","unstructured":"McBride JL, Pitzer MR, Boudreau RL, Dufour B, Hobbs T, Ojeda SR, Davidson BL (2011) Preclinical safety of RNAi-mediated HTT suppression in the rhesus macaque as a potential therapy for huntington\u2019s disease. Mol Ther 19(12):2152\u20132162","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"1698_CR51","first-page":"77","volume":"131","author":"IB Meliksetyan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Meliksetyan IB (2007) Demonstration of Ca2+-dependent acid phosphatase activity in cellular structures of rat brain. Morfol (Saint Petersburg Russia) 131(2):77\u201380","journal-title":"Morfol (Saint Petersburg Russia)"},{"issue":"20","key":"1698_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222011248","volume":"22","author":"EE Nebrisi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nebrisi EE (2021) Neuroprotective activities of curcumin in parkinson\u2019s disease: a review of the literature. Int J Mol Sci 22(20):11248","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"1698_CR53","unstructured":"Olanow C, Klein C, Schapira AV (2018) Parkinson\u2019s disease. In: Jameson J, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Loscalzo J (eds) Harrison\u2019s Principles of Internal Medicine, 20e. McGraw Hill. ."},{"issue":"Pt 9","key":"1698_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/123.9.1767","volume":"123","author":"PA Pahapill","year":"2000","unstructured":"Pahapill PA, Lozano AM (2000) The pedunculopontine nucleus and Parkinson\u2019s disease. Brain 123(Pt 9):1767\u20131783","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"19","key":"1698_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4725","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0277-05.2005","volume":"25","author":"WX Pan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pan WX, Hyland BI (2005) Pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus controls conditioned responses of midbrain dopamine neurons in behaving rats. J Neurosci 25(19):4725\u20134732","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1698_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0173(94)00007-C","volume":"20","author":"A Parent","year":"1995","unstructured":"Parent A, Hazrati LN (1995) Functional anatomy of the basal ganglia. I. The cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 20(1):91\u2013127","journal-title":"Brain Res Brain Res Rev"},{"key":"1698_CR57","unstructured":"Paxinos G, Watson C (2014) The rat brain in stereotaxic coordinates: hard cover edition, 7th edn. Academic"},{"key":"1698_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-015-0044-5","volume":"10","author":"IS Pienaar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pienaar IS, Gartside SE, Sharma P, De Paola V, Gretenkord S, Withers D, Elson JL, Dexter DT (2015) Pharmacogenetic stimulation of cholinergic pedunculopontine neurons reverses motor deficits in a rat model of parkinson\u2019s disease. Mol Neurodegener 10:47","journal-title":"Mol Neurodegener"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"1698_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-0618(00)00099-5","volume":"20","author":"L Prensa","year":"2000","unstructured":"Prensa L, Cossette M, Parent A (2000) Dopaminergic innervation of human basal ganglia. J Chem Neuroanat 20(3\u20134):207\u2013213","journal-title":"J Chem Neuroanat"},{"issue":"2","key":"1698_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(88)90549-5","volume":"462","author":"TE Robinson","year":"1988","unstructured":"Robinson TE, Jurson PA, Bennett JA, Bentgen KM (1988) Persistent sensitization of dopamine neurotransmission in ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens) produced by prior experience with (+)-amphetamine: a microdialysis study in freely moving rats. Brain Res 462(2):211\u2013222","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"1698_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.102.5.748","volume":"102","author":"PR Sanberg","year":"1988","unstructured":"Sanberg PR, Bunsey MD, Giordano M, Norman AB (1988) The catalepsy test: its ups and downs. Behav Neurosci 102:748\u2013759","journal-title":"Behav Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"1698_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-022-02588-6","volume":"228","author":"SH Sarkisyan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sarkisyan SH, Danielyan MH, Darbinyan LV, Simonyan KV, Chavushyan VA (2023) The effects of vibration on the neuronal activity of lateral vestibular nuclei in unilaterally labyrinthectomized rats. Brain Struct Funct 228(2):463\u2013473","journal-title":"Brain Struct Funct"},{"issue":"4","key":"1698_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nurx.2006.08.001","volume":"3","author":"T Schallert","year":"2006","unstructured":"Schallert T (2006) Behavioral tests for preclinical intervention assessment. NeuroRx 3(4):497\u2013504","journal-title":"NeuroRx"},{"issue":"5","key":"1698_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3908(00)00005-8","volume":"39","author":"T Schallert","year":"2000","unstructured":"Schallert T, Fleming SM, Leasure