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Despite rapid CPF biodegradation, fish were exposed to wastewater containing detectable residues. Recently, medicinal plants and algae were intensively used in aquaculture to replace antibiotics and ameliorate stress impacts.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>An indoor experiment was conducted to evaluate the deleterious impacts of CPF pollution on Nile tilapia health and the potential mitigation role of <jats:italic>Chlorella vulgaris<\/jats:italic> algae. Firstly, the median lethal concentration LC<jats:sub>50\u2009\u2212\u200972\u00a0h<\/jats:sub> of CPF was determined to be 85.8\u00a0\u00b5g \/L in Nile tilapia (35.6\u2009\u00b1\u20090.5\u00a0g body weight) at a water temperature of 27.5\u00a0\u00b0C. Secondly, fish were exposed to 10% of LC<jats:sub>50\u2009\u2212\u200972\u00a0h<\/jats:sub> for six weeks, and tissue samples were collected and examined every two weeks. Also, Nile tilapia were experimentally infected with <jats:italic>Streptococcus agalactiae.<\/jats:italic> Exposed fish were immunosuppressed expressed with a decrease in gene expressions of interleukin <jats:italic>(IL) 1\u03b2, IL-10<\/jats:italic>, and tumor necrosis factor <jats:italic>(TNF)-\u03b1.<\/jats:italic> Also, a decline was recorded in glutathione peroxidase <jats:italic>(GPx)<\/jats:italic>, superoxide dismutase <jats:italic>(SOD)<\/jats:italic>, and catalase <jats:italic>(CAT)<\/jats:italic> gene expression in the head kidney tissue. A high mortality rate (MR) of 100% was recorded in fish exposed to CPF for six weeks and challenged with <jats:italic>S. agalactiae.<\/jats:italic> Fish that received dietary <jats:italic>C. vulgaris<\/jats:italic> could restore gene expression cytokines and antioxidants compared to the control. After six weeks of CPF exposure, fish suffered from anemia as red blood cell count (RBCs), hemoglobin (Hb), and packed cell volume (PCV) significantly declined along with downregulation of serum total protein (TP), globulin (GLO), and albumin (ALB). Liver enzymes were significantly upregulated in fish exposed to CPF pollution, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (42.5, 53.3, and 61.7 IU\/L) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (30.1, 31.2, and 22.8) after 2, 4, and 6 weeks, respectively. On <jats:italic>S. agalactiae<\/jats:italic> challenge, high MR was recorded in Nile tilapia exposed to CPF (G3) 60%, 60%, and 100% in week 2, week 4, and week 6, and <jats:italic>C. vulgaris<\/jats:italic> provided a relative protection level (RPL) of 0, 14.29, and 20%, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>It was concluded that CPF pollution induces immunosuppressed status, oxidative stress, and anemic signs in Nile tilapia. In contrast, <jats:italic>C. vulgaris<\/jats:italic> at a 50\u00a0g\/kg fish feed dose could partially ameliorate such withdrawals, restoring normal physiological parameters.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-024-09535-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]],"date-time":"2024-05-09T10:02:29Z","timestamp":1715248949000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Chlorella vulgaris algae ameliorates chlorpyrifos toxicity in Nile tilapia with special reference to antioxidant enzymes and Streptococcus agalactiae infection"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Walaa S.","family":"Tawfeek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amina S.","family":"Kassab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eman T.","family":"Al-Sokary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mona E.","family":"Abass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed H.","family":"Sherif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"9535_CR1","unstructured":"FAO (2022) World fisheries and aquaculture food and Agriculture Organization. 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