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Recent research using Mendelian randomization (MR) has highlighted the potentially causal positive effect of serum vitamin D (25(OH)D) on total, trunk and upper body appendicular fat-free mass (FFM). However, no such effect was found in lower body FFM, a result that mirrors the outcomes of some vitamin D intervention studies. Here we review the current literature on vitamin D, muscle mass and strength and discuss some potential mechanisms for the differing effects of vitamin D on upper and lower body FFM. In particular, differences in distribution of the vitamin D receptor as well as androgen receptors, in the upper and lower body musculature, will be discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-022-07998-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,9]],"date-time":"2022-11-09T22:02:38Z","timestamp":1668031358000},"page":"883-888","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Differential effects of vitamin D on upper and lower body fat-free mass: potential mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"50","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4645-0077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Kirwan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"7998_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.14336\/ad.2016.1021","volume":"8","author":"H Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang H, Chen W, Li D et al (2017) Vitamin D and Chronic Diseases. 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