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Cold exposure and exercise have been shown to increase BAT and browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) in mice. This study aimed to determine whether there is an additive effect of exercise during cold exposure on markers related to browning of adipose tissue. in Wistar rats.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Twenty-four male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: Control (C, 25\u02daC), Swimming in Neutral (SN, 30\u02daC) water, and Swimming in Cold (SC, 15\u02daC) water. Swimming included intervals of 2\u20133\u00a0min, 1\u00a0min rest, until exhausted, three days a week for six weeks, with a training load of 3\u20136% body weight. After the experimental protocol, interscapular BAT and inguinal subcutaneous white adipose tissue (WAT) were excised, weighed, and processed for beiging marker gene expression.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>SN and SC resulted in lower body weight gain, associated with reduced WAT and BAT volume and increased BAT number with greater effects observed in SC. Myostatin protein expression was lower in BAT, WAT, soleus muscle, and serum NC and SC compared to the C group. Expression of the interferon regulatory factor-4 (IRF4) gene in both BAT and WAT tissues was significantly greater in the SC than in the C. Expression of the PGC-1\u03b1 in BAT was significantly increased in the SC compared to C and increased in WAT in NC and SC. Expression of the UCP1 in BAT and WAT increased in the SC group compared to other groups.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The findings demonstrate that six weeks of swimming training in cold water promotes additive effects of the expression of genes and proteins involved in the browning process of adipose tissue in Wistar rats. Myostatin inhibition may possess a regulator effect on the PGC-1\u03b1 \u2013 UCP1 pathway that mediates adipose tissue browning.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-024-09586-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,2]],"date-time":"2024-08-02T13:40:09Z","timestamp":1722606009000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Swimming in cold water increases the browning process by diminishing the Myostatin pathway"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Niloofar","family":"Rahmani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pezhman","family":"Motamedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sadegh","family":"Amani-Shalamzari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kurt A.","family":"Escobar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katsuhiko","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"9586_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772894","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.772894","volume":"12","author":"JD Garritson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Garritson JD, Boudina S (2021) The effects of Exercise on White and Brown Adipose tissue cellularity, metabolic activity and remodeling. 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