{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T12:05:51Z","timestamp":1771589151593,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771545600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771545600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metab Brain Dis"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-026-01801-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T11:14:04Z","timestamp":1771586044000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The role of gut dysbiosis in Parkinson\u2019s disease: pathophysiology, epidemiology, and emerging therapeutic strategies"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Zoe","family":"Peltz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roxanne","family":"Wiblin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Varunya M.","family":"Kattunga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chitra G.","family":"Pai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julie K.","family":"Andersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shankar J.","family":"Chinta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"1801_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aar5683","volume":"360","author":"DR Alessi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alessi DR, Sammler E (2018) LRRK2 kinase in parkinson\u2019s disease. Science 360:36\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.aar5683","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1801_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.103908","volume":"25","author":"DP Amorim Neto","year":"2022","unstructured":"Amorim Neto DP, Bosque BP, de Pereira Godoy JV et al (2022) Akkermansia muciniphila induces mitochondrial calcium overload and \u03b1 -synuclein aggregation in an enteroendocrine cell line. iScience 25:103908. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.isci.2022.103908","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"1801_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1011063","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1011063","volume":"19","author":"ML Atilano","year":"2023","unstructured":"Atilano ML, Hull A, Romila C-A et al (2023) Autophagic dysfunction and gut microbiota dysbiosis cause chronic immune activation in a Drosophila model of Gaucher disease. PLoS Genet 19:e1011063. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgen.1011063","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"1801_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00218","volume":"10","author":"N Ball","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ball N, Teo W-P, Chandra S, Chapman J (2019) Parkinson\u2019s disease and the environment. Front Neurol 10:218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2019.00218","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"11","key":"1801_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2091","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.29937","volume":"39","author":"G Bellini","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bellini G, Rettura F, Palermo G, Ippolito C, Segnani C, Pierucci C, Fontanelli L, Frosini D, Nardini V, Lambiase C, Bernardini N, Pellegrini C, Ceravolo R (2024) Prokineticin-2 is highly expressed in colonic mucosa of early parkinson\u2019s disease patients. Mov Disord 39(11):2091\u20132097. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.29937","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"1801_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benvenuti L, Di Salvo C, Bellini G, Seguella L, Rettura F, Esposito G, Antonioli L, Pellegrini C, Fornai M (2024) Gut-directed therapy in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 15, 1407925.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2024.140792","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1407925"},{"key":"1801_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bopardikar M, Bhattacharya A, Rao Kakita VM, (2019) Triphala inhibits alpha-synuclein fibrillization and their interaction study by NMR provides insights into the self-association of the protein. RSC Adv 9:28470\u201328477. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/c9ra05551g","DOI":"10.1039\/C9RA05551G"},{"key":"1801_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/s0197-4580(02)00065-9","volume":"24","author":"H Braak","year":"2003","unstructured":"Braak H, Del Tredici K, R\u00fcb U et al (2003a) Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neurobiol Aging 24:197\u2013211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0197-4580(02)00065-9","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"1801_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-002-0808-2","volume":"110","author":"H Braak","year":"2003","unstructured":"Braak H, R\u00fcb U, Gai WP, Del Tredici K (2003b) Idiopathic Parkinson\u2019s disease: possible routes by which vulnerable neuronal types may be subject to neuroinvasion by an unknown pathogen. J Neural Transm Vienna Austria 1996 110:517\u2013536. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00702-002-0808-2","journal-title":"J Neural Transm Vienna Austria 1996"},{"key":"1801_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI36470","volume":"119","author":"V Brochard","year":"2009","unstructured":"Brochard V, Combadi\u00e8re B, Prigent A et al (2009) Infiltration of CD4\u2009+\u2009lymphocytes into the brain contributes to neurodegeneration in a mouse model of Parkinson disease. J Clin Invest 119:182\u2013192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI36470","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"1801_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102563","volume":"71","author":"A Bruggeman","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bruggeman A, Vandendriessche C, Hamerlinck H et al (2024) Safety and efficacy of faecal microbiota transplantation in patients with mild to moderate Parkinson\u2019s disease (GUT-PARFECT): a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised, phase 2 trial. EClinicalMedicine 71:102563. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102563","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"1801_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-023-02595-9","volume":"146","author":"D Cabezudo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cabezudo D, Tsafaras G, Van Acker E et al (2023) Mutant LRRK2 exacerbates immune response and neurodegeneration in a chronic model of experimental colitis. Acta Neuropathol 146:245\u2013261. