{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T00:38:08Z","timestamp":1793147888511,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,17]],"date-time":"2022-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655424000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,17]],"date-time":"2022-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655424000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010221","name":"Higher Education Commision, Pakistan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1771"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1771"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010221","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mol Biol Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-022-07531-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,17]],"date-time":"2022-06-17T11:26:24Z","timestamp":1655465184000},"page":"7377-7387","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Immunological characterization of chitosan adjuvanted outer membrane proteins of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi as multi-epitope typhoid vaccine candidate"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Ambreen","family":"Ayub","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Usman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayesha","family":"Ihsan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quratul","family":"Ain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asad Bashir","family":"Awan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Wajid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aamir","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdul","family":"Haque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mazhar","family":"Iqbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9816-7674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasra","family":"Sarwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"7531_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Organization WH (2019) : Typhoid vaccines: WHO position paper, March 2018\u2013Recommendations. Vaccine 37(2):214\u2013216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.04.022"},{"issue":"3","key":"7531_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines6030045","volume":"6","author":"Y-A Yang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yang Y-A, Chong A, Song J (2018) Why is eradicating typhoid fever so challenging: implications for vaccine and therapeutic design. Vaccines 6(3):45","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"issue":"3","key":"7531_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30051-9","volume":"19","author":"MK Rasheed","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rasheed MK, Hasan SS, Ahmed SI (2019) Extensively drug-resistant typhoid fever in Pakistan. Lancet Infect Dis 19(3):242\u2013243","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"7531_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laghari GS, Hussain Z, Hussain SZM, Kumar H, Uddin SMM, Haq A (2019) : Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Salmonella species in Southern Pakistan.Cureus11(4)","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.4379"},{"issue":"4","key":"7531_CR5","first-page":"913","volume":"41","author":"P Maurya","year":"2010","unstructured":"Maurya P, Gulati AK, Nath G (2010) Status of Vi gene, its expression and Salmonella pathogenicity island (SPI-7) in Salmonella typhi in India. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 41(4):913","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"7531_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4418","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.9.4418-4425.2005","volume":"43","author":"S Baker","year":"2005","unstructured":"Baker S, Sarwar Y, Aziz H, Haque A, Ali A, Dougan G, Wain J, Haque A (2005) Detection of Vi-negative Salmonella enterica serovar typhi in the peripheral blood of patients with typhoid fever in the Faisalabad region of Pakistan. J Clin Microbiol 43(9):4418\u20134425","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"7531_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1086\/649541","volume":"50","author":"JA Crump","year":"2010","unstructured":"Crump JA, Mintz ED (2010) Global trends in typhoid and paratyphoid fever. Clin Infect Dis 50(2):241\u2013246","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"7531_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh Y, Saxena A, Kumar R, Bhatt P, Saxena M (2017) : Immunogenic Outer membrane Proteins (Omps) of Salmonella: Potential Candidate for sub-unit vaccine.Virology & Immunology Journal1","DOI":"10.23880\/VIJ-16000109"},{"issue":"1679","key":"7531_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20150023","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2015.0023","volume":"370","author":"SE Rollauer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rollauer SE, Sooreshjani MA, Noinaj N, Buchanan SK (2015) Outer membrane protein biogenesis in Gram-negative bacteria. Philosophical Trans Royal Soc B: Biol Sci 370(1679):20150023","journal-title":"Philosophical Trans Royal Soc B: Biol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"7531_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2000.01983.x","volume":"37","author":"R Koebnik","year":"2000","unstructured":"Koebnik R, Locher KP, Van Gelder P (2000) Structure and function of bacterial outer membrane proteins: barrels in a nutshell. Mol Microbiol 37(2):239\u2013253","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"7531_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2013.00114","volume":"4","author":"S Awate","year":"2013","unstructured":"Awate S, Babiuk LAB, Mutwiri G (2013) Mechanisms of action of adjuvants. Front Immunol 4:114","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"7531_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-014-0546-z","volume":"40","author":"MM El Temsahy","year":"2016","unstructured":"El