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In particular, gametogenesis is a complex process in which inflammation may play a central role through the secretion of cytokines and the expression of microRNAs. We assessed the potential role of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-\u03b1, IL-6 and IL-1\u03b1) and microRNAs (miR-146a-5p, miR-34a-5p and miR-23a-3p) in the seminal plasma of infertile men compared to controls, evaluating their correlation with seminal and biochemical parameters.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Expression of cytokines and microRNAs was analyzed by ELISA and q-PCR. Our data shows that IL-1\u03b1 was significantly increased in the azoospermic group compared to controls, TNF-\u03b1 mRNA was more expressed in the oligozoospermic group than controls. There were no significant differences in miRNAs expression among the three groups. The correlations between sperm parameters and inflammatory markers were evaluated, however no significance was highlighted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The determination of each inflammatory marker separately in the seminal plasma of subfertile men, despite some significant differences, does not have a diagnostic value in male infertility even if an assay of selective pro-inflammatory cytokines and microRNAs in the semen may improve the diagnosis of male infertility.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-021-06593-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,28]],"date-time":"2021-07-28T06:02:48Z","timestamp":1627452168000},"page":"5935-5942","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Pro-inflammatory cytokines and microRNAs in male infertility"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4194-3147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hana","family":"Attia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1551-5990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Finocchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4503-3693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monia","family":"Orciani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3737-1596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meriem","family":"Mehdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6057-1735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ines","family":"Zidi Jrah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0072-6672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raffaella","family":"Lazzarini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1286-1521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giancarlo","family":"Balercia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2087-2776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monica","family":"Mattioli Belmonte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"6593_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2858","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/den277","volume":"23","author":"V Tronchon","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tronchon V, Vialard F, El Sirkasi M, Dechaud H, Rollet J, Albert M, Bailly M, Roy P, Mauduit C, Fenichel P, Selva J, Benahmed M (2008) Tumor necrosis factor-alpha-308 polymorphism in infertile men with altered sperm production or motility. 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