JL, Tillerson JL, Bland ST (2000) CNS plasticity and assessment of forelimb sensorimotor outcome in unilateral rat models of stroke, cortical ablation, parkinsonism and spinal cord injury. Neuropharmacology 39(5):777\u2013787","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"issue":"5","key":"1698_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2020.11.042","volume":"31","author":"V Skvortsova","year":"2021","unstructured":"Skvortsova V, Palminteri S, Buot A, Karachi C, Welter ML, Grabli D, Pessiglione M (2021) A causal role for the pedunculopontine nucleus in human instrumental learning. Curr Biol 31(5):943\u2013954e5","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"1698_CR66","first-page":"609","volume-title":"Goodman & gilman\u2019s: the Pharmacological basis of therapeutics","author":"D Standeart","year":"2012","unstructured":"Standeart D, Roberson E (2012) Treatment of central nervous system degenerative disorders. In: Brunton L, Chabner B, Knollmann B (eds) Goodman & gilman\u2019s: the Pharmacological basis of therapeutics, 12th edn. Mcgraw Hill Medical, New York, pp 609\u2013628","edition":"12"},{"issue":"1","key":"1698_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-4328(94)90015-9","volume":"61","author":"T Steckler","year":"1994","unstructured":"Steckler T, Keith AB, Sahgal A (1994) Lesions of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus do not alter delayed non-matching to position accuracy. Behav Brain Res 61(1):107\u2013112","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"1698_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2003.12.016","volume":"124","author":"K Takakusaki","year":"2004","unstructured":"Takakusaki K, Habaguchi T, Saitoh K, Kohyama J (2004) Changes in the excitability of hindlimb motoneurons during muscular atonia induced by stimulating the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus in cats. Neuroscience 124(2):467\u2013480","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"1698_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2018.06.014","volume":"128","author":"W Thevathasan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Thevathasan W, Moro E (2019) What is the therapeutic mechanism of pedunculopontine nucleus stimulation in Parkinson\u2019s disease? Neurobiol Dis 128:67\u201374","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"1698_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-023-00561-6","volume":"9","author":"AD Van Laar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Van Laar AD, Webb KR, Keeney MT, Van Laar VS, Zharikov A, Burton EA, Hastings TG, Glajch KE, Hirst WD, Greenamyre JT, Rocha EM (2023) Transient exposure to rotenone causes degeneration and progressive parkinsonian motor deficits, neuroinflammation, and synucleinopathy. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 9(1):121","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinsons Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"1698_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(86)90234-4","volume":"17","author":"SR Vincent","year":"1986","unstructured":"Vincent SR, Satoh K, Armstrong DM, Panula P, Vale W, Fibiger HC (1986) Neuropeptides and NADPH-diaphorase activity in the ascending cholinergic reticular system of the rat. Neuroscience 17(1):167\u2013182","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"4","key":"1698_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130000466","volume":"150","author":"ML Wadenberg","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wadenberg ML, Kapur S, Soliman A, Jones C, Vaccarino F (2000) Dopamine D2 receptor occupancy predicts catalepsy and the suppression of conditioned avoidance response behavior in rats. Psychopharmacology 150(4):422\u2013429","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"1698_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2022.867180","volume":"16","author":"I Waku","year":"2022","unstructured":"Waku I, Reimer AE, de Oliveira AR (2022) Effects of immediate aversive stimulation on Haloperidol-induced catalepsy in rats. Front Behav Neurosci 16:867180","journal-title":"Front Behav Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"1698_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2008.06576.x","volume":"29","author":"HL Wang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wang HL, Morales M (2009) Pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei contain distinct populations of cholinergic, glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons in the rat. Eur J Neurosci 29(2):340\u2013358","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"issue":"12","key":"1698_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(05)70226-X","volume":"4","author":"GK Wenning","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wenning GK, Kiechl S, Seppi K et al (2005) Prevalence of movement disorders in men and women aged 50\u201389 years (Bruneck study cohort): a population-based study. Lancet Neurol 4(12):815\u2013820","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"1698_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-4598-10-12","volume":"10","author":"R