Temsahy MM, El Kerdany ED, Eissa MM, Shalaby TI, Talaat IM, Mogahed NM (2016) The effect of chitosan nanospheres on the immunogenicity of Toxoplasma lysate vaccine in mice. J Parasitic Dis 40(3):611\u2013626","journal-title":"J Parasitic Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"7531_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.59566\/IJBS.2008.4221","volume":"4","author":"P Li","year":"2008","unstructured":"Li P, Dai Y-N, Zhang J-P, Wang A-Q, Wei Q (2008) Chitosan-alginate nanoparticles as a novel drug delivery system for nifedipine. Int J biomedical science: IJBS 4(3):221","journal-title":"Int J biomedical science: IJBS"},{"issue":"4","key":"7531_CR14","first-page":"402","volume":"21","author":"A Haque","year":"2005","unstructured":"Haque A, Haque A, Sarwar Y, Ali A, Bashir S, Tariq A, Mohsin M (2005) Identification of drug resistance genes in clinical isolates of salmonella typhi for development of diagnostic multiplex pcr. Pak J Med Sci 21(4):402\u2013407","journal-title":"Pak J Med Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"7531_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268808000654","volume":"137","author":"A Ali","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ali A, Haque A, Haque A, Sarwar Y, Mohsin M, Bashir S, Tariq A (2009) Multiplex PCR for differential diagnosis of emerging typhoidal pathogens directly from blood samples. Epidemiol Infect 137(1):102\u2013107","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"issue":"11","key":"7531_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0006839","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006839","volume":"12","author":"S Liaquat","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liaquat S, Sarwar Y, Ali A, Haque A, Farooq M, Martinez-Ballesteros I, Laorden L, Garaizar J, Bikandi J (2018) Virulotyping of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi isolates from Pakistan: Absence of complete SPI-10 in Vi negative isolates. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 12(11):e0006839","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"7531_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00093-08","volume":"15","author":"N Hamid","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hamid N, Jain S (2008) Characterization of an outer membrane protein of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium that confers protection against typhoid. Clin Vaccine Immunol 15(9):1461\u20131471","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"7531_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laemmli UK (1970) : Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. nature 227(5259):680\u2013685","DOI":"10.1038\/227680a0"},{"issue":"2","key":"7531_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2012.08.117","volume":"96","author":"S Woranuch","year":"2013","unstructured":"Woranuch S, Yoksan R (2013) Eugenol-loaded chitosan nanoparticles: I. Thermal stability improvement of eugenol through encapsulation. Carbohydr Polym 96(2):578\u2013585","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polym"},{"issue":"3","key":"7531_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-9120(85)80118-1","volume":"18","author":"T Christopoulos","year":"1985","unstructured":"Christopoulos T, Diamandis E (1985) 8 assay of albumin in serum based on specific ion-bindingand ion-selective electrode (ISE) potentiometry. Clin Biochem 18(3):202","journal-title":"Clin Biochem"},{"key":"7531_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wollweber LE (1990) Harlow and D. Lane (Editors), Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual. XIII + 726 S., 50 Abb., 62 Tab. Cold Spring Harbor 1988. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. $50.00. ISBN: 0-87969\u2010314\u20102. In.: Wiley Online Library;","DOI":"10.1002\/jobm.3620300304"},{"key":"7531_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD (2001) : Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2 \u2013 \u2206\u2206CT method. methods 25(4):402\u2013408","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262"},{"issue":"3","key":"7531_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0194817","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0194817","volume":"13","author":"A Kaur","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kaur A, Kapil A, Elangovan R, Jha S, Kalyanasundaram D (2018) Highly-sensitive detection of Salmonella typhi in clinical blood samples by magnetic nanoparticle-based enrichment and in-situ measurement of isothermal amplification of nucleic acids. PLoS ONE 13(3):e0194817","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"7531_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2016.07.086","volume":"99","author":"C Branca","year":"2016","unstructured":"Branca C, D\u2019Angelo G, Crupi C, Khouzami K, Rifici S, Ruello G, Wanderlingh U (2016) Role of the OH and NH vibrational groups in polysaccharide-nanocomposite interactions: A FTIR-ATR study on chitosan and chitosan\/clay films. Polymer 99:614\u2013622","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"7531_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2019.03.029","volume":"215","author":"H-X Gao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gao H-X, He Z, Sun Q, He Q, Zeng W-C (2019) A functional polysaccharide film forming by pectin, chitosan, and tea polyphenols. Carbohydr Polym 215:1\u20137","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polym"},{"key":"7531_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Indrani DJ, Lukitowati F, Yulizar Y (2017) : Preparation of chitosan\/collagen blend membranes for wound dressing: a study on FTIR spectroscopy and mechanical properties. In: IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering: IOP Publishing: 012020","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/202\/1\/012020"},{"key":"7531_CR27","unstructured":"de Lunaa MS, Castaldoa R, Altobellia R, Gioiellaa L, Filipponea G, Gentilec G, Ambrogia V Chitosan