{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T10:18:31Z","timestamp":1787566711930,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metab Brain Dis"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-026-01962-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T08:20:28Z","timestamp":1787559628000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Vitamin K in brain metabolism and cognitive function: mechanistic evidence, human associations, and unresolved questions"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5503-2462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Osman","family":"Kukula","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"1962_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1590414","DOI":"10.3389\/fgwh.2025.1590414","volume":"6","author":"S AlBlooshi","year":"2025","unstructured":"AlBlooshi S (2025) Vitamin K and women\u2019s health: a review. Front Glob Womens Health 6:1590414. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fgwh.2025.1590414","journal-title":"Front Glob Womens Health"},{"key":"1962_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00239","volume":"10","author":"L Alisi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alisi L, Cao R, De Angelis C et al (2019) The Relationships Between Vitamin K and Cognition: A Review of Current Evidence. Front Neurol 10:239. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2019.00239","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"1962_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10060666","volume":"10","author":"A Brangier","year":"2018","unstructured":"Brangier A, Ferland G, Rolland Y et al (2018) Vitamin K Antagonists and Cognitive Decline in Older Adults: A 24-Month Follow-Up. Nutrients 10:666. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu10060666","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"1962_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2020.05.020","volume":"140","author":"A Capozzi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Capozzi A, Scambia G, Lello S (2020) Calcium, vitamin D, vitamin K2, and magnesium supplementation and skeletal health. Maturitas 140:55\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.maturitas.2020.05.020","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"1962_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2675","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-023-01290-1","volume":"31","author":"K Chatterjee","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chatterjee K, Mazumder PM, Banerjee S (2023a) Vitamin K2 protects against aluminium chloride-mediated neurodegeneration. Inflammopharmacology 31:2675\u20132684. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10787-023-01290-1","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"1962_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114252","volume":"269","author":"K Chatterjee","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chatterjee K, Mazumder PM, Sarkar SR et al (2023b) Neuroprotective effect of Vitamin K2 against gut dysbiosis associated cognitive decline. Physiol Behav 269:114252. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114252","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"1962_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6739","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7085306","volume":"7","author":"J Chouet","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chouet J, Ferland G, F\u00e9art C et al (2015) Dietary Vitamin K Intake Is Associated with Cognition and Behaviour among Geriatric Patients: The CLIP Study. Nutrients 7:6739\u20136750. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu7085306","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"1962_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1080\/00365513.2017.1379090","volume":"77","author":"S Dahlberg","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dahlberg S, Ede J, Sch\u00f6tt U (2017) Vitamin K and cancer. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 77:555\u2013567. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00365513.2017.1379090","journal-title":"Scand J Clin Lab Invest"},{"key":"1962_CR9","volume-title":"Animal Models of Cognitive Impairment","author":"MW Decker","year":"2006","unstructured":"Decker MW (2006) Cognition Models and Drug Discovery. In: Levin ED, Buccafusco JJ (eds) Animal Models of Cognitive Impairment. CRC Press\/Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton (FL)"},{"key":"1962_CR10","volume-title":"Cognitive Deficits","author":"A Dhakal","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dhakal A, Bobrin BD (2025) Cognitive Deficits. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL)"},{"key":"1962_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S57","DOI":"10.1134\/S0006297924140049","volume":"89","author":"AI Diachenko","year":"2024","unstructured":"Diachenko AI, Rodin IA, Krasnova TN et al (2024) The Role of Vitamin K in the Development of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Biochem Biokhimiia 89:S57\u2013S70. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1134\/S0006297924140049","journal-title":"Biochem Biokhimiia"},{"key":"1962_CR12","volume-title":"Vitamin K Deficiency","author":"RE Eden","year":"2025","unstructured":"Eden RE, Daley SF, Coviello JM (2025) Vitamin K Deficiency. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL)"},{"key":"1962_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-022-07925-w","volume":"50","author":"E Emekli-Alturfan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Emekli-Alturfan E, Alturfan AA (2023) The emerging relationship between vitamin K and neurodegenerative diseases: a review of current evidence. Mol Biol Rep 50:815\u2013828. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11033-022-07925-w","journal-title":"Mol Biol Rep"},{"key":"1962_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3625","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12123625","volume":"12","author":"M Fusaro","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fusaro M, Cianciolo G, Brandi ML et al (2020) Vitamin K and Osteoporosis. Nutrients 12:3625. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu12123625","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"1962_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2641","DOI":"10.1002\/bab.2312","volume":"69","author":"S Gul","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gul S, Maqbool MF, Maryam A et al (2022) Vitamin K: A novel cancer chemosensitizer. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 69:2641\u20132657. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bab.2312","journal-title":"Biotechnol Appl Biochem"},{"key":"1962_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-215513","volume":"86","author":"B-L Ho","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ho B-L, Hsieh S-W, Chou P-S, Yang Y-H (2022) Effects of Dabigatran on Dementia Pathogenesis and Neuropsychological Function: A Review. J Alzheimers Dis JAD 86:1589\u20131601. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/JAD-215513","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis JAD"},{"key":"1962_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118318","volume":"298","author":"Y Hou","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hou Y, Li S, Yu J et al (2025) Vitamin K2 prevents postoperative cognitive impairments, anxiety-like behavior, and motor dysfunction induced by nanoplastics in young adult mice. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 298:118318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118318","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"1962_CR18","volume-title":"Vitamin K","author":"K Imbrescia","year":"2025","unstructured":"Imbrescia K, Moszczynski Z (2025) Vitamin K. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL)"},{"key":"1962_CR19","volume-title":"Phytonadione (Vitamin K1)","author":"CJ Ingold","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ingold CJ, Sergent SR (2025) Phytonadione (Vitamin K1). In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL)"},{"key":"1962_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.3164\/jcbn.20-64","volume":"69","author":"A Kuwabara","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kuwabara A, Uenishi K, Tanaka K (2021) Vitamin K intake and health, consideration from the epidemiological studies. J Clin Biochem Nutr 69:111\u2013121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3164\/jcbn.20-64","journal-title":"J Clin Biochem Nutr"},{"key":"1962_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.120912","volume":"307","author":"B Lee","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lee B, Choi G-M, Hong J-P et al (2022) Menaquinone-7 ameliorates cerebrovascular calcification-associated memory decline in aged mice. Life Sci 307:120912. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.120912","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"1962_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0000000000001599","volume":"32","author":"X Lin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lin X, Wen X, Wei Z et al (2021) Vitamin K2 protects against A\u03b242-induced neurotoxicity by activating autophagy and improving mitochondrial function in Drosophila. NeuroReport 32:431\u2013437. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/WNR.0000000000001599","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"key":"1962_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05022-3","volume":"608","author":"E Mishima","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mishima E, Ito J, Wu Z et al (2022) A non-canonical vitamin K cycle is a potent ferroptosis suppressor. Nature 608:778\u2013783. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-022-05022-3","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1962_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuab061","volume":"80","author":"P Mlad\u011bnka","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mlad\u011bnka P, Mac\u00e1kov\u00e1 K, Kujovsk\u00e1 Kr\u010dmov\u00e1 L et al (2022) Vitamin K - sources, physiological role, kinetics, deficiency, detection, therapeutic use, and toxicity. Nutr Rev 80:677\u2013698. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nutrit\/nuab061","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"1962_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.10.025","volume":"96","author":"P Mongkhon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mongkhon P, Naser AY, Fanning L et al (2019) Oral anticoagulants and risk of dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies and randomized controlled trials. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 96:1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.10.025","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"1962_CR26","volume-title":"LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury","author":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","year":"2012","unstructured":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (2012) Vitamin K. LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda (MD)"},{"key":"1962_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10040566","volume":"10","author":"D-S Popa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Popa D-S, Bigman G, Rusu ME (2021) The Role of Vitamin K in Humans: Implication in Aging and Age-Associated Diseases. Antioxid Basel Switz 10:566. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox10040566","journal-title":"Antioxid Basel Switz"},{"key":"1962_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2206","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13072206","volume":"13","author":"A Popescu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Popescu A, German M (2021) Vitamin K2 Holds Promise for Alzheimer\u2019s Prevention and Treatment. Nutrients 13:2206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13072206","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"1962_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70071","DOI":"10.1111\/psyg.70071","volume":"25","author":"A Raggi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Raggi A, Ferri R (2025) The Role of Vitamins in Neurodegeneration: A Brief Review of Mechanisms, Clinical Evidence, and Therapeutic Perspectives. Psychogeriatr Off J Jpn Psychogeriatr Soc 25:e70071. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/psyg.70071","journal-title":"Psychogeriatr Off J Jpn Psychogeriatr Soc"},{"key":"1962_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2022.108370","volume":"172","author":"J Ramos-Loyo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ramos-Loyo J, Gonz\u00e1lez-Garrido AA, Llamas-Alonso LA, Sequeira H (2022) Sex differences in cognitive processing: An integrative review of electrophysiological findings. Biol Psychol 172:108370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2022.108370","journal-title":"Biol Psychol"},{"key":"1962_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1527535","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2024.1527535","volume":"16","author":"S Roumeliotis","year":"2024","unstructured":"Roumeliotis S, Kontogiorgos I, de Vries F et al (2024) The role of vitamin K2 in cognitive impairment: linking vascular health to brain health. Front Aging Neurosci 16:1527535. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2024.1527535","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"1962_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1007\/s12124-024-09821-3","volume":"58","author":"A Savarimuthu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Savarimuthu A, Ponniah RJ (2024) Cognition and Cognitive Reserve. Integr Psychol Behav Sci 58:483\u2013501. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12124-024-09821-3","journal-title":"Integr Psychol Behav Sci"},{"key":"1962_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12010138","volume":"12","author":"DC Simes","year":"2020","unstructured":"Simes DC, Viegas CSB, Ara\u00fajo N, Marreiros C (2020) Vitamin K as a Diet Supplement with Impact in Human Health: Current Evidence in Age-Related Diseases. Nutrients 12:138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu12010138","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"1962_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.07.002","volume":"28","author":"J Welsh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Welsh J, Bak MJ, Narvaez CJ (2022) New insights into vitamin K biology with relevance to cancer. Trends Mol Med 28:864\u2013881. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.07.002","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"key":"1962_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2025.02.027","volume":"33","author":"J Wu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wu J, Qin D, Liang Z et al (2025) Dysregulation of astrocyte-derived matrix gla protein impairs dendritic spine development in pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy. Mol Ther J Am Soc Gene Ther 33:1785\u20131802. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ymthe.2025.02.027","journal-title":"Mol Ther J Am Soc Gene Ther"},{"key":"1962_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.01.023","volume":"155","author":"T Zheng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zheng T, Marschall S, Weinberg J et al (2025) Low Vitamin K Intake Impairs Cognition, Neurogenesis, and Elevates Neuroinflammation in C57BL\/6 Mice. J Nutr 155:1119\u20131126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.01.023","journal-title":"J Nutr"}],"container-title":["Metabolic Brain Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11011-026-01962-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11011-026-01962-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11011-026-01962-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T08:20:30Z","timestamp":1787559630000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11011-026-01962-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1962"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11011-026-01962-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1573-7365"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1573-7365","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 July 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 August 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable. This manuscript is a literature-based review article and does not involve any primary research, human participants, or animal experimentation; therefore, ethical approval and informed consent were not required.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics statement","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"During the preparation of this work, the author used AI-assisted tools solely to improve readability, refine language clarity, and assist in structural editing. All biochemical interpretations, reference verifications, and scientific conclusions were thoroughly reviewed and validated by the author. The author takes full responsibility for the final content of the publication.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Use of artificial intelligence and AI-assisted technologies","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"191"}}