{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T06:21:41Z","timestamp":1782454901083,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]],"date-time":"2023-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676246400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]],"date-time":"2023-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003945","name":"Link\u00f6ping University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003945","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Med Health Care and Philos"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the initial phase of the COVID-19 pandemic, Sweden\u2019s response stood out as an exception. For example, Sweden did not introduce any lockdowns, while many other countries did. In this paper I take the Swedish Corona Commission\u2019s critique of the initial Swedish response as a point of departure for a general analysis of precaution in relation to pandemics. The Commission points out that in contrast to many other countries Sweden did not follow \u2018the precautionary principle\u2019. Based on this critique, the Commission proposes that the precautionary principle should be included among Sweden\u2019s guiding principles for crisis management. However, as the debate on this principle during the last 30 years indicates, the principle is loaded with problems. I discuss one of these problems, namely its lack of clarity. I argue, however, that this problem is not unsurmountable. A principle is lacking clarity precisely by being a principle and not a rule with a well-defined meaning. As a principle it indicates a direction but does not prescribe a specific action. However, to be action-guiding its content needs to be specified by rational deliberation. With this in mind, I propose a framework for specification of the precautionary principle as applied to pandemics. The framework focuses on the principle\u2019s four key elements: threat, uncertainty, action and responsibility. I also suggest certain general ethical restrictions on specification.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11019-023-10139-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]],"date-time":"2023-02-13T14:05:56Z","timestamp":1676297156000},"page":"163-173","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Pandemics and the precautionary principle: an analysis taking the Swedish Corona Commission\u2019s report as a point of departure"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0636-780X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anders","family":"Nordgren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10139_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-7093.2007.00104.x","volume":"21","author":"Alessandra Arcuri","year":"2007","unstructured":"Arcuri, Alessandra. 2007. Reconstructing precaution, deconstructing misconceptions. Ethics and International Affairs 21 (3): 359\u2013379.","journal-title":"Ethics and International Affairs"},{"key":"10139_CR2","unstructured":"Birch, Jonathan. 2021. Applying the Precautionary Principle to Pandemics. https:\/\/philarchive.org\/archive\/BIRATP. Accessed 13 January 2023."},{"key":"10139_CR3","unstructured":"Commission of the European Communities. 2000. Communication from the Commission on the precautionary principle. https:\/\/op.europa.eu\/en\/publication-detail\/-\/publication\/21676661-a79f-4153-b984-aeb28f07c80a\/language-en. Accessed 13 January 2023."},{"key":"10139_CR4","unstructured":"Coronakommissionen. 2022. Sverige under pandemin. Volym 1 och 2 (SOU 2022:10). 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