{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T00:55:20Z","timestamp":1779929720250,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003500","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Padova","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003500","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cult Med Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Channeling experiences are often compared with Dissociative Trance\/Possession Disorders and Dissociative Identity Disorders and more recent diagnostic criteria presented in the DSM 5 and ICD-11. From this comparison, it emerges quite clearly that, for most cases, channeling can either be considered an exceptional non-ordinary mental experience or a non-pathological Dissociative Trance\/Possession experience. If this characterization is valid, the next step is to understand the origin of channeling experiences. Are they an expression of channeler\u2019s unconscious or voluntary mental mechanisms, or real connections with \u201cother discarnate entities\u201d? Given their peculiar characteristics, channeling experiences offer a unique opportunity for a scientific investigation and in particular, the origin of the information received by the channelers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11013-021-09730-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T19:03:51Z","timestamp":1625166231000},"page":"161-169","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Channeling: A Non-pathological Possession and Dissociative Identity Experience or Something Else?"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1337-8320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luciano","family":"Pederzoli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6404-0058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrizio","family":"Tressoldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3650-4633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helan\u00e9","family":"Wahbeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"9730_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association 2013 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM-5. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"9730_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.explore.2020.02.008","author":"J. Anastasia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Anastasia, J., Wahbeh, H., Delorme, A., and Okonsky, J. (2020). A Qualitative Exploratory Analysis of Channeled Content. EXPLORE. 10.1016\/j.explore.2020.02.008","journal-title":"EXPLORE"},{"key":"9730_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beischel, J., and Schwartz, G.E.R. 2007 Anomalous Information Reception by Research Mediums Demonstrated Using a Novel Triple-Blind Protocol. Explore: The Journal of Science and Healing 3(1):23\u201327.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.explore.2006.10.004"},{"key":"9730_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Beischel, J., Boccuzzi, M., Biuso, M., and Rock, A.J. 2015 Anomalous Information Reception by Research Mediums Under Blinded Conditions II: Replication and Extension. Explore: The Journal of Science and Healing 11(2):136\u2013142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.explore.2015.01.001.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.explore.2015.01.001"},{"key":"9730_CR5","volume-title":"Possession","author":"E. Bourguignon","year":"1976","unstructured":"Bourguignon, E. (1976). Possession. Chandler and Sharp Publishers, San Francisco."},{"key":"9730_CR6","unstructured":"Braude, S.E. 2003 Immortal Remains: The Evidence for Life After Death. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers."},{"key":"9730_CR7","first-page":"171","volume-title":"Dissociation and the Dissociative Disorders: DSM-V and Beyond","author":"E. Carde\u00f1a","year":"2009","unstructured":"Carde\u00f1a, E., Van Duijl, M., Weiner, L., and Terhune, D. B. (2009). Possession\/Trance Phenomena. In P. F. Dell & J. A. O\u2019Neil (Eds.), Dissociation and the Dissociative Disorders: DSM-V and Beyond (pp. 171\u2013181). New York: Routledge\/Taylor & Francis Group."},{"key":"9730_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castillo, R.J. 2003 Trance, Functional Psychosis, and Culture. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes 66(1):9\u201321.","DOI":"10.1521\/psyc.66.1.9.20285"},{"key":"9730_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00834","volume":"4","author":"A. Delorme","year":"2013","unstructured":"Delorme, A., Beischel, J., Michel, L., Boccuzzi, M., Radin, D., and Mills, P. J. (2013). Electrocortical Activity Associated with Subjective Communication with the Deceased. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 834. 10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00834","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"9730_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Delorme, A., Pierce, A., Michel, L., and Radin, D. 2018 Intuitive Assessment of Mortality Based on Facial Characteristics: Behavioral, Electrocortical, and Machine Learning Analyses. Explore: The Journal of Science and Healing 14(4):262\u2013267.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.explore.2017.10.011"},{"key":"9730_CR11","unstructured":"Emmons, C.F., and Emmons, P. 2003 Guided by Spirit: A Journey into the Mind of the Medium. New York: iUniverse."},{"issue":"1","key":"9730_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.14704\/nq.2011.9.1.386","volume":"9","author":"J.H. Hageman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hageman, J. H., Krippner, S., and Wickramasekera II, I. (2011). Across Cultural Boundaries: Psychophysiological Responses, Absorption, and Dissociation Comparison Between Brazilian Spiritists and Advanced Meditators. Neuroquantology, 9(1):1\u20134.","journal-title":"Neuroquantology"},{"key":"9730_CR13","volume-title":"With the Tongues of Men and Angels: A Study of Channeling","author":"A. Hastings","year":"1991","unstructured":"Hastings, A. (1991). With the Tongues of Men and Angels: A Study of Channeling. Orlando: Harcourt School."