{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T16:08:35Z","timestamp":1789402115888,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":134,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789344000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"ANRF","award":["File No. TAR\/2023\/000122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["File No. TAR\/2023\/000122"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metab Brain Dis"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-026-01988-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T03:20:30Z","timestamp":1789356030000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Significance of NAD anabolism profiles in neurological diseases"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0675-0430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abhishek Kumar","family":"Mishra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6104-9447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dipak","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sakshi","family":"Jaiswal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nitin","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syed Ibrahim","family":"Rizvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"1988_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13754","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.13754","volume":"22","author":"M Vreones","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vreones M, Mustapic M, Moaddel R et al (2023) Oral nicotinamide riboside raises NAD\u2009+\u2009and lowers biomarkers of neurodegenerative pathology in plasma extracellular vesicles enriched for neuronal origin. Aging Cell 22:e13754. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/acel.13754","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"1988_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2584","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.E18-10-0650","volume":"30","author":"MM Murata","year":"2019","unstructured":"Murata MM, Kong X, Moncada E et al (2019) NAD+ consumption by PARP1 in response to DNA damage triggers metabolic shift critical for damaged cell survival. Mol Biol Cell 30:2584\u20132597. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1091\/mbc.E18-10-0650","journal-title":"Mol Biol Cell"},{"key":"1988_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"BSR20211005","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20211005","volume":"42","author":"T Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang T, Zhang F, Peng W et al (2022) Overexpression of NMNAT3 improves mitochondrial function and enhances antioxidative stress capacity of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells via the NAD+-Sirt3 pathway. Biosci Rep 42:BSR20211005. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/BSR20211005","journal-title":"Biosci Rep"},{"key":"1988_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2020.110831","volume":"132","author":"N Braidy","year":"2020","unstructured":"Braidy N, Liu Y (2020) NAD+ therapy in age-related degenerative disorders: A benefit\/risk analysis. Exp Gerontol 132:110831. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exger.2020.110831","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"key":"1988_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-020-00165-5","volume":"42","author":"T Kiss","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kiss T, Ny\u00fal-T\u00f3th \u00c1, Balasubramanian P et al (2020) Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) supplementation promotes neurovascular rejuvenation in aged mice: transcriptional footprint of SIRT1 activation, mitochondrial protection, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects. Geroscience 42:527\u2013546. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11357-020-00165-5","journal-title":"Geroscience"},{"key":"1988_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2019.104678","volume":"134","author":"A Loreto","year":"2020","unstructured":"Loreto A, Hill CS, Hewitt VL et al (2020) Mitochondrial impairment activates the Wallerian pathway through depletion of NMNAT2 leading to SARM1-dependent axon degeneration. Neurobiol Dis 134:104678. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nbd.2019.104678","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"1988_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.14878","volume":"151","author":"X Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang X, Zhang Z, Zhang N et al (2019) Subcellular NAMPT-mediated NAD(+) salvage pathways and their roles in bioenergetics and neuronal protection after ischemic injury. J Neurochem 151:732\u2013748. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jnc.14878","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"1988_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2022.105402","volume":"159","author":"D Neves","year":"2022","unstructured":"Neves D, Goodfellow BJ, Vieira SI, Silva RM (2022) The role of NAD metabolism in neuronal differentiation. Neurochem Int 159:105402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuint.2022.105402","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"key":"1988_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-024-03877-9","volume":"24","author":"R Knoerl","year":"2024","unstructured":"Knoerl R, Mazzola E, Pazyra-Murphy M et al (2024) Exploring clinical markers of Axon degeneration processes in Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy among young adults receiving vincristine or paclitaxel. BMC Neurol 24:366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12883-024-03877-9","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"1988_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2019.09.001","volume":"30","author":"S Lautrup","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lautrup S, Sinclair DA, Mattson MP, Fang EF (2019) NAD(+) in Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Disorders. Cell Metab 30:630\u2013655. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmet.2019.09.001","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"1988_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2015.11.032","volume":"13","author":"A Loreto","year":"2015","unstructured":"Loreto A, Di Stefano M, Gering M, Conforti L (2015) Wallerian Degeneration Is Executed by an NMN-SARM1-Dependent Late Ca2\u2009+\u2009Influx but Only Modestly Influenced by Mitochondria. Cell Rep 13:2539\u20132552","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"1988_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-018-0898-y","volume":"22","author":"K-M Duan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Duan K-M, Wang S-Y, Yin J-Y et al (2019) The IDO genetic polymorphisms and postpartum depressive symptoms: an association study in Chinese parturients who underwent cesarean section. Arch Womens Ment Health 22:339\u2013348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00737-018-0898-y","journal-title":"Arch Womens Ment Health"},{"key":"1988_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.71","volume":"68","author":"I Wonodi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wonodi I, Stine OC, Sathyasaikumar KV et al (2011) Downregulated Kynurenine 3-Monooxygenase Gene Expression and Enzyme Activity in Schizophrenia and Genetic Association With Schizophrenia Endophenotypes. Arch Gen Psychiatry 68:665\u2013674. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.71","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"1988_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3226","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab184","volume":"144","author":"T Bosanac","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bosanac T, Hughes RO, Engber T et al (2021) Pharmacological SARM1 inhibition protects axon structure and function in paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy. Brain 144:3226\u20133238. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awab184","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1988_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X231156500","volume":"43","author":"W Qu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Qu W, Ralto KM, Qin T et al (2023) NAD(+) precursor nutritional supplements sensitize the brain to future ischemic events. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 43:37\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0271678X231156500","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"1988_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2026.02.015","volume":"196","author":"L Zhang","year":"2026","unstructured":"Zhang L, Wang F-H, Wang X-M et al (2026) The role of IDO1-mediated Tryptophan\/Kynurenine metabolism and its association with estrogen level in PTSD within SPS mouse model. J Psychiatr Res 196:314\u2013327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2026.02.015","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"1988_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19054","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1107325108","volume":"108","author":"PB Verghese","year":"2011","unstructured":"Verghese PB, Sasaki Y, Yang D et al (2011) Nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyl transferase 1 protects against acute neurodegeneration in developing CNS by inhibiting excitotoxic-necrotic cell death. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108:19054\u201319059. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1107325108","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"1988_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43846","DOI":"10.1038\/srep43846","volume":"7","author":"YO Ali","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ali YO, Bradley G, Lu H-C (2017) Screening with an NMNAT2-MSD platform identifies small molecules that modulate NMNAT2 levels in cortical neurons. Sci Rep 7:43846. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep43846","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1988_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2918","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddac077","volume":"31","author":"RB Parsons","year":"2022","unstructured":"Parsons RB, Kocinaj A, Ruiz Pulido G et al (2022) Alpha-synucleinopathy reduces NMNAT3 protein levels and neurite formation that can be rescued by targeting the NAD+ pathway. Hum Mol Genet 31:2918\u20132933. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/hmg\/ddac077","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"1988_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36334","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M508660200","volume":"280","author":"F Berger","year":"2005","unstructured":"Berger F, Lau C, Dahlmann M, Ziegler M (2005) Subcellular compartmentation and differential catalytic properties of the three human nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase isoforms. J Biol Chem 280:36334\u201336341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.M508660200","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"1988_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mitoco.2026.01.001","volume":"4","author":"Z Yi","year":"2026","unstructured":"Yi Z, Juvvadi N, Zhai G et al (2026) Mitochondrial NMNAT3 reduces amyloid aggregates in Drosophila and alters the amyloid processing in the 3xTgAD mouse. Mitochondrial Commun 4:1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mitoco.2026.01.001","journal-title":"Mitochondrial Commun"},{"key":"1988_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2013.07.002","volume":"36","author":"YO Ali","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ali YO, Li-Kroeger D, Bellen HJ et al (2013) NMNATs, evolutionarily conserved neuronal maintenance factors. Trends Neurosci 36:632\u2013640. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tins.2013.07.002","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"1988_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.05.009","volume":"23","author":"DC Sch\u00f6ndorf","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sch\u00f6ndorf DC, Ivanyuk D, Baden P et al (2018) The NAD+ Precursor Nicotinamide Riboside Rescues Mitochondrial Defects and Neuronal Loss in iPSC and Fly Models of Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Cell Rep 23:2976\u20132988. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.05.009","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"1988_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32858","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.582338","volume":"289","author":"S Milde","year":"2014","unstructured":"Milde S, Coleman MP (2014) Identification of palmitoyltransferase and thioesterase enzymes that control the subcellular localization of axon survival factor nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 2 (NMNAT2). J Biol Chem 289:32858\u201332870. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.M114.582338","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"1988_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6256","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-50354-5","volume":"15","author":"JR Tribble","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tribble JR, J\u00f6e M, Varricchio C et al (2024) NMNAT2 is a druggable target to drive neuronal NAD production. Nat Commun 15:6256. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-024-50354-5","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"1988_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e860","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2013.391","volume":"4","author":"Y Kitaoka","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kitaoka Y, Munemasa Y, Kojima K et al (2013) Axonal protection by Nmnat3 overexpression with involvement of autophagy in optic nerve degeneration. Cell Death Dis 4:e860. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/cddis.2013.391","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"1988_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2025.115142","volume":"385","author":"C-M Qiao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Qiao C-M, Ma X-Y, Tan L-L et al (2025) Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 1 inhibition mediates the therapeutic effects in Parkinson\u2019s disease mice by modulating inflammation and neurogenesis in a gut microbiota dependent manner. Exp Neurol 385:115142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.expneurol.2025.115142","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"1988_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2013.03.003","volume":"56","author":"HJ Yuasa","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yuasa HJ, Ball HJ (2013) Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenases with very low catalytic activity are well conserved across kingdoms: IDOs of Basidiomycota. Fungal Genet Biol 56:98\u2013106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fgb.2013.03.003","journal-title":"Fungal Genet Biol"},{"key":"1988_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e49756","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.201949756","volume":"21","author":"A Iacono","year":"2020","unstructured":"Iacono A, Pompa A, De Marchis F et al (2020) Class IA PI3Ks regulate subcellular and functional dynamics of IDO1. EMBO Rep 21:e49756. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15252\/embr.201949756","journal-title":"EMBO Rep"},{"key":"1988_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881111434622","volume":"26","author":"JA Cutler","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cutler JA, Rush AJ, McMahon FJ, Laje G (2012) Common genetic variation in the indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase genes and antidepressant treatment outcome in major depressive disorder. J Psychopharmacol 26:360\u2013367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0269881111434622","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"1988_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153331752312148","DOI":"10.1177\/15333175231214861","volume":"38","author":"Z Duan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Duan Z, Shi L, He ZNT et al (2023) The Protective Effect of IDO1 Inhibition in A\u03b2-Treated Neurons and APP\/PS1 Mice. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 38:15333175231214860. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15333175231214861","journal-title":"Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen"},{"key":"1988_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.2174\/0115672050383383250529100802","volume":"22","author":"P Gandhi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gandhi P, Panchal S (2025) Exploring the Neuroprotective Potential of Polyphenolic Compounds in Mitigating Quinolinic Acid-Induced Neurotoxicity in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 22:384\u2013395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/0115672050383383250529100802","journal-title":"Curr Alzheimer Res"},{"key":"1988_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-025-04509-5","volume":"50","author":"VK Malakar","year":"2025","unstructured":"Malakar VK, Roy D, Malakar CC et al (2025) Targeting IDO1 in Huntington\u2019s Disease: Network Pharmacology and Preclinical Evidence from Coffea arabica. Neurochem Res 50:263. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11064-025-04509-5","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"key":"1988_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2010.09.030","volume":"232","author":"AW Smith","year":"2011","unstructured":"Smith AW, Doonan BP, Tyor WR et al (2011) Regulation of Th1\/Th17 cytokines and IDO gene expression by inhibition of calpain in PBMCs from MS patients. J Neuroimmunol 232:179\u2013185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2010.09.030","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"1988_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001","volume":"776","author":"FA Boros","year":"2018","unstructured":"Boros FA, Boh\u00e1r Z, V\u00e9csei L (2018) Genetic alterations affecting the genes encoding the enzymes of the kynurenine pathway and their association with human diseases. Mutat Res Rev Mutat Res 776:32\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001","journal-title":"Mutat Res Rev Mutat Res"},{"key":"1988_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15690","DOI":"10.1021\/ja076186k","volume":"129","author":"D Batabyal","year":"2007","unstructured":"Batabyal D, Yeh S-R (2007) Human Tryptophan Dioxygenase: A Comparison to Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase. J Am Chem Soc 129:15690\u201315701. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/ja076186k","journal-title":"J Am Chem Soc"},{"key":"1988_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1320360410","volume":"36","author":"DE Comings","year":"1990","unstructured":"Comings DE (1990) Blood serotonin and tryptophan in Tourette syndrome. Am J Med Genet 36:418\u2013430. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajmg.1320360410","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet"},{"key":"1988_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.20147","volume":"125B","author":"R Nabi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Nabi R, Serajee FJ, Chugani DC et al (2004) Association of tryptophan 2,3 dioxygenase gene polymorphism with autism. Am J Med Genet 125B:63\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajmg.b.20147","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet"},{"key":"1988_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14912","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1203083109","volume":"109","author":"AT van der Goot","year":"2012","unstructured":"van der Goot AT, Zhu W, V\u00e1zquez-Manrique RP et al (2012) Delaying aging and the aging-associated decline in protein homeostasis by inhibition of tryptophan degradation. Proc Natl Acad Sci 109:14912\u201314917. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1203083109","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"1988_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5435","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1604453113","volume":"113","author":"C Breda","year":"2016","unstructured":"Breda C, Sathyasaikumar KV, Sograte Idrissi S et al (2016) Tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) inhibition ameliorates neurodegeneration by modulation of kynurenine pathway metabolites. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 113:5435\u20135440. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1604453113","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"1988_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e59749","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0059749","volume":"8","author":"W Wu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wu W, Nicolazzo JA, Wen L et al (2013) Expression of tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase and production of kynurenine pathway metabolites in triple transgenic mice and human Alzheimer\u2019s disease brain. PLoS ONE 8:e59749. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0059749","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1988_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2011.04.028","volume":"21","author":"S Campesan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Campesan S, Green EW, Breda C et al (2011) The kynurenine pathway modulates neurodegeneration in a Drosophila model of Huntington\u2019s disease. Curr Biol 21:961\u2013966. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cub.2011.04.028","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"1988_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291x(67)90469-x","volume":"29","author":"H Okamoto","year":"1967","unstructured":"Okamoto H, Hayaishi O (1967) Flavin adenine dinucleotide requirement for kynurenine hydroxylase of rat liver mitochondria. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 29:394\u2013399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0006-291x(67)90469-x","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"1988_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11020315","volume":"11","author":"KV Sathyasaikumar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sathyasaikumar KV, P\u00e9rez de la Cruz V, Pineda B et al (2022) Cellular Localization of Kynurenine 3-Monooxygenase in the Brain: Challenging the Dogma. Antioxidants 11:315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox11020315","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"1988_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-012-0384-x","volume":"263","author":"MJ Schwarz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schwarz MJ, Guillemin GJ, Teipel SJ et al (2013) Increased 3-hydroxykynurenine serum concentrations differentiate Alzheimer\u2019s disease patients from controls. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 263:345\u2013352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00406-012-0384-x","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"1988_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1009129","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1009129","volume":"16","author":"DC Maddison","year":"2020","unstructured":"Maddison DC, Alfonso-N\u00fa\u00f1ez M, Swaih AM et al (2020) A novel role for kynurenine 3-monooxygenase in mitochondrial dynamics. PLoS Genet 16:e1009129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgen.1009129","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"1988_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Swaih AM, Breda C, Sathyasaikumar KV et al (2022) Kynurenine 3-Monooxygenase Interacts with Huntingtin at the Outer Mitochondrial Membrane. Biomedicines 10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomedicines10092294","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10092294"},{"key":"1988_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2013.11","volume":"19","author":"C Lavebratt","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lavebratt C, Olsson S, Backlund L et al (2014) The KMO allele encoding Arg452 is associated with psychotic features in bipolar disorder type 1, and with increased CSF KYNA level and reduced KMO expression. Mol Psychiatry 19:334\u2013341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/mp.2013.11","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1988_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1086\/318788","volume":"68","author":"HMD Gurling","year":"2001","unstructured":"Gurling HMD, Kalsi G, Brynjolfson J et al (2001) Genomewide Genetic Linkage Analysis Confirms the Presence of Susceptibility Loci for Schizophrenia, on Chromosomes 1q32.2, 5q33.2, and 8p21-22 and Provides Support for Linkage to Schizophrenia, on Chromosomes 11q23.3-24 and 20q12.1-11.23. Am J Hum Genet 68:661\u2013673. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/318788","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"1988_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbq086","volume":"38","author":"KR Linderholm","year":"2012","unstructured":"Linderholm KR, Skogh E, Olsson SK et al (2012) Increased levels of kynurenine and kynurenic acid in the CSF of patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 38:426\u2013432. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/schbul\/sbq086","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"1988_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2018.05.031","volume":"1695","author":"G Xu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Xu G, Liu X, Wang Y (2018) The cerebral protective effect and mechanism of action of vitamin B6 adjuvant ceftriaxone in experimental pneumococcal meningitis. Brain Res 1695:53\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brainres.2018.05.031","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"1988_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2350-12-51","volume":"12","author":"FRS de Souza","year":"2011","unstructured":"de Souza FRS, Fontes FL, da Silva TA et al (2011) Association of kynurenine aminotransferase II gene C401T polymorphism with immune response in patients with meningitis. BMC Med Genet 12:51. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2350-12-51","journal-title":"BMC Med Genet"},{"key":"1988_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kretzschmar GC, Targa ADS, Soares-Lima SC et al (2022) Folic Acid and Vitamin B12 Prevent Deleterious Effects of Rotenone on Object Novelty Recognition Memory and Kynu Expression in an Animal Model of Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Genes (Basel) 13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/genes13122397","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13122397"},{"key":"1988_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Guastella AR, Michelhaugh SK, Klinger NV et al (2016) Tryptophan PET Imaging of the Kynurenine Pathway in Patient-Derived Xenograft Models of Glioblastoma. Mol Imaging 15. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1536012116644881","DOI":"10.1177\/1536012116644881"},{"key":"1988_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2012.04.022","volume":"79","author":"S Dolina","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dolina S, Margalit D, Malitsky S et al (2012) Epilepsy as a pyridoxine-dependent condition: quantified urinary biomarkers for status evaluation and monitoring antiepileptic treatment. Med Hypotheses 79:157\u2013164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mehy.2012.04.022","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"1988_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2010.06675.x","volume":"113","author":"KV Sathyasaikumar","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sathyasaikumar KV, Stachowski EK, Amori L et al (2010) Dysfunctional kynurenine pathway metabolism in the R6\/2 mouse model of Huntington\u2019s disease. J Neurochem 113:1416\u20131425. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2010.06675.x","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"1988_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-013-1075-4","volume":"91","author":"JF Mart\u00ed-Mass\u00f3","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mart\u00ed-Mass\u00f3 JF, Bergareche A, Makarov V et al (2013) The ACMSD gene, involved in tryptophan metabolism, is mutated in a family with cortical myoclonus, epilepsy, and Parkinsonism. J Mol Med 91:1399\u20131406. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00109-013-1075-4","journal-title":"J Mol Med"},{"key":"1988_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1981.tb04108.x","volume":"22","author":"IP Lapin","year":"1981","unstructured":"Lapin IP (1981) Kynurenines and Seizures. Epilepsia 22:257\u2013265. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1981.tb04108.x","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"1988_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nalls MA, Plagnol V, Dena G, Hernandez M, Sharma U-M, Sheerin W, Berendse, Daniela NWW (2011) Imputation of sequence variants for identification of genetic risks for Parkinson\u2019s disease: a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies. The Lancet 377:641\u2013649. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)62345-8","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)62345-8"},{"key":"1988_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06721","volume":"452","author":"RG Zhai","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zhai RG, Zhang F, Hiesinger PR et al (2008) NAD synthase NMNAT acts as a chaperone to protect against neurodegeneration. Nature 452:887\u2013891. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature06721","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1988_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23620","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.203634","volume":"13","author":"X-S Cheng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cheng X-S, Shi F-X, Zhao K-P et al (2021) Nmnat2 attenuates amyloidogenesis and upregulates ADAM10 in AMPK activity-dependent manner. Aging 13:23620\u201323636. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18632\/aging.203634","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"1988_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001539","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001539","volume":"11","author":"S Milde","year":"2013","unstructured":"Milde S, Gilley J, Coleman MP (2013) Subcellular localization determines the stability and axon protective capacity of axon survival factor Nmnat2. PLoS Biol 11:e1001539. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001539","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"1988_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40387","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.178913","volume":"285","author":"PR Mayer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mayer PR, Huang N, Dewey CM et al (2010) Expression, localization, and biochemical characterization of nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 2. J Biol Chem 285:40387\u201340396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.M110.178913","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"1988_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4287","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-08068-5","volume":"12","author":"M Gautam","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gautam M, Gunay A, Chandel NS, Ozdinler PH (2022) Mitochondrial dysregulation occurs early in ALS motor cortex with TDP-43 pathology and suggests maintaining NAD+ balance as a therapeutic strategy. Sci Rep 12:4287. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-08068-5","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1988_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2024.111114","volume":"218","author":"C Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen C, Wang T, Gao T-Y et al (2024) Ablation of NAMPT in dopaminergic neurons leads to neurodegeneration and induces Parkinson\u2019s disease in mouse. Brain Res Bull 218:111114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2024.111114","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"1988_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.08.022","volume":"20","author":"X Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang X, Zhang Q, Bao R et al (2017) Deletion of NAMPT in Projection Neurons of Adult Mice Leads to Motor Dysfunction, Neurodegeneration, and Death. Cell Rep 20:2184\u20132200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.08.022","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"1988_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2015.04.002","volume":"21","author":"MJ Yoon","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yoon MJ, Yoshida M, Johnson S et al (2015) SIRT1-Mediated eNAMPT Secretion from Adipose Tissue Regulates Hypothalamic NAD\u2009+\u2009and Function in Mice. Cell Metab 21:706\u2013717. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmet.2015.04.002","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"1988_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5163","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2019.10782","volume":"20","author":"S Xing","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xing S, Hu Y, Huang X et al (2019) Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase-related signaling pathway in early Alzheimer\u2019s disease mouse models. Mol Med Rep 20:5163\u20135171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3892\/mmr.2019.10782","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"1988_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s40659-025-00608-3","volume":"58","author":"M-H Liao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liao M-H, Liu X, Yu X-T et al (2025) NAMPT regulates mitochondria and oxidative stress level for mouse early embryo development. Biol Res 58:25. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40659-025-00608-3","journal-title":"Biol Res"},{"key":"1988_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e21450","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202002740R","volume":"35","author":"RM de Guia","year":"2021","unstructured":"de Guia RM, Hassing AS, Ma T et al (2021) Ablation of Nampt in AgRP neurons leads to neurodegeneration and impairs fasting- and ghrelin-mediated food intake. FASEB J 35:e21450. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1096\/fj.202002740R","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"1988_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-022-03142-5","volume":"60","author":"C Shen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shen C, Chen C, Wang T et al (2023) The Depletion of NAMPT Disturbs Mitochondrial Homeostasis and Causes Neuronal Degeneration in Mouse Hippocampus. Mol Neurobiol 60:1267\u20131280. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12035-022-03142-5","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"1988_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1097\/00008571-199608000-00004","volume":"6","author":"DE Comings","year":"1996","unstructured":"Comings DE, Gade R, Muhleman D et al (1996) Exon and intron variants in the human tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase gene: potential association with Tourette syndrome, substance abuse and other disorders. Pharmacogenetics 6:307\u2013318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00008571-199608000-00004","journal-title":"Pharmacogenetics"},{"key":"1988_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.10.026","volume":"160","author":"I Wonodi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wonodi I, McMahon RP, Krishna N et al (2014) Influence of kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO) gene polymorphism on cognitive function in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 160:80\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.schres.2014.10.026","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"1988_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.03.023","volume":"215","author":"S-Y Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang S-Y, Duan K-M, Tan X-F et al (2017) Genetic variants of the kynurenine-3-monooxygenase and postpartum depressive symptoms after cesarean section in Chinese women. J Affect Disord 215:94\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2017.03.023","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"1988_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474135","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/474135","volume":"2015","author":"N T\u00f6r\u00f6k","year":"2015","unstructured":"T\u00f6r\u00f6k N, T\u00f6r\u00f6k R, Szolnoki Z et al (2015) The Genetic Link between Parkinson\u2019s Disease and the Kynurenine Pathway Is Still Missing. Parkinsons Dis 2015:474135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2015\/474135","journal-title":"Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"1988_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25555","volume":"28","author":"PA Lewitt","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lewitt PA, Li J, Lu M et al (2013) 3-hydroxykynurenine and other Parkinson\u2019s disease biomarkers discovered by metabolomic analysis. Mov Disord 28:1653\u20131660. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.25555","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"1988_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-171146","volume":"7","author":"D Vilas","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vilas D, Fern\u00e1ndez-Santiago R, Sanchez E et al (2017) A Novel p.Glu298Lys Mutation in the ACMSD Gene in Sporadic Parkinson\u2019s Disease. J Parkinsons Dis 7:459\u2013463. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/JPD-171146","journal-title":"J Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"1988_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3184","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-60159-3","volume":"10","author":"D Ramirez Ortega","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ramirez Ortega D, Ovalle Rodr\u00edguez P, Pineda B et al (2020) Kynurenine Pathway as a New Target of Cognitive Impairment Induced by Lead Toxicity During the Lactation. Sci Rep 10:3184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-60159-3","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1988_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-018-2869-6","volume":"139","author":"AR Guastella","year":"2018","unstructured":"Guastella AR, Michelhaugh SK, Klinger NV et al (2018) Investigation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and the intrinsic tumoral component of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism in primary brain tumors. J Neurooncol 139:239\u2013249. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11060-018-2869-6","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"1988_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2015.08.003","volume":"50","author":"J Reyes-Ocampo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Reyes-Ocampo J, Ram\u00edrez-Ortega D, V\u00e1zquez Cervantes GI et al (2015) Mitochondrial dysfunction related to cell damage induced by 3-hydroxykynurenine and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid: Non-dependent-effect of early reactive oxygen species production. Neurotoxicology 50:81\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuro.2015.08.003","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"1988_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-0186(01)00133-4","volume":"40","author":"RG Tavares","year":"2002","unstructured":"Tavares RG, Tasca CI, Santos CES et al (2002) Quinolinic acid stimulates synaptosomal glutamate release and inhibits glutamate uptake into astrocytes. Neurochem Int 40:621\u2013627. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0197-0186(01)00133-4","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"key":"1988_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1080\/08982104.2024.2346986","volume":"34","author":"C-M Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen C-M, Huang C-Y, Lai C-H et al (2024) Neuroprotection effects of kynurenic acid-loaded micelles for the Parkinson\u2019s disease models. J Liposome Res 34:593\u2013604. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08982104.2024.2346986","journal-title":"J Liposome Res"},{"key":"1988_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(94)90438-3","volume":"61","author":"RJ Beninger","year":"1994","unstructured":"Beninger RJ, Colton AM, Ingles JL et al (1994) Picolinic acid blocks the neurotoxic but not the neuroexcitant properties of quinolinic acid in the rat brain: Evidence from turning behaviour and tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry. Neuroscience 61:603\u2013612. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0306-4522(94)90438-3","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"1988_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2020.11.018","volume":"43","author":"A Trepci","year":"2021","unstructured":"Trepci A, Sellgren CM, P\u00e5lsson E et al (2021) Central levels of tryptophan metabolites in subjects with bipolar disorder. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 43:52\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2020.11.018","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"1988_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1013784","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1013784","volume":"13","author":"M Fathi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fathi M, Vakili K, Yaghoobpoor S et al (2022) Dynamic changes in kynurenine pathway metabolites in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review. Front Immunol 13:1013784. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1013784","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"1988_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/s0304-3940(01)02242-x","volume":"313","author":"S Erhardt","year":"2001","unstructured":"Erhardt S, Blennow K, Nordin C et al (2001) Kynurenic acid levels are elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with schizophrenia. Neurosci Lett 313:96\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0304-3940(01)02242-x","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"1988_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2005.07.013","volume":"80","author":"LK Nilsson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nilsson LK, Linderholm KR, Engberg G et al (2005) Elevated levels of kynurenic acid in the cerebrospinal fluid of male patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 80:315\u2013322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.schres.2005.07.013","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"1988_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.997240","volume":"13","author":"M Fathi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fathi M, Vakili K, Yaghoobpoor S et al (2022) Dynamic changes in metabolites of the kynurenine pathway in Alzheimer\u2019s disease, Parkinson\u2019s disease, and Huntington\u2019s disease: A systematic Review and meta-analysis. Front Immunol 13:1\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.997240","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"1988_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.2478\/v10039-010-0023-6","volume":"55","author":"E Gulaj","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gulaj E, Pawlak K, Bien B, Pawlak D (2010) Kynurenine and its metabolites in Alzheimer\u2019s disease patients. Adv Med Sci 55:204\u2013211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2478\/v10039-010-0023-6","journal-title":"Adv Med Sci"},{"key":"1988_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/s007020050029","volume":"107","author":"B Widner","year":"2000","unstructured":"Widner B, Leblhuber F, Walli J et al (2000) Tryptophan degradation and immune activation in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. J Neural Transm 107:343\u2013353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s007020050029","journal-title":"J Neural Transm"},{"key":"1988_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1903","DOI":"10.4155\/bio-2016-0111","volume":"8","author":"R Fuertig","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fuertig R, Ceci A, Camus SM et al (2016) LC-MS\/MS-based quantification of kynurenine metabolites, tryptophan, monoamines and neopterin in plasma, cerebrospinal fluid and brain. Bioanalysis 8:1903\u20131917. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4155\/bio-2016-0111","journal-title":"Bioanalysis"},{"key":"1988_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.4155\/bio-2019-0303","volume":"12","author":"L Schwieler","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schwieler L, Trepci A, Krzyzanowski S et al (2020) A novel, robust method for quantification of multiple kynurenine pathway metabolites in the cerebrospinal fluid. Bioanalysis 12:379\u2013392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4155\/bio-2019-0303","journal-title":"Bioanalysis"},{"key":"1988_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2116","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X21992625","volume":"41","author":"S Lundt","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lundt S, Zhang N, Li J-L et al (2021) Metabolomic and transcriptional profiling reveals bioenergetic stress and activation of cell death and inflammatory pathways in vivo after neuronal deletion of NAMPT. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 41:2116\u20132131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0271678X21992625","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"1988_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00351","volume":"11","author":"A Tran","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tran A, He W, Jiang N et al (2020) NAMPT and BMAL1 Are Independently Involved in the Palmitate-Mediated Induction of Neuroinflammation in Hypothalamic Neurons. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 11:351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2020.00351","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"1988_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1171641","volume":"324","author":"KM Ramsey","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ramsey KM, Yoshino J, Brace CS et al (2009) Circadian clock feedback cycle through NAMPT-mediated NAD+ biosynthesis. Sci (1979) 324:651\u2013654. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1171641","journal-title":"Sci (1979)"},{"key":"1988_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2024.11.004","volume":"123","author":"D Walzik","year":"2025","unstructured":"Walzik D, Joisten N, Schenk A et al (2025) Acute exercise boosts NAD(+) metabolism of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Brain Behav Immun 123:1011\u20131023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbi.2024.11.004","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"1988_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.70322","volume":"293","author":"YC Chang","year":"2026","unstructured":"Chang YC, Yang S, Cho M et al (2026) Transcriptional regulation of human NMNAT2: insights from 3D genome sequencing and bioinformatics. FEBS J 293:1433\u20131458. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/febs.70322","journal-title":"FEBS J"},{"key":"1988_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddr492","volume":"21","author":"MC Ljungberg","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ljungberg MC, Ali YO, Zhu J et al (2012) CREB-activity and nmnat2 transcription are down-regulated prior to neurodegeneration, while NMNAT2 over-expression is neuroprotective, in a mouse model of human tauopathy. Hum Mol Genet 21:251\u2013267. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/hmg\/ddr492","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"1988_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2026.116931","volume":"45","author":"W Yue","year":"2026","unstructured":"Yue W, Wu Z, Zhang K et al (2026) A neuron subtype-specific role of MEK-ERK signaling in axon survival via transcriptional regulation of Nmnat2. Cell Rep 45:116931. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.celrep.2026.116931","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"1988_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2023.110717","volume":"108","author":"H Murata","year":"2023","unstructured":"Murata H, Yasui Y, Oiso K et al (2023) STAT1\/3 signaling suppresses axon degeneration and neuronal cell death through regulation of NAD(+)-biosynthetic and consuming enzymes. Cell Signal 108:110717. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cellsig.2023.110717","journal-title":"Cell Signal"},{"key":"1988_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001440","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001440","volume":"10","author":"X Xiong","year":"2012","unstructured":"Xiong X, Hao Y, Sun K et al (2012) The Highwire ubiquitin ligase promotes axonal degeneration by tuning levels of Nmnat protein. PLoS Biol 10:e1001440. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001440","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"1988_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13897","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA118.002176","volume":"293","author":"M Desbois","year":"2018","unstructured":"Desbois M, Crawley O, Evans PR et al (2018) PAM forms an atypical SCF ubiquitin ligase complex that ubiquitinates and degrades NMNAT2. J Biol Chem 293:13897\u201313909. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.RA118.002176","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"1988_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Long W, Li S, Wang Q et al (2025) SCFFBXO21-mediated ubiquitination and degradation of NMNAT2 regulates axon survival in nerve injury. J Cell Biol 224. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1083\/jcb.202501072","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.202501072"},{"key":"1988_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13647","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.13647","volume":"21","author":"MC Chong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chong MC, Silva A, James PF et al (2022) Exercise increases the release of NAMPT in extracellular vesicles and alters NAD(+) activity in recipient cells. Aging Cell 21:e13647. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/acel.13647","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"1988_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-021-03503-x","volume":"25","author":"C Lindblad","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lindblad C, Pin E, Just D et al (2021) Fluid proteomics of CSF and serum reveal important neuroinflammatory proteins in blood-brain barrier disruption and outcome prediction following severe traumatic brain injury: a prospective, observational study. Crit Care 25:103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13054-021-03503-x","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"1988_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcpro.2023.100629","volume":"22","author":"CE Teunissen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Teunissen CE, Kimble L, Bayoumy S et al (2023) Methods to Discover and Validate Biofluid-Based Biomarkers in Neurodegenerative Dementias. Mol Cell Proteom 22:100629. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mcpro.2023.100629","journal-title":"Mol Cell Proteom"},{"key":"1988_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-023-01303-9","volume":"15","author":"F Delgado-Peraza","year":"2023","unstructured":"Delgado-Peraza F, Nogueras-Ortiz C, Simonsen AH et al (2023) Neuron-derived extracellular vesicles in blood reveal effects of exercise in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Alzheimers Res Ther 15:156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13195-023-01303-9","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res Ther"},{"key":"1988_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70076","DOI":"10.1002\/jex2.70076","volume":"4","author":"M Garc\u00eda-Arauzo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Arauzo M, Reymond S, Gruaz L et al (2025) Cerebrospinal Fluid-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: A Proteomic and Transcriptomic Comparative Analysis of Enrichment Protocols. J Extracell biology 4:e70076. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jex2.70076","journal-title":"J Extracell biology"},{"key":"1988_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1765229","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2026.1765229","volume":"20","author":"LM Licatini","year":"2026","unstructured":"Licatini LM, Licatini LM, Haddadin FA et al (2026) Pre-analytical characterization of CNS-derived extracellular vesicles from human saliva: effect of room temperature and cellular origin. Front Neurosci 20:1765229. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2026.1765229","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"1988_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e21895","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202100787R","volume":"35","author":"C-C Chung","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chung C-C, Chan L, Chen J-H et al (2021) Plasma extracellular vesicles tau and \u03b2-amyloid as biomarkers of cognitive dysfunction of Parkinson\u2019s disease. FASEB J 35:e21895. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1096\/fj.202100787R","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"1988_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-02937-4","volume":"30","author":"M Chatterjee","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chatterjee M, \u00d6zdemir S, Fritz C et al (2024) Plasma extracellular vesicle tau and TDP-43 as diagnostic biomarkers in FTD and ALS. Nat Med 30:1771\u20131783. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-024-02937-4","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"1988_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12432","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12432","volume":"13","author":"Y Cai","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cai Y, Chen T, Cai Y et al (2024) Surface protein profiling and subtyping of extracellular vesicles in body fluids reveals non-CSF biomarkers of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. J Extracell Vesicles 13:e12432. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jev2.12432","journal-title":"J Extracell Vesicles"},{"key":"1988_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eadi3647","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adi3647","volume":"9","author":"Y You","year":"2023","unstructured":"You Y, Zhang Z, Sultana N et al (2023) ATP1A3 as a target for isolating neuron-specific extracellular vesicles from human brain and biofluids. Sci Adv 9:eadi3647. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.adi3647","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"1988_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.20517\/evcna.2023.13","volume":"4","author":"E Eitan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Eitan E, Thornton-Wells T, Elgart K et al (2023) Synaptic proteins in neuron-derived extracellular vesicles as biomarkers for Alzheimer\u2019s disease: novel methodology and clinical proof of concept. Extracell Vesicles Circ Nucl Acids 4:133\u2013150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20517\/evcna.2023.13","journal-title":"Extracell Vesicles Circ Nucl Acids"},{"key":"1988_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac261","volume":"146","author":"S Herman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Herman S, Djaldetti R, Mollenhauer B, Offen D (2023) CSF-derived extracellular vesicles from patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease induce symptoms and pathology. Brain 146:209\u2013224. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awac261","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1988_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11213","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-47229-x","volume":"9","author":"KCS Roballo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Roballo KCS, da Silveira JC, Bressan FF et al (2019) Neurons-derived extracellular vesicles promote neural differentiation of ADSCs: a model to prevent peripheral nerve degeneration. Sci Rep 9:11213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-47229-x","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1988_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4952","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13055","volume":"19","author":"A Kumar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kumar A, Su Y, Sharma M et al (2023) MicroRNA expression in extracellular vesicles as a novel blood-based biomarker for Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Alzheimer\u2019s Dement 19:4952\u20134966. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/alz.13055","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement"},{"key":"1988_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-S\u00e1nchez M, Jim\u00e9nez J, Narv\u00e1ez A et al (2020) Kynurenic Acid Levels are Increased in the CSF of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Patients. Biomolecules 10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom10040571","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10040571"},{"key":"1988_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2020.108702","volume":"697","author":"S Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang S, Collier MEW, Heyes DJ et al (2021) Advantages of brain penetrating inhibitors of kynurenine-3-monooxygenase for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Arch Biochem Biophys 697:108702. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.abb.2020.108702","journal-title":"Arch Biochem Biophys"},{"key":"1988_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-018-0563-0","volume":"44","author":"CM Bellettato","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bellettato CM, Scarpa M (2018) Possible strategies to cross the blood-brain barrier. Ital J Pediatr 44:131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13052-018-0563-0","journal-title":"Ital J Pediatr"},{"key":"1988_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4137\/ijtr.s2097","volume":"2","author":"Y Chen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chen Y, Guillemin GJ (2009) Kynurenine pathway metabolites in humans: disease and healthy States. Int J tryptophan Res 2:1\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4137\/ijtr.s2097","journal-title":"Int J tryptophan Res"},{"key":"1988_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-025-03250-z","volume":"23","author":"Q Qin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Qin Q, Fan L, Zeng X et al (2025) Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles alleviate autism by regulating microglial glucose metabolism reprogramming and neuroinflammation through PD-1\/PD-L1 interaction. J Nanobiotechnol 23:201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12951-025-03250-z","journal-title":"J Nanobiotechnol"},{"key":"1988_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"vdac017","DOI":"10.1093\/noajnl\/vdac017","volume":"4","author":"M-Y Jung","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jung M-Y, Aibaidula A, Brown DA et al (2022) Superinduction of immunosuppressive glioblastoma extracellular vesicles by IFN-\u03b3 through PD-L1 and IDO1. Neurooncol Adv 4:vdac017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/noajnl\/vdac017","journal-title":"Neurooncol Adv"},{"key":"1988_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7825","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-87153-7","volume":"11","author":"A Haghighitalab","year":"2021","unstructured":"Haghighitalab A, Matin MM, Amin A et al (2021) Investigating the effects of IDO1, PTGS2, and TGF-\u03b21 overexpression on immunomodulatory properties of hTERT-MSCs and their extracellular vesicles. Sci Rep 11:7825. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-87153-7","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1988_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2017.02.014","volume":"117","author":"K Rajamani","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rajamani K, Liu J-W, Wu C-H et al (2017) n-Butylidenephthalide exhibits protection against neurotoxicity through regulation of tryptophan 2, 3 dioxygenase in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3. Neuropharmacology 117:434\u2013446. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2017.02.014","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"1988_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabm6131","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abm6131","volume":"385","author":"PS Minhas","year":"2024","unstructured":"Minhas PS, Jones JR, Latif-Hernandez A et al (2024) Restoring hippocampal glucose metabolism rescues cognition across Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathologies. Sci (1979) 385:eabm6131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.abm6131","journal-title":"Sci (1979)"},{"key":"1988_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01688-x","volume":"11","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Shi H, Yang G et al (2021) Associations between expression of indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase enzyme and inflammatory cytokines in patients with first-episode drug-naive Schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry 11:595. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41398-021-01688-x","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"1988_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20120416","volume":"446","author":"Q Han","year":"2012","unstructured":"Han Q, Robinson H, Li J (2012) Biochemical identification and crystal structure of kynurenine formamidase from Drosophila melanogaster. Biochem J 446:253. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/BJ20120416","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"1988_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/s12881-015-0218-6","volume":"16","author":"FL Fontes","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fontes FL, de Ara\u00fajo LF, Coutinho LG et al (2015) Genetic polymorphisms associated with the inflammatory response in bacterial meningitis. BMC Med Genet 16:70. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12881-015-0218-6","journal-title":"BMC Med Genet"},{"key":"1988_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.31089","volume":"153B","author":"DM Dick","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dick DM, Meyers J, Aliev F et al (2010) Evidence for genes on chromosome 2 contributing to alcohol dependence with conduct disorder and suicide attempts. Am J Med Genet Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genet 153B:1179\u20131188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajmg.b.31089","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genet"},{"key":"1988_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35162","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M200819200","volume":"277","author":"S-I Fukuoka","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fukuoka S-I, Ishiguro K, Yanagihara K et al (2002) Identification and Expression of a cDNA Encoding Human alpha-Amino-beta-carboxymuconate-epsilon-semialdehyde Decarboxylase (ACMSD): A Key Enzyme for the Tryptophan-Niacine Pathway and Quinolinate Hypothesis. J Biol Chem 277:35162\u201335167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.M200819200","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"1988_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70088","DOI":"10.1002\/ctd2.70088","volume":"5","author":"Q Zhao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhao Q, Liang S, Wu X et al (2025) Advances in epilepsy associated with 16p11.2 microdeletion syndrome. Clin Translational Discovery 5:e70088. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ctd2.70088","journal-title":"Clin Translational Discovery"},{"key":"1988_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1985.tb05493.x","volume":"45","author":"AC Foster","year":"1985","unstructured":"Foster AC, Schwarcz R (1985) Characterization of quinolinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase in human blood and observations in Huntington\u2019s disease. J Neurochem 45:199\u2013205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1985.tb05493.x","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"1988_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2022","DOI":"10.3390\/GENES12122022","volume":"12","author":"S Duarte-Pereira","year":"2021","unstructured":"Duarte-Pereira S, Fajarda O, Matos S et al (2021) NAPRT expression regulation mechanisms: Novel functions predicted by a bioinformatics approach. Genes (Basel) 12:2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/GENES12122022","journal-title":"Genes (Basel)"}],"container-title":["Metabolic Brain Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11011-026-01988-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11011-026-01988-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11011-026-01988-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T16:01:56Z","timestamp":1789401716000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11011-026-01988-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"references-count":134,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1988"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11011-026-01988-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1573-7365"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1573-7365","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 September 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Informed consent","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","label":"Research involving human participants and\/or animals","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"220"}}