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00401-023-02595-9","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"1801_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8877","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.2c07606","volume":"71","author":"C Chu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chu C, Li T, Yu L et al (2023) A low-protein, high-carbohydrate diet exerts a neuroprotective effect on mice with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced Parkinson\u2019s disease by regulating the microbiota-metabolite-brain axis and fibroblast growth factor 21. J Agric Food Chem 71:8877\u20138893. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jafc.2c07606","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"1801_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1590\/s0100-879x2003001000019","volume":"36","author":"CG Coimbra","year":"2003","unstructured":"Coimbra CG, Junqueira VBC (2003) High doses of riboflavin and the elimination of dietary red meat promote the recovery of some motor functions in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients. Braz J Med Biol Res Rev Bras Pesqui Medicas E Biol 36:1409\u20131417. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/s0100-879x2003001000019","journal-title":"Braz J Med Biol Res Rev Bras Pesqui Medicas E Biol"},{"key":"1801_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.10.040","volume":"144","author":"C Correale","year":"2013","unstructured":"Correale C, Genua M, Vetrano S et al (2013) Bacterial sensor triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 regulates the mucosal inflammatory response. Gastroenterology 144:346-356.e3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.10.040","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1801_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923477","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.923477","volume":"13","author":"R Deng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Deng R, Zheng H, Cai H et al (2022) Effects of helicobacter pylori on tumor microenvironment and immunotherapy responses. Front Immunol 13:923477. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.923477","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"1801_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1104759","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1104759","volume":"14","author":"HL DuPont","year":"2023","unstructured":"DuPont HL, Suescun J, Jiang Z-D et al (2023) Fecal microbiota transplantation in Parkinson\u2019s disease-a randomized repeat-dose, placebo-controlled clinical pilot study. Front Neurol 14:1104759. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2023.1104759","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"1801_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00007-1","volume":"14","author":"A Fasano","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fasano A, Visanji NP, Liu LWC et al (2015) Gastrointestinal dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Lancet Neurol 14:625\u2013639. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00007-1","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"1801_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104843","volume":"121","author":"LK Figueroa-Hall","year":"2020","unstructured":"Figueroa-Hall LK, Paulus MP, Savitz J (2020) Toll-like receptor signaling in depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology 121:104843. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104843","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"1801_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5982","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21175982","volume":"21","author":"SM Grant","year":"2020","unstructured":"Grant SM, DeMorrow S (2020) Bile acid signaling in neurodegenerative and neurological disorders. Int J Mol Sci 21:5982. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms21175982","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"1801_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-012-0984-y","volume":"91","author":"PS Guerreiro","year":"2013","unstructured":"Guerreiro PS, Huang Y, Gysbers A et al (2013) LRRK2 interactions with \u03b1-synuclein in Parkinson\u2019s disease brains and in cell models. J Mol Med 91:513\u2013522. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00109-012-0984-y","journal-title":"J Mol Med"},{"key":"1801_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1177\/1756283X15607414","volume":"9","author":"S Gupta","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gupta S, Allen-Vercoe E, Petrof EO (2016) Fecal microbiota transplantation: in perspective. Ther Adv Gastroenterol 9:229\u2013239. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1756283X15607414","journal-title":"Ther Adv Gastroenterol"},{"key":"1801_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.04365.x","volume":"1170","author":"CH Hawkes","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hawkes CH, Del Tredici K, Braak H (2009) Parkinson\u2019s disease: the dual hit theory revisited. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1170:615\u2013622. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.04365.x","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"1801_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e16163","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000016163","volume":"98","author":"H Huang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Huang H, Xu H, Luo Q et al (2019) Fecal microbiota transplantation to treat Parkinson\u2019s disease with constipation: a case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 98:e16163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MD.0000000000016163","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"1801_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13010028","volume":"13","author":"TB Karunaratne","year":"2020","unstructured":"Karunaratne TB, Okereke C, Seamon M et al (2020) Niacin and butyrate: nutraceuticals targeting dysbiosis and intestinal permeability in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Nutrients 13:28. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13010028","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"1801_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.05.035","volume":"103","author":"S Kim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kim S, Kwon S-H, Kam T-I et al (2019) Transneuronal propagation of pathologic \u03b1-synuclein from the gut to the brain models Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neuron 103:627-641.e7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.05.035","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"1801_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2015.197","volume":"11","author":"L Klingelhoefer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Klingelhoefer L, Reichmann H (2015) Pathogenesis of Parkinson disease\u2013the gut-brain axis and environmental factors. Nat Rev Neurol 11:625\u2013636. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrneurol.2015.197","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"1801_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-025-03502-7","volume":"22","author":"W-X Kong","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kong W-X, Zhang Z-L, Li J et al (2025) LAG3 limits regulatory T cell proliferation in \u03b1-synuclein gut-to-brain transmission model. J Neuroinflammation 22:174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12974-025-03502-7","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"1801_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1139\/cjpp-2014-0460","volume":"93","author":"T Kuroishi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kuroishi T (2015) Regulation of immunological and inflammatory functions by biotin. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 93:1091\u20131096. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/cjpp-2014-0460","journal-title":"Can J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"1801_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795036","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.795036","volume":"12","author":"X Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li X, Zhang F (2021) Targeting TREM2 for Parkinson\u2019s disease: where to go? Front Immunol 12:795036. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.795036","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"1801_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-021-00420-w","volume":"13","author":"X Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li X, Feng X, Jiang Z, Jiang Z (2021) Association of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth with Parkinson\u2019s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gut Pathog 13:25. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13099-021-00420-w","journal-title":"Gut Pathog"},{"key":"1801_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.13990","volume":"29","author":"Z Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li Z, Liang H, Hu Y et al (2023) Gut bacterial profiles in parkinson\u2019s disease: A systematic review. CNS Neurosci Ther 29:140\u2013157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cns.13990","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"},{"key":"1801_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2307819","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202307819","volume":"11","author":"Y Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li Y, Ren H-X, Chi C-Y, Miao Y-B (2024) Artificial intelligence-guided gut-microenvironment-triggered imaging sensor reveals potential indicators of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Adv Sci Weinh Baden-Wurtt Ger 11:e2307819. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/advs.202307819","journal-title":"Adv Sci Weinh Baden-Wurtt Ger"},{"key":"1801_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1996","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003961","volume":"88","author":"B Liu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu B, Fang F, Pedersen NL et al (2017a) Vagotomy and Parkinson disease: a Swedish register-based matched-cohort study. Neurology 88:1996\u20132002. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003961","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"1801_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2017.08.3235","volume":"381","author":"J Liu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu J, Wang F, Liu S et al (2017b) Sodium butyrate exerts protective effect against parkinson\u2019s disease in mice via stimulation of glucagon like peptide-1. J Neurol Sci 381:176\u2013181. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jns.2017.08.3235","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"1801_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7762","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-016-0249-9","volume":"54","author":"Z Liu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu Z, Huang Y, Cao B-B et al (2017c) Th17 cells induce dopaminergic neuronal death via LFA-1\/ICAM-1 interaction in a mouse model of parkinson\u2019s disease. Mol Neurobiol 54:7762\u20137776. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12035-016-0249-9","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"1801_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12566","volume":"501","author":"PS Manzanillo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Manzanillo PS, Ayres JS, Watson RO et al (2013) The ubiquitin ligase parkin mediates resistance to intracellular pathogens. Nature 501:512\u2013516. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature12566","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1801_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2023.06.007","volume":"13","author":"Z Mao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mao Z, Hui H, Zhao X et al (2023) Protective effects of dioscin against Parkinson\u2019s disease via regulating bile acid metabolism through remodeling gut microbiome\/GLP-1 signaling. J Pharm Anal 13:1153\u20131167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpha.2023.06.007","journal-title":"J Pharm Anal"},{"key":"1801_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111661","volume":"139","author":"R Mirzaei","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mirzaei R, Bouzari B, Hosseini-Fard SR et al (2021) Role of microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids in nervous system disorders. Biomed Pharmacother 139:111661. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111661","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"1801_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-024-00724-z","volume":"10","author":"H Nishiwaki","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nishiwaki H, Ueyama J, Ito M et al (2024) Meta-analysis of shotgun sequencing of gut microbiota in Parkinson\u2019s disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 10:106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41531-024-00724-z","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"1801_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13726","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13726","volume":"32","author":"SM O\u2019Donovan","year":"2020","unstructured":"O\u2019Donovan SM, Crowley EK, Brown JR-M et al (2020) Nigral overexpression of \u03b1-synuclein in a rat parkinson\u2019s disease model indicates alterations in the enteric nervous system and the gut Microbiome. Neurogastroenterol Motil 32:e13726. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/nmo.13726","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"key":"1801_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20663","volume":"21","author":"N Pankratz","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pankratz N, Byder L, Halter C et al (2006) Presence of an APOE4 allele results in significantly earlier onset of Parkinson\u2019s disease and a higher risk with dementia. Mov Disord 21:45\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.20663","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"1801_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-316844","volume":"68","author":"P Perez-Pardo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Perez-Pardo P, Dodiya HB, Engen PA et al (2019) Role of TLR4 in the gut-brain axis in parkinson\u2019s disease: a translational study from men to mice. Gut 68:829\u2013843. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-316844","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"1801_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.1267","volume":"50","author":"M Pierantozzi","year":"2001","unstructured":"Pierantozzi M, Pietroiusti A, Galante A et al (2001) Helicobacter pylori-induced reduction of acute levodopa absorption in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients. Ann Neurol 50:686\u2013687. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.1267","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"1801_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s100720170061","volume":"22","author":"M Pierantozzi","year":"2001","unstructured":"Pierantozzi M, Pietroiusti A, Sancesario G et al (2001) Reduced L-dopa absorption and increased clinical fluctuations in Helicobacter pylori-infected Parkinson\u2019s disease patients. Neurol Sci 22:89\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s100720170061","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"1801_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2045","DOI":"10.1126\/science.276.5321.2045","volume":"276","author":"MH Polymeropoulos","year":"1997","unstructured":"Polymeropoulos MH, Lavedan C, Leroy E et al (1997) Mutation in the alpha-synuclein gene identified in families with parkinson\u2019s disease. Science 276:2045\u20132047. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.276.5321.2045","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1801_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3515","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16203515","volume":"16","author":"E Ribichini","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ribichini E, Scalese G, Mocci C, Severi C (2024) Gut\u2013brain axis and psychopathology: exploring the impact of diet with a focus on the low-FODMAP approach. Nutrients 16:3515. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu16203515","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"1801_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1017\/s0317167100013202","volume":"39","author":"D Salat-Foix","year":"2012","unstructured":"Salat-Foix D, Tran K, Ranawaya R et al (2012) Increased intestinal permeability and Parkinson disease patients: chicken or egg? Can J Neurol Sci 39:185\u2013188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0317167100013202","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"1801_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4014","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-82139-7","volume":"15","author":"TR Sampson","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sampson TR, Wallen ZD, Won W-J et al (2025) Alpha synuclein overexpression can drive microbiome dysbiosis in mice. Sci Rep 15:4014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-82139-7","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1801_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2024.2305","volume":"81","author":"F Scheperjans","year":"2024","unstructured":"Scheperjans F, Levo R, Bosch B et al (2024) Fecal microbiota transplantation for treatment of Parkinson disease: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Neurol 81:925\u2013938. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaneurol.2024.2305","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"1801_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113071","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.113071","volume":"42","author":"KJ Schmit","year":"2023","unstructured":"Schmit KJ, Garcia P, Sciortino A et al (2023) Fiber deprivation and microbiome-borne curli shift gut bacterial populations and accelerate disease in a mouse model of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Cell Rep 42:113071. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.113071","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"1801_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2018.02.022","volume":"50","author":"A Schwiertz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schwiertz A, Spiegel J, Dillmann U et al (2018) Fecal markers of intestinal inflammation and intestinal permeability are elevated in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 50:104\u2013107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2018.02.022","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"1801_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36877\/pmmb.a0000069","author":"SM Selvaraj","year":"2020","unstructured":"Selvaraj SM, Wong SH, Ser H-L, Lee L-H (2020) Role of low FODMAP diet and probiotics on gut Microbiome in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Prog Microbes Mol Biol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36877\/pmmb.a0000069. 3:","journal-title":"Prog Microbes Mol Biol"},{"key":"1801_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002533","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1002533","volume":"14","author":"R Sender","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sender R, Fuchs S, Milo R (2016) Revised estimates for the number of human and bacteria cells in the body. PLoS Biol 14:e1002533. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.1002533","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"1801_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25020","volume":"27","author":"KM Shannon","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shannon KM, Keshavarzian A, Dodiya HB et al (2012) Is alpha-synuclein in the colon a biomarker for premotor Parkinson\u2019s disease? Evidence from 3 cases. Mov Disord 27:716\u2013719. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.25020","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"1801_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0901281","volume":"361","author":"E Sidransky","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sidransky E, Nalls MA, Aasly JO et al (2009) Multicenter analysis of glucocerebrosidase mutations in Parkinson\u2019s disease. N Engl J Med 361:1651\u20131661. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa0901281","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1801_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2921","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-024-01510-2","volume":"32","author":"D Soni","year":"2024","unstructured":"Soni D, Upadhayay S, Dhureja M et al (2024) Crosstalk between gut-brain axis: unveiling the mysteries of gut ROS in progression of parkinson\u2019s disease. Inflammopharmacology 32:2921\u20132941. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10787-024-01510-2","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"1801_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2019.03.021","volume":"69","author":"S Srivastav","year":"2019","unstructured":"Srivastav S, Neupane S, Bhurtel S et al (2019) Probiotics mixture increases butyrate, and subsequently rescues the nigral dopaminergic neurons from MPTP and rotenone-induced neurotoxicity. J Nutr Biochem 69:73\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2019.03.021","journal-title":"J Nutr Biochem"},{"key":"1801_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2014.09.018","volume":"62","author":"Y-T Sui","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sui Y-T, Bullock KM, Erickson MA et al (2014) Alpha synuclein is transported into and out of the brain by the blood-brain barrier. Peptides 62:197\u2013202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.peptides.2014.09.018","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"1801_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8221","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201900071R","volume":"33","author":"TTT Tran","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tran TTT, Corsini S, Kellingray L et al (2019) APOE genotype influences the gut Microbiome structure and function in humans and mice: relevance for alzheimer\u2019s disease pathophysiology. FASEB J Off Publ Fed Am Soc Exp Biol 33:8221\u20138231. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1096\/fj.201900071R","journal-title":"FASEB J Off Publ Fed Am Soc Exp Biol"},{"key":"1801_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.01087","volume":"10","author":"SP van Kessel","year":"2019","unstructured":"van Kessel SP, El Aidy S (2019) Contributions of gut bacteria and diet to drug pharmacokinetics in the treatment of parkinson\u2019s disease. Front Neurol 10:1087. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2019.01087","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"1801_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.05.005","volume":"24","author":"A Wahlstr\u00f6m","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wahlstr\u00f6m A, Sayin SI, Marschall H-U, B\u00e4ckhed F (2016) Intestinal crosstalk between bile acids and microbiota and its impact on host metabolism. Cell Metab 24:41\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.05.005","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"1801_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12979-023-00404-1","volume":"21","author":"B-R Wei","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wei B-R, Zhao Y-J, Cheng Y-F et al (2024) Helicobacter pylori infection and parkinson\u2019s disease: etiology, pathogenesis and Levodopa bioavailability. Immun Ageing A 21:1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12979-023-00404-1","journal-title":"Immun Ageing A"},{"key":"1801_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab103","volume":"144","author":"GP Williams","year":"2021","unstructured":"Williams GP, Schonhoff AM, Jurkuvenaite A et al (2021) CD4 T cells mediate brain inflammation and neurodegeneration in a mouse model of parkinson\u2019s disease. Brain 144:2047\u20132059. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awab103","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1801_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-022-00410-y","volume":"8","author":"AW Willis","year":"2022","unstructured":"Willis AW, Roberts E, Beck JC et al (2022) Incidence of Parkinson disease in North America. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 8:170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41531-022-00410-y","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"1801_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e22035","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000022035","volume":"99","author":"L-J Xue","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xue L-J, Yang X-Z, Tong Q et al (2020) Fecal microbiota transplantation therapy for parkinson\u2019s disease: A preliminary study. Med (Baltim) 99:e22035. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MD.0000000000022035","journal-title":"Med (Baltim)"},{"key":"1801_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.4103\/NRR.NRR-D-24-00702","volume":"21","author":"M Yue","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yue M, Chen T, Chen W et al (2025) The engineered probiotic strain Lactococcus lactis MG1363-pMG36e-GLP-1 regulates microglial polarization and gut dysbiosis in a transgenic mouse model of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neural Regen Res 21:1211\u20131221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/NRR.NRR-D-24-00702","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"key":"1801_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099018","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2023.1099018","volume":"15","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Xu S, Qian Y et al (2023) Sodium butyrate ameliorates gut dysfunction and motor deficits in a mouse model of parkinson\u2019s disease by regulating gut microbiota. Front Aging Neurosci 15:1099018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2023.1099018","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"1801_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1600955","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025a.1600955","volume":"12","author":"R Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang R, Shu L, Zhu Q, Li N (2025) Adherence to a priori and a posteriori dietary patterns and risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Front Nutr 12:1600955. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2025a.1600955","journal-title":"Front Nutr"}],"container-title":["Metabolic Brain Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11011-026-01801-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11011-026-01801-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11011-026-01801-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T11:14:06Z","timestamp":1771586046000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11011-026-01801-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1801"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11011-026-01801-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1573-7365"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1573-7365","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"37"}}