Wilken","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wilken R, Veena MS, Wang MB, Srivatsan ES, Curcumin (2011) A review of anti-cancer properties and therapeutic activity in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Mol Cancer 10:12","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"1698_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1006\/nbdi.2002.0499","volume":"10","author":"C Winkler","year":"2002","unstructured":"Winkler C, Kirik D, Bj\u00f6rklund A, Cenci MA (2002) L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in the intrastriatal 6-hydroxydopamine model of parkinson\u2019s disease: relation to motor and cellular parameters of nigrostriatal function. Neurobiol Dis 10(2):165\u2013186","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"1698_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2008.04.030","volume":"14","author":"P Winn","year":"2008","unstructured":"Winn P (2008) Experimental studies of pedunculopontine functions: are they motor, sensory or integrative? Parkinsonism Relat Disord 14(Suppl 2):S194\u2013S198","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"issue":"11","key":"1698_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0007878","volume":"4","author":"N Xiong","year":"2009","unstructured":"Xiong N, Huang J, Zhang Z, Zhang Z, Xiong J, Liu X, Jia M, Wang F, Chen C, Cao X, Liang Z, Sun S, Lin Z, Wang T (2009) Stereotaxical infusion of rotenone: a reliable rodent model for parkinson\u2019s disease. PLoS One 4(11):e7878","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"1698_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(87)90179-5","volume":"23","author":"CR Yang","year":"1987","unstructured":"Yang CR, Mogenson GJ (1987) Hippocampal signal transmission to the pedunculopontine nucleus and its regulation by dopamine D2 receptors in the nucleus accumbens: an electrophysiological and behavioural study. Neuroscience 23(3):1041\u20131055","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"4","key":"1698_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1080\/10799893.2021.1981381","volume":"42","author":"K Y\u0131ld\u0131zhan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Y\u0131ld\u0131zhan K, Naz\u0131ro\u011flu M (2022) Protective role of selenium on MPP\u2009+\u2009and homocysteine-induced TRPM2 channel activation in SH-SY5Y cells. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 42(4):399\u2013408","journal-title":"J Recept Signal Transduct Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"1698_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3508","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-020-01974-7","volume":"57","author":"K Y\u0131ld\u0131zhan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Y\u0131ld\u0131zhan K, Naz\u0131ro\u011flu M (2020) Glutathione depletion and parkinsonian neurotoxin MPP+-induced TRPM2 channel activation play central roles in oxidative cytotoxicity and inflammation in microglia. Mol Neurobiol 57(8):3508\u20133525","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"1698_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2020.106108","volume":"198","author":"K Yu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yu K, Ren Z, Guo S, Li J, Li Y (2020) Effects of pedunculopontine nucleus deep brain stimulation on gait disorders in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a meta-analysis of the literature. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 198:106108","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"issue":"9","key":"1698_CR84","volume":"3","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Wang J, Li X, Bai F, Qin W, Yu H, Tian J (2008) Impairments of thalamic nuclei in idiopathic generalized epilepsy revealed by a study combining morphological and functional connectivity MRI. PLoS One 3(9):e3339","journal-title":"PLoS One"}],"container-title":["Metabolic Brain Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11011-025-01698-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11011-025-01698-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11011-025-01698-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T11:04:11Z","timestamp":1766055851000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11011-025-01698-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["1698"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11011-025-01698-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1573-7365"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1573-7365","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 September 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was performed in accordance with the principles of laboratory animal care of the Ethics Committee of Yerevan State Medical University (Yerevan, Armenia) and in accordance with the decision of 22 September 2010 of the Council of European Communities [2010\/63\/EU] and with \u201cARRIVE\u201d guidelines (Animals in Research Reporting in vivo Experiments). All applicable international, national, and\/or institutional guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"267"}}