},{"key":"9730_CR14","volume-title":"Talking with the Spirits: Ethnographies from Between the Worlds","author":"J. Hunter","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hunter, J., and Luke, D. (2014). Talking with the Spirits: Ethnographies from Between the Worlds. Daily Grail Publishing, Brisbane."},{"key":"9730_CR15","volume-title":"Chanelling","author":"J Klimo","year":"1987","unstructured":"Klimo, J. (1987). Chanelling. CA: Jeremy P. Tarcher Inc."},{"issue":"5","key":"9730_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2016649118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2016649118","volume":"118","author":"T.M. Luhrmann","year":"2021","unstructured":"Luhrmann, T. M., Weisman, K., Aulino, F., Brahinsky, J. D., Dulin, J. C., Dzokoto, V. A., Cristine H. Legare, Michael Lifshitz, Emily Ng, Nicole Ross-Zehnder, and Smith, R. E. (2021). Sensing the Presence of Gods and Spirits Across Cultures and Faiths. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 118(5), e2016649118. 10.1073\/pnas.2016649118.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"issue":"1","key":"9730_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721411429457","volume":"21","author":"S.J. Lynn","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lynn, S. J., Lilienfeld, S. O., Merckelbach, H., Giesbrecht, T., and van der Kloet, D. (2012). Dissociation and Dissociative Disorders: Challenging Conventional Wisdom. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 21(1), 48-53.","journal-title":"Current Directions in Psychological Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"9730_CR18","first-page":"1","volume":"78","author":"E. Maraldi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Maraldi, E. (2014). Medium or Author? A Preliminary Model Relating Dissociation, Paranormal Belief Systems and Self-Esteem 78(1):1\u201324.","journal-title":"A Preliminary Model Relating Dissociation, Paranormal Belief Systems and Self-Esteem"},{"key":"9730_CR19","unstructured":"Maraldi, E., and Fernandes, M. de F. 2020 Luiz Ant\u00f4nio Gasparetto. In Psi Encyclopedia. The Society for Psychical Research. https:\/\/psi-encyclopedia.spr.ac.uk\/articles\/luiz-ant%C3%B4nio-gasparetto."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"9730_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S21","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-44462011000500004","volume":"33","author":"A. Moreira-Almeida","year":"2011","unstructured":"Moreira-Almeida, A., and Carde\u00f1a, E. (2011). Differential Diagnosis Between Non-pathological Psychotic and Spiritual Experiences and Mental Disorders: A Contribution from Latin American Studies to the ICD-11. Braz J Psychiatry 33(Suppl 1):S21-S36.","journal-title":"Braz J Psychiatry"},{"key":"9730_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Moreira-Almeida, A., and Koss-Chioino, J.D. 2009 Recognition and Treatment of Psychotic Symptoms: Spiritists Compared to Mental Health Professionals in Puerto Rico and Brazil. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes 72(3):268\u2013283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1521\/psyc.2009.72.3.268.","DOI":"10.1521\/psyc.2009.72.3.268"},{"issue":"1","key":"9730_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1159\/000096365","volume":"76","author":"A. Moreira-Almeida","year":"2007","unstructured":"Moreira-Almeida, A., Lotufo Neto, F., and Greyson, B. (2007). Dissociative and Psychotic Experiences in Brazilian Spiritist Mediums. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 76(1), 57\u201358. 10.1159\/000096365","journal-title":"Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics"},{"issue":"5","key":"9730_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0b013e31816ff3a1","volume":"196","author":"A. Moreira-Almeida","year":"2008","unstructured":"Moreira-Almeida, A., Neto, F. L., and Carde\u00f1a, E. (2008). Comparison of Brazilian Spiritist Mediumship and Dissociative Identity Disorder. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 196(5), 420\u2013424.","journal-title":"The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease"},{"issue":"1","key":"9730_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1300\/J229v03n01_05","volume":"3","author":"P.J. Negro Jr.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Negro Jr, P. J., Palladino-Negro, P., and Louz\u00e3, M. R. (2002). Do Religious Mediumship Dissociative Experiences Conform to the Sociocognitive Theory of Dissociation? Journal of Trauma and Dissociation, 3(1), 51\u201373.","journal-title":"Journal of Trauma and Dissociation"},{"issue":"5","key":"9730_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3281560","volume":"11","author":"L. Pederzoli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pederzoli, L., Prati, E., Resti, N., Del Carlo, D., and Tressoldi, P. (2020). Hypno-Channelings: A New Tool for the Investigation of Channeling Experiences. Journal of Consciousness Exploration and Research, 11(5), 504\u2013515. 