{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T08:39:21Z","timestamp":1777106361280,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777075200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777075200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metab Brain Dis"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-026-01856-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T06:24:51Z","timestamp":1777098291000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Insulin resistance and epilepsy: an emerging pathophysiological nexus"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1023-6880","authenticated-orcid":false,"family":"Kamaljeet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ishrat","family":"Nazir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6375-1888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abhishek","family":"Vijukumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4791-3976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yavnika","family":"Minhas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sourabh","family":"Kosey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7131-9498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohd","family":"Haneef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"1856_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/s41539-019-0048-y","volume":"4","author":"WC Abraham","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abraham WC, Jones OD, Glanzman DL (2019) Is plasticity of synapses the mechanism of long-term memory storage? NPJ Sci. Learn. 4(1):9","journal-title":"NPJ Sci. Learn."},{"key":"1856_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20420188231222367","volume":"15","author":"SH Alharbi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alharbi SH (2024) Anti-inflammatory role of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists and its clinical implications. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab 15:20420188231222370","journal-title":"Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"24","key":"1856_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3953","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.17965","volume":"27","author":"SA Alnaaim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alnaaim SA et al (2023) New insights on the potential anti-epileptic effect of metformin: Mechanistic pathway. J Cell Mol Med 27(24):3953\u20133965","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"1856_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1684\/epd.2021.1255","volume":"1","author":"S Balestrini","year":"2021","unstructured":"Balestrini S et al (2021) The aetiologies of epilepsy. Epileptic Disord 1:1\u201316","journal-title":"Epileptic Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"1856_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22020546","volume":"22","author":"TM Barber","year":"2021","unstructured":"Barber TM, Kyrou I, Randeva HS, Weickert MO (2021) Mechanisms of insulin resistance at the crossroad of obesity with associated metabolic abnormalities and cognitive dysfunction. Int J Mol Sci 22(2):546","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"1856_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.5530\/jyp.2024.16.25","volume":"16","author":"I Barman","year":"2024","unstructured":"Barman I, Sharma T, Talukdar N (2024) Exploring the connection between hypothyroidism and polycystic ovary syndrome: a comprehensive review. J Young Pharm 16(2):187","journal-title":"J Young Pharm"},{"key":"1856_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.873301","volume":"13","author":"E Bl\u00e1zquez","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bl\u00e1zquez E et al (2022) Significance of brain glucose hypometabolism, altered insulin signal transduction, and insulin resistance in several neurological diseases. Front Endocrinol 13:873301","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"1856_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2014.00161","volume":"5","author":"E Bl\u00e1zquez","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bl\u00e1zquez E, Vel\u00e1zquez E, Hurtado-Carneiro V, Ruiz-Albusac JM (2014) Insulin in the brain: its pathophysiological implications for States related with central insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne). 5:161","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)."},{"issue":"6665","key":"1856_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabl7398","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abl7398","volume":"381","author":"JC Br\u00fcning","year":"2023","unstructured":"Br\u00fcning JC, Fenselau H (2023) Integrative neurocircuits that control metabolism and food intake. Science (80-.) 381(6665):eabl7398","journal-title":"Science (80-.)"},{"issue":"6","key":"1856_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.28358","volume":"56","author":"Y Cui","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cui Y, Tang T, Lu C, Ju S (2022) Insulin resistance and cognitive impairment: evidence from neuroimaging. J Magn Reson Imaging 56(6):1621\u20131649","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"issue":"10","key":"1856_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8188","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-024-04081-z","volume":"61","author":"UK Dash","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dash UK, Mazumdar D, Singh S (2024) High mobility group box protein (HMGB1): a potential therapeutic target for diabetic encephalopathy. Mol Neurobiol 61(10):8188\u20138205","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1856_CR10","first-page":"99","volume":"35","author":"A Dehghani-Samani","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dehghani-Samani A, Madreseh-Ghahfarokhi S, Dehghani-Samani A (2019) Mutations of voltage-gated ionic channels and risk of severe cardiac arrhythmias. Acta Cardiol Sin 35(2):99","journal-title":"Acta Cardiol Sin"},{"issue":"2","key":"1856_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1007\/s13668-022-00405-4","volume":"11","author":"E