hydrogels embedding hyper-crosslinked polymer particles as reusable broad-spectrum adsorbents for dye removal"},{"key":"7531_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vibspec.2017.10.005","volume":"94","author":"RA Mauricio-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mauricio-S\u00e1nchez RA, Salazar R, Luna-B\u00e1rcenas JG, Mendoza-Galv\u00e1n A (2018) FTIR spectroscopy studies on the spontaneous neutralization of chitosan acetate films by moisture conditioning. Vib Spectrosc 94:1\u20136","journal-title":"Vib Spectrosc"},{"issue":"12","key":"7531_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1688","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(21)00370-3","volume":"9","author":"JE Meiring","year":"2021","unstructured":"Meiring JE, Shakya M, Khanam F, Voysey M, Phillips MT, Tonks S, Thindwa D, Darton TC, Dongol S, Karkey A (2021) Burden of enteric fever at three urban sites in Africa and Asia: a multicentre population-based study. The Lancet Global Health 9(12):e1688\u2013e1696","journal-title":"The Lancet Global Health"},{"key":"7531_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Jong HK, Parry CM, van der Poll T, Wiersinga WJ (2012) : Host\u2013pathogen interaction in invasive salmonellosis.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002933"},{"issue":"11","key":"7531_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw030","volume":"213","author":"SH Pennington","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pennington SH, Thompson AL, Wright AK, Ferreira DM, Jambo KC, Wright AD, Faragher B, Gilmour JW, Gordon SB, Gordon MA (2016) Oral typhoid vaccination with live-attenuated Salmonella typhi strain Ty21a generates Ty21a-responsive and heterologous influenza virus\u2013responsive CD4 + and CD8 + T cells at the human intestinal mucosa. J Infect Dis 213(11):1809\u20131819","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"7531_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.67.4.457","volume":"67","author":"HW Mittr\u00fccker","year":"2000","unstructured":"Mittr\u00fccker HW, Kaufmann SH (2000) Immune response to infection with Salmonella typhimurium in mice. J Leukoc Biol 67(4):457\u2013463","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"7531_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2020.116434","volume":"243","author":"S Renu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Renu S, Han Y, Dhakal S, Lakshmanappa YS, Ghimire S, Feliciano-Ruiz N, Senapati S, Narasimhan B, Selvaraj R, Renukaradhya GJ (2020) Chitosan-adjuvanted Salmonella subunit nanoparticle vaccine for poultry delivered through drinking water and feed. Carbohydr Polym 243:116434","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polym"},{"key":"7531_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2020.119129","volume":"578","author":"S Y\u00fcksel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Y\u00fcksel S, Pekcan M, Pural\u0131 N, Esenda\u011fl\u0131 G, Tavuk\u00e7uo\u011flu E, Rivero-Arredondo V, Ontiveros-Padilla L, Lopez-Macias C, \u015eenel S (2020) Development and in vitro evaluation of a new adjuvant system containing Salmonella Typhi porins and chitosan. Int J Pharm 578:119129","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"issue":"3","key":"7531_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.08.042","volume":"151","author":"R Mathur","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mathur R, Oh H, Zhang D, Park S-G, Seo J, Koblansky A, Hayden MS, Ghosh S (2012) A mouse model of Salmonella typhi infection. Cell 151(3):590\u2013602","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"6","key":"7531_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1193","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001193","volume":"5","author":"A Sheikh","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sheikh A, Khanam F, Sayeed MA, Rahman T, Pacek M, Hu Y, Rollins A, Bhuiyan MS, Rollins S, Kalsy A (2011) Interferon-\u03b3 and proliferation responses to Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi proteins in patients with S. Typhi bacteremia in Dhaka, Bangladesh. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5(6):e1193","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"7531_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2017.946-949","volume":"10","author":"A Saxena","year":"2017","unstructured":"Saxena A, Kumar R, Saxena MK (2017) Vaccination with Salmonella Typhi recombinant outer membrane protein 28 induces humoral but non-protective immune response in rabbit. Veterinary world 10(8):946","journal-title":"Veterinary world"}],"container-title":["Molecular Biology Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11033-022-07531-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11033-022-07531-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11033-022-07531-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]],"date-time":"2024-09-27T03:40:37Z","timestamp":1727408437000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11033-022-07531-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,17]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["7531"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11033-022-07531-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["0301-4851","1573-4978"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0301-4851","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-4978","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 February 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 April 2022","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 April 2022","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 June 2022","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Statements and declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The animal study was reviewed and approved on 26-07-2019 (ID # 193) by The Institutional Animal House Committee at National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}}]}}