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The kidney homogenates from all groups were examined for expression levels of TGF-\u03b2 receptors I and II using real-time PCR, expression levels of collagen type I and CTGF proteins using ELISA, and the expression levels of nuclear SMAD2\/3\/4, cytoplasmic SMAD2\/3, and cytoplasmic SMAD4 proteins using the western blot technique.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Compared to the control group, the injection of TAA resulted in a significant increase in serum levels of urea and creatinine, gene expression levels of T\u03b2RI and T\u03b2RII, protein expression levels of both collagen I and CTGF proteins, cytoplasmic SMAD2\/3 complex, and nuclear SMAD2\/3\/4 (p-value &lt; 0.0001), with significantly decreased levels of the co-SMAD partner, SMAD4 (p-value &lt; 0.0001). Those effects were reversed considerably in both treatment groups, with the superiority of the exosomal treatment regarding the SMAD proteins and the expression levels of the T\u03b2RI gene, collagen I, and CTGF proteins returning to near-control values (p-value\u2009&gt;\u20090.05).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Using in vitro and in vivo experimental approaches, the research discovered a reno-protective role of silymarin and exosomes of BM-MSCs after thioacetamide-induced renal fibrosis in rats, with the advantage of exosomes.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-024-09343-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]],"date-time":"2024-04-18T18:02:08Z","timestamp":1713463328000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Silymarin and MSC-exosomes ameliorate thioacetamide-evoked renal fibrosis by inhibiting TGF-\u03b2\/SMAD pathway in rats"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Dina Mohamed","family":"Mekawy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dina","family":"Sabry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rania Mohamed","family":"Sabry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naglaa F.","family":"Abozeid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"9343_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.23876\/j.krcp.22.159","volume":"42","author":"C Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang C, Li SW, Zhong X, Liu BC, Lv LL (2023) An update on renal fibrosis: from mechanisms to therapeutic strategies with a focus on extracellular vesicles. 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