Desli","year":"2022","unstructured":"Desli E, Spilioti M, Evangeliou A, Styllas F, Magkos F, Dalamaga M (2022) The efficacy and safety of ketogenic diets in drug-resistant epilepsy in children and adolescents: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Curr Nutr Rep 11(2):102\u2013116","journal-title":"Curr Nutr Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"1856_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuad071","volume":"82","author":"C Diez-Arroyo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Diez-Arroyo C et al (2024) Effect of the ketogenic diet as a treatment for refractory epilepsy in children and adolescents: a systematic review of reviews. Nutr Rev 82(4):487\u2013502","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"1856_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doerr ME, Buse JB (2020) \u201cThe Endocrine Pancreas,.\u201d Handbook of Endocrinology, Second Edition, Volume I. CRC Press, pp 297\u2013314","DOI":"10.1201\/9780367811440-10"},{"issue":"3","key":"1856_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30411-9","volume":"19","author":"VL Feigin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Feigin VL et al (2020) The global burden of neurological disorders: translating evidence into policy. Lancet Neurol 19(3):255\u2013265. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30411-9","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1856_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1177\/00494755221134141","volume":"53","author":"LJ George","year":"2023","unstructured":"George LJ, Singh P, Aneja S, Singh R, Solanki RS, Seth A (2023) Insulin resistance in children on Sodium Valproate - a hospital based cross-sectional study in Indian children. Trop Doct 53(1):91\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00494755221134141","journal-title":"Trop Doct"},{"key":"1856_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghallab YK, Elassal OS (2024) \u201cBiochemical and Neuropharmacology of Psychiatric Disorders,.\u201d Nutrition and Psychiatric Disorders: An Evidence-Based Approach to Understanding the Diet-Brain Connection. Springer, pp 25\u201347","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-97-2681-3_2"},{"issue":"5","key":"1856_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9050470","volume":"9","author":"S Ghosh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ghosh S et al (2021) Pharmacological and therapeutic approaches in the treatment of epilepsy. Biomedicines 9(5):470","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"1856_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/ndt.s256699","author":"D Guery","year":"2021","unstructured":"Guery D, Rheims S (2021) Clinical management of drug resistant epilepsy: a review on current strategies. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/ndt.s256699","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"issue":"11","key":"1856_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13307","volume":"22","author":"O Hamer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hamer O, Larkin D, Relph N, Dey P (2021) Fear-related barriers to physical activity among adults with overweight and obesity: a narrative synthesis scoping review. Obes Rev 22(11):e13307","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"issue":"8","key":"1856_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mpmed.2020.05.001","volume":"48","author":"L Harris","year":"2020","unstructured":"Harris L, Angus-Leppan H (2020) Epilepsy: diagnosis, classification and management. Med (Baltim) 48(8):522\u2013528","journal-title":"Med (Baltim)"},{"issue":"4","key":"1856_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idcr.2014.10.005","volume":"1","author":"L Hayes","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hayes L, Malhotra P (2014) Central nervous system infections masquerading as cerebrovascular accidents: case series and review of literature. IDCases 1(4):74\u201377","journal-title":"IDCases"},{"issue":"4","key":"1856_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1080\/13543784.2020.1738383","volume":"29","author":"C H\u00f6lscher","year":"2020","unstructured":"H\u00f6lscher C (2020) Brain insulin resistance: role in neurodegenerative disease and potential for targeting. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 29(4):333\u2013348","journal-title":"Expert Opin Investig Drugs"},{"issue":"12","key":"1856_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16121714","volume":"16","author":"LM Isop","year":"2023","unstructured":"Isop LM, Neculau AE, Necula RD, Kakucs C, Moga MA, Dima L (2023) Metformin: the winding path from understanding its molecular mechanisms to proving therapeutic benefits in neurodegenerative disorders. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 16(12):1714","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel)"},{"issue":"10","key":"1856_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3041","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2025.3041-3050","volume":"18","author":"PJ Jiji","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jiji PJ et al (2025) Experimental models of epilepsy: A comprehensive review of mechanisms, translational relevance, and future directions. Vet World 18(10):3041","journal-title":"Vet World"},{"issue":"5","key":"1856_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1535-7511.2006.00125.x","volume":"6","author":"AM Kanner","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kanner AM (2006) Depression and epilepsy: a new perspective on two closely related disorders. Epilepsy Curr 6(5):141\u2013146","journal-title":"Epilepsy Curr"},{"issue":"13","key":"1856_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.3880","volume":"327","author":"AM Kanner","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kanner AM, Bicchi MM (2022) Antiseizure medications for adults with epilepsy: a review. JAMA 