10.2139\/ssrn.3281560","journal-title":"Journal of Consciousness Exploration and Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"9730_CR26","first-page":"279","volume":"75","author":"EC. Roxburgh","year":"2011","unstructured":"Roxburgh, E. C., and Roe, C. A. (2011). A Survey of Dissociation, Boundary-Thinness, and Psychological Wellbeing in Spiritualist Mental Mediumship. The Journal of Parapsychology, 75(2), 279.","journal-title":"The Journal of Parapsychology"},{"key":"9730_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.explore.2020.04.002","author":"M.A. Sarraf","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sarraf, M. A., Woodley, M. A., and Tressoldi, P. (2020). Anomalous Information Reception by Mediums: A Meta-analysis of the Scientific Evidence. Explore, 10.1016\/j.explore.2020.04.002","journal-title":"Explore"},{"issue":"1","key":"9730_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1525\/eth.2005.33.1.071","volume":"33","author":"R. Seligman","year":"2005","unstructured":"Seligman, R. (2005). Distress, Dissociation, and Embodied Experience: Reconsidering the Pathways to Mediumship and Mental Health. Ethos, 33(1), 71\u201399.","journal-title":"Ethos"},{"issue":"1","key":"9730_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s11013-007-9077-8","volume":"32","author":"R. Seligman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Seligman, R., and Kirmayer, L. J. (2008). Dissociative Experience and Cultural Neuroscience: Narrative, Metaphor and Mechanism. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 32(1), 31\u201364.","journal-title":"Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry"},{"key":"9730_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185531","volume":"9","author":"D Spiegel","year":"2013","unstructured":"Spiegel, D., Lewis-Fern\u00e1ndez, R., Lanius, R., Vermetten, E., Simeon, D., and Friedman, M. (2013). Dissociative disorders in DSM-5. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 9, 299\u2013326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185531","journal-title":"Annual Review of Clinical Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"9730_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1080\/00207144.2015.1031555","volume":"63","author":"T. Stolovy","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stolovy, T., Lev-Wiesel, R., and Eisikovits, Z. (2015). Dissociation and the Experience of Channeling: Narratives of Israeli Women Who Practice Channeling. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 63(3), 346\u2013364. 10.1080\/00207144.2015.1031555","journal-title":"International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis"},{"issue":"3","key":"9730_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1007\/s10943-014-9885-4","volume":"54","author":"T. Stolovy","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stolovy, T., Lev-Wiesel, R., and Witztum, E. (2015). Dissociation: Adjustment or Distress? Dissociative Phenomena, Absorption and Quality of Life Among Israeli Women Who Practice Channeling Compared to Women with Similar Traumatic History. Journal of Religion and Health, 54(3), 1040\u20131051.","journal-title":"Journal of Religion and Health"},{"key":"9730_CR100","unstructured":"Tracy, N. (2015). Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) DSM-5 Criteria, HealthyPlace. Retrieved June 22 2021 from https:\/\/www.healthyplace.com\/abuse\/dissociative-identity-disorder\/dissociative-identity-disorder-did-dsm-5-criteria"},{"issue":"5","key":"9730_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.explore.2020.02.002","volume":"16","author":"H. Wahbeh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wahbeh, H., and Butzer, B. (2020). Characteristics of English-speaking trance channelers. EXPLORE, 16(5), 304\u2013309. 10.1016\/j.explore.2020.02.002","journal-title":"EXPLORE"},{"key":"9730_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wahbeh, H., and Radin, D. 2018 People Reporting Experiences of Mediumship have Higher Dissociation Symptom Scores than Non-mediums, but Below Thresholds for Pathological Dissociation. F1000Research 6:1416. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.12019.3","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.12019.3"},{"key":"9730_CR35","unstructured":"Wahbeh, H., Carpenter, L., and Radin, D. 2018a A Mixed Methods Phenomenological and Exploratory Study of Channeling. Journal of the Society for Psychical Research 82(3):129\u2013147."},{"key":"9730_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wahbeh, H., Radin, D., Mossbridge, J., Vieten, C., and Delorme, A. 2018b Exceptional Experiences Reported by Scientists and Engineers. Explore 14(5):329\u2013341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.explore.2018.05.002.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.explore.2018.05.002"},{"key":"9730_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wahbeh, H., Cannard, C., Okonsky, J., and Delorme, A. 2019 A Physiological Examination of Perceived Incorporation During Trance [version 2; peer review: 2 approved]. F1000Research 8:67. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.17157.2.","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.17157.2"},{"key":"9730_CR38","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) 2020 International Classification of Diseases, 11th Revision (ICD-11). https:\/\/icd.who.int\/browse11\/l-m\/en."}],"container-title":["Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11013-021-09730-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11013-021-09730-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11013-021-09730-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,23]],"date-time":"2022-04-23T09:38:51Z","timestamp":1650706731000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11013-021-09730-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["9730"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11013-021-09730-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["0165-005X","1573-076X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0165-005X","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-076X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 June 2021","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 July 2021","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any of the authors.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Researching Involving Human Rights"}}]}}