327(13):1269\u20131281","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"8","key":"1856_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.2183\/pjab.99.018","volume":"99","author":"H Kasai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kasai H (2023) Unraveling the mysteries of dendritic spine dynamics: five key principles shaping memory and cognition. Proc Jpn Acad Ser B Phys Biol Sci 99(8):254\u2013305","journal-title":"Proc Jpn Acad Ser B Phys Biol Sci"},{"key":"1856_CR4","unstructured":"Khalilov R, Abdullayeva S (2023) Mechanisms of insulin action and insulin resistance. Adv Biol Earth Sci 8(2)"},{"issue":"7","key":"1856_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3105","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2010-0175","volume":"151","author":"KP Kinzig","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kinzig KP, Honors MA, Hargrave SL (2010) Insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance are altered by maintenance on a ketogenic diet. Endocrinology 151(7):3105\u20133114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/en.2010-0175","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"1856_CR9","unstructured":"Kumar A, Ighodaro ET, Sharma S (2024) Focal impaired awareness seizure. in StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing"},{"issue":"6","key":"1856_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph13060106","volume":"13","author":"UP Kundap","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kundap UP, Paudel YN, Shaikh MF (2020) Animal models of metabolic epilepsy and epilepsy associated metabolic dysfunction: a systematic review. Pharmaceuticals 13(6):106","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"1856_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.623681","volume":"12","author":"MR Libowitz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Libowitz MR, Nurmi EL (2021) The burden of antipsychotic-induced weight gain and metabolic syndrome in children. Front Psychiatry 12:623681","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"1856_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1134025","volume":"14","author":"H Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li H, Ren J, Li Y, Wu Q, Wei J (2023) Oxidative stress: the nexus of obesity and cognitive dysfunction in diabetes. Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne). 14:1134025","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)."},{"issue":"5","key":"1856_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21051642","volume":"21","author":"F Limanaqi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Limanaqi F, Biagioni F, Busceti CL, Fabrizi C, Frati A, Fornai F (2020) mTOR-related cell-clearing systems in epileptic seizures, an update. Int J Mol Sci 21(5):1642","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"1856_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11050844","volume":"11","author":"K Lipke","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lipke K, Kubis-Kubiak A, Piwowar A (2022) Molecular mechanism of lipotoxicity as an interesting aspect in the development of pathological states\u2014current view of knowledge. Cells 11(5):844","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"3","key":"1856_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.13140","volume":"44","author":"R Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li R, Liu Y, Liu H, Li J (2020) Ketogenic diets and protective mechanisms in epilepsy, metabolic disorders, cancer, neuronal loss, and muscle and nerve degeneration. J Food Biochem 44(3):e13140","journal-title":"J Food Biochem"},{"issue":"5","key":"1856_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.18282","volume":"66","author":"CP Lisgaras","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lisgaras CP et al (2025) The role of electroencephalography in epilepsy research\u2014From seizures to interictal activity and comorbidities. Epilepsia 66(5):1374\u20131393","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"2","key":"1856_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-018-1099-4","volume":"56","author":"AJ L\u00f3pez-Gambero","year":"2019","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Gambero AJ, Mart\u00ednez F, Salazar K, Cifuentes M, Nualart F (2019) Brain glucose-sensing mechanism and energy homeostasis. Mol Neurobiol 56(2):769\u2013796","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"1856_CR25","unstructured":"Mariana MD, The roles of insulin in glucose homeostasis at the neuronal and astrocytary level (2024) Physiology\/Fiziologia (1)"},{"issue":"1","key":"1856_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb46010041","volume":"46","author":"A Mart\u00ednez B\u00e1ez","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez B\u00e1ez A, Ayala G, Pedroza-Saavedra A, Gonz\u00e1lez-S\u00e1nchez HM, Chihu Amparan L (2024) Phosphorylation codes in IRS-1 and IRS-2 are associated with the activation\/inhibition of insulin canonical signaling pathways. Curr Issues Mol Biol 46(1):634\u2013649","journal-title":"Curr Issues Mol Biol"},{"key":"1856_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2022.1002710","volume":"9","author":"MA Mengstie","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mengstie MA et al (2022) Endogenous advanced glycation end products in the pathogenesis of chronic diabetic complications. Front Mol Biosci 9:1002710","journal-title":"Front Mol Biosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"1856_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2020.tb00136.x","volume":"10","author":"KE Merz","year":"2011","unstructured":"Merz KE, Thurmond DC (2011) Role of skeletal muscle in insulin resistance and glucose uptake. Compr Physiol 10(3):785\u2013809","journal-title":"Compr Physiol"},{"key":"1856_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1213969","volume":"14","author":"C Miguel Sanz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Miguel Sanz C, Martinez Navarro M, Caballero Diaz D, Sanchez-Elexpuru G, Di Donato V (2023) Toward the use of novel alternative methods in epilepsy modeling and drug discovery. Front Neurol 14:1213969","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"11","key":"1856_CR67","first-page":"6299","volume":"7","author":"RH Mohammed Mohammed","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mohammed Mohammed RH, Naguib Talaat LE, Mahmoud Alhabibi AM, Abdelsadek Abdelmohsen SE (2025) Epileptic patients under valproic acid assessment of insulin resistance and cerebral hemodynamics. Int. J. Med. Arts 7(11):6299\u20136306","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Arts"},{"issue":"7","key":"1856_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1652","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11071652","volume":"11","author":"J Myers","year":"2019","unstructured":"Myers J, Kokkinos P, Nyelin E (2019) Physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and the metabolic syndrome. Nutrients 11(7):1652","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"1856_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nadeem MD et al (2023) Seizing the connection: exploring the interplay between epilepsy and glycemic control in diabetes management. Cureus 15(9)","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.45606"},{"issue":"1","key":"1856_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.4103\/2277-9175.201689","volume":"6","author":"MR Najafi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Najafi MR et al (2017) The investigation of insulin resistance in two groups of epileptic patients treated with sodium valproate and carbamazepine. Adv Biomed Res 6(1):25","journal-title":"Adv Biomed Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"1856_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.4103\/aam.aam_139_22","volume":"22","author":"S Nazish","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nazish S (2023) Obesity and metabolic syndrome in patients with epilepsy, their relation with epilepsy control. Ann Afr Med 22(2):136\u2013144","journal-title":"Ann Afr Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"1856_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD011412","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011412.pub4","volume":"4","author":"SJ Nevitt","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nevitt SJ, Sudell M, Cividini S, Marson AG, Tudur Smith C (2022) Antiepileptic drug monotherapy for epilepsy: a network meta-analysis of individual participant data. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4(4):CD011412. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD011412.pub4","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"1856_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.3109\/10408363.2015.1023429","volume":"52","author":"SE Park","year":"2015","unstructured":"Park SE, Park C-Y, Sweeney G (2015) Biomarkers of insulin sensitivity and insulin resistance: past, present and future. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 52(4):180\u2013190","journal-title":"Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1856_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11010157","volume":"11","author":"ALM Parsons","year":"2022","unstructured":"Parsons ALM, Bucknor EMV, Castroflorio E, Soares TR, Oliver PL, Rial D (2022) The interconnected mechanisms of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in epilepsy. Antioxidants 11(1):157","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"issue":"5","key":"1856_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-019-0126-4","volume":"20","author":"DC Patel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Patel DC, Tewari BP, Chaunsali L, Sontheimer H (2019) Neuron\u2013glia interactions in the pathophysiology of epilepsy. Nat Rev Neurosci 20(5):282\u2013297","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"1856_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pathak R et al (2024) Neuroinflammation at the crossroads of metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases: Causes, consequences and interventions. J Exp Zool India 27(2)","DOI":"10.51470\/JEZ.2024.27.2.2447"},{"key":"1856_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-82790-8","volume-title":"Antiseizure medication interactions: a clinical guide","author":"PN Patsalos","year":"2022","unstructured":"Patsalos PN (2022) Antiseizure medication interactions: a clinical guide. Springer Nature"},{"key":"1856_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1524555","volume":"15","author":"C Pirozzi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pirozzi C, Opallo N, Del Piano F, Melini S, Lama A (2025) Body and mind: how obesity triggers neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. Front Psychiatry 15:1524555","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"1856_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6403","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22126403","volume":"22","author":"MS Rahman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rahman MS et al (2021) Role of insulin in health and disease: an update. Int J Mol Sci 22(12):6403","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"1856_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-025-04489-6","volume":"50","author":"M Ravikumar","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ravikumar M, Uvarajan D, Durairaj B (2025) Targeting neuroimmune pathways in epilepsy: advances in mechanisms and emerging therapeutics. Neurochem Res 50(4):244","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"key":"1856_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-025-04245-1","author":"S Saini","year":"2025","unstructured":"Saini S, Panchal SS (2025) Role of diabetes and its metabolic pathways in epilepsy: an insight to various target approaches. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00210-025-04245-1","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol"},{"key":"1856_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2024.08.003","volume":"121","author":"SC Sarangi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sarangi SC, Pattnaik SS, Dash Y, Tripathi M, Velpandian T (2024) Is there any concern of insulin resistance and metabolic dysfunctions with antiseizure medications? A prospective comparative study of valproate vs. levetiracetam. Seizure Eur J Epilepsy 121:123\u2013132","journal-title":"Seizure Eur J Epilepsy"},{"issue":"8","key":"1856_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-021-00498-x","volume":"17","author":"T Scherer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Scherer T, Sakamoto K, Buettner C (2021) Brain insulin signalling in metabolic homeostasis and disease. Nat Rev Endocrinol 17(8):468\u2013483","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"issue":"18","key":"1856_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9987","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22189987","volume":"22","author":"A S\u0119dzikowska","year":"2021","unstructured":"S\u0119dzikowska A, Szablewski L (2021) Insulin and insulin resistance in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Int J Mol Sci 22(18):9987","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"1856_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-023-03891-2","volume":"48","author":"Y Shan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shan Y, Chen Y, Gu H, Wang Y, Sun Y (2023) Regulatory basis of adipokines leptin and adiponectin in epilepsy: from signaling pathways to glucose metabolism. Neurochem Res 48(7):2017\u20132028","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"key":"1856_CR21","unstructured":"Tesa\u0159ov\u00e1 P (2025) Insulin Signaling Pathways: From Peripheral Tissues to Emerging Functions in the Neurons"},{"key":"1856_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1156952","volume":"14","author":"N Tien","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tien N et al (2023) Association of epilepsy, anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs), and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM): a population-based cohort retrospective study, impact of AEDs on T2DM-related molecular pathway, and via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor \u03b3 transactivatio. Front Endocrinol 14:1156952","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"1856_CR45","first-page":"1","volume":"102","author":"MB Torlasco","year":"2023","unstructured":"Torlasco MB, Estrin MA (2023) Valproic acid and weight gain in patients receiving antiepileptic treatment: a systematic review. Rev Inf Cient 102:1\u201316","journal-title":"Rev Inf Cient"},{"key":"1856_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653651","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.653651","volume":"15","author":"A Vinuesa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vinuesa A et al (2021) Inflammation and insulin resistance as risk factors and potential therapeutic targets for Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Front Neurosci 15:653651","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"1856_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.01607","volume":"10","author":"F Zatterale","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zatterale F et al (2020) Chronic adipose tissue inflammation linking obesity to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Front Physiol 10:1607","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"1856_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"808526","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.808526","volume":"12","author":"C Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang C, Liu S, Yang M (2021) Hepatocellular carcinoma and obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease: causing factors, molecular links, and treatment options. Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne). 12:808526","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)."},{"key":"1856_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1497969","volume":"15","author":"H Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang H, Su S, Zhang H, Sun L, Liu Y, Liu G (2024) Effectiveness and safety analysis of ketogenic diet therapy for drug-resistant epilepsy caused by structural pathology. Front Neurol 15:1497969","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1856_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-025-10577-1","volume":"52","author":"X Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang X, Wu Z, Zhou X, Tao H (2025) Mitochondrial dysfunction in epilepsy: mechanistic insights and clinical strategies. Mol Biol Rep 52(1):470","journal-title":"Mol Biol Rep"},{"key":"1856_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1149239","volume":"14","author":"X Zhao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhao X, An X, Yang C, Sun W, Ji H, Lian F (2023) The crucial role and mechanism of insulin resistance in metabolic disease. Front Endocrinol 14:1149239","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"1856_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1248934","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1248934","volume":"14","author":"D Zhou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhou D et al (2024) Ferroptosis and metabolic syndrome and complications: association, mechanism, and translational applications. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 14:1248934","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"}],"container-title":["Metabolic Brain Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11011-026-01856-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11011-026-01856-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11011-026-01856-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T08:01:59Z","timestamp":1777104119000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11011-026-01856-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1856"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11011-026-01856-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1573-7365"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1573-7365","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"93"}}