{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T07:33:24Z","timestamp":1740123204312,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722988800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014764","name":"China International Medical Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Z-2017-24-2026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z-2017-24-2026"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014764","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Research Fund of Shanghai Municipal Health Commission","award":["202240064"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202240064"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mol Biol Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Peptide transporter 1 (PepT1) transports bacterial oligopeptide products and induces inflammation of the bowel. Nutritional peptides compete for the binding of intestinal bacterial products to PepT1. We investigated the mechanism of short-peptide-based enteral nutrition (SPEN) on the damage to the gut caused by the bacterial oligopeptide product muramyl dipeptide (MDP), which is transported by PepT1. The gut-lung axis is a shared mucosal immune system, and immune responses and disorders can affect the gut-respiratory relationship.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Sprague-Dawley rats were gavaged with solutions containing MDP, MDP\u2009+\u2009SPEN, MDP\u2009+\u2009intact-protein-based enteral nutrition (IPEN), glucose as a control, or glucose with GSK669 (a NOD2 antagonist). Inflammation, mitochondrial damage, autophagy, and apoptosis were explored to determine the role of the PepT1-nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2)-beclin-1 signaling pathway in the small intestinal mucosa. MDP and proinflammatory factors of lung tissue were explored to determine that MDP can migrate to lung tissue and cause inflammation. Induction of proinflammatory cell accumulation and intestinal damage in MDP gavage rats was associated with increased NOD2 and Beclin-1 mRNA expression. IL-6 and TNF-\u03b1 expression and apoptosis were increased, and mitochondrial damage was severe, as indicated by increased mtDNA in the MDP group compared with controls. MDP levels and expression of proinflammatory factors in lung tissue increased in the MDP group compared with the control group. SPEN, but not IPEN, eliminated these impacts.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Gavage of MDP to rats resulted in damage to the gut-lung axis. SPEN reverses the adverse effects of MDP. The PepT1-NOD2-beclin-1 pathway plays a role in small intestinal inflammation, mitochondrial damage, autophagy, and apoptosis.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-024-09759-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T13:03:27Z","timestamp":1723035807000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Short-peptide-based enteral nutrition affects rats MDP translocation and protects against gut-lung injury via the PepT1-NOD2-beclin-1 pathway in vivo"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Xiu-feng","family":"Pang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiao-yong","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lu-jia","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"You-wen","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiao-ying","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huan-huan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu-qin","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"9759_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1067\/msy.2002.116408","volume":"131","author":"AD Edwin","year":"2002","unstructured":"Edwin AD (2002) Bacterial translocation or lymphatic drainage of toxic products from the gut: what is important in human beings? Surgery 131:241\u2013244. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1067\/msy.2002.116408","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"9759_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2006","volume":"25","author":"M Gatt","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gatt M, Reddy BS, MacFie J (2007) Review article: bacterial translocation in the critically ill\u2013evidence and methods of prevention. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 25:741\u2013757. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2036.200603174. x","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"9759_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2011","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI4179","volume":"102","author":"D Merlin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Merlin D, Steel A, Gewirtz AT et al (2008) hPepT1-mediated epithelial transport of bacteria-derived chemotactic peptides enhances neutrophil-epithelial interactions. J Clin Invest 102:2011\u20132018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI4179","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"3","key":"9759_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.2174\/157340711796817913","volume":"7","author":"O Chikako","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chikako O, Yuen-Joyce L, and Koichi S. K (2011) Muramyl Dipeptide and its derivatives: peptide adjuvant in Immunological disorders and Cancer Therapy. Curr Bioact Compd 7(3):180\u2013197. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/157340711796817913","journal-title":"Curr Bioact Compd"},{"issue":"3","key":"9759_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291x","volume":"56","author":"A Adam","year":"1974","unstructured":"Adam A, Ciorbaru R, Ellouz F, Petit JF, Lederer E (1974) Adjuvant activity of monomeric bacterial cell wall peptidoglycans. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 56(3):561\u2013567. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0006-291x(74)90640-8","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"9759_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"White PJ, Gilvarg C (1977) A teichuronic acid containing rhamnose from cell walls of Bacillus megaterium. Biochemistry. 31;16(11):2428-35. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/bi00630a018","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00630a018"},{"key":"9759_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3264","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-015-3762-1","volume":"60","author":"GG Ma","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ma GG, Shi B, Liu JQ et al (2015) Nod2\u2013Rip2 signaling contributes to Intestinal Injury Induced by Muramyl Dipeptide Via Oligopeptide Transporter in rats. Dig Dis Sci 60:3264\u20133270. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10620-015-3762-1","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"9759_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1747","volume":"6","author":"W Strober","year":"2006","unstructured":"Strober W, Murray PJ, Kitani A et al (2006) Signaling pathways and molecular interactions of NOD1 and NOD2. Nat Rev Immunol 6:9\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nri1747","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"9759_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2010.12.007","volume":"32","author":"MH Shaw","year":"2011","unstructured":"Shaw MH, Kamada N, Warner N et al (2011) The ever-expanding function of NOD2: autophagy, viral recognition, and T cell activation. Trends Immunol 32(2):73\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.it.2010.12.007","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"issue":"11","key":"9759_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2465","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20122490","volume":"210","author":"W Jiang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jiang W, Wang XQ, Zeng BH et al (2013) Recognition of gut microbiota by NOD2 is essential for the homeostasis of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL). J Exp Med 210(11):2465\u20132476. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084\/jem.20122490","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"9759_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S137606","volume":"11","author":"A Negroni","year":"2018","unstructured":"Negroni A, Pierdomenico M, Cucchiara S et al (2018) Salvatore Cucchiara NOD2 and inflammation: current insights. J Inflamm Res 11:49\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/JIR.S137606","journal-title":"J Inflamm Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"9759_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-016-0964-8","volume":"65","author":"A Negroni","year":"2016","unstructured":"Negroni A, Colantoni E, Vitali R et al (2016) NOD2 induces autophagy to control AIEC bacteria infectiveness in intestinal epithelial cells. Inflamm Res 65(10):803\u2013813. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00011-016-0964-8","journal-title":"Inflamm Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"9759_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000191","volume":"27","author":"AR Panzer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Panzer AR, Lynch SV (2015) Influence and effect of the human microbiome in allergy and asthma. Curr Opin Rheumatol 27(4):373\u2013380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000191","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol"},{"key":"9759_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8869","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.C200651200","volume":"278","author":"SE Girardin","year":"2003","unstructured":"Girardin SE, Boneca IG, Viala J et al (2003) Nod2 is a general sensor of peptidoglycan through muramyl dipeptide (MDP) detection. J Biol Chem 278:8869\u20138872. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.C200651200","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"7599","key":"9759_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17631","volume":"532","author":"AM Keestra-Gounder","year":"2016","unstructured":"Keestra-Gounder AM, Byndloss MX, Seyffert N et al (2016) NOD1and NOD2 signaling links ER stress with inflammation. Nature 532(7599):394\u2013397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature17631","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"10","key":"9759_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2594","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.01396-08","volume":"29","author":"T Copetti","year":"2009","unstructured":"Copetti T, Bertoli C, Dalla E et al (2009) p65\/RelA modulates BECN1 transcription and autophagy. Mol Cell Biol 29(10):2594\u20132608. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/MCB.01396-08","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"9759_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2005.07.002","volume":"122","author":"S Pattingre","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pattingre S, Tassa A, Qu X et al (2005) Bcl-2 antiapoptotic proteins inhibit Beclin1-dependent autophagy. Cell 122(6):927\u2013939. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2005.07.002","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"5","key":"9759_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2803","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M804705200","volume":"284","author":"J Pimkina","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pimkina J, Humbey O, Zilfou JT et al (2009) ARF induces autophagy by virtue of interaction with Bcl-x. J Biol Chem 284(5):2803\u20132810. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.M804705200","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"9759_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7320","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms8320","volume":"6","author":"AN Thorburn","year":"2015","unstructured":"Thorburn AN, McKenzie CI, Shen S et al (2015) Evidence that Asthma is a developmental origin disease influenced by maternal diet and bacterial metabolites. Nat Commun 6:7320\u20137333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ncomms8320","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"3","key":"9759_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877533","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.877533","volume":"13","author":"MG Felipe","year":"2022","unstructured":"Felipe MG, Javiera SA, B\u00e1rbara MS et al (2022) Distal consequences of mucosal infections in intestinal and lung inflammation. Front Immunol 13(3):877533. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.877533","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"9759_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1970.01340280030009","volume":"101","author":"CJ Chiu","year":"1970","unstructured":"Chiu CJ, McArdle AH, Brown R, Scott HJ, Gurd FN (1970) Intestinal mucosal lesion in low-flow states. I. A morphological, hemodynamic, and metabolic reappraisal. Arch Surg 101(4):478\u2013483. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archsurg.1970.01340280030009","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"9759_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.01.022","volume":"140","author":"O Takeuchi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Takeuchi O, Akira S (2010) Pattern recognition receptors and inflammation. Cell 140(6):805\u2013820. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2010.01.022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"4","key":"9759_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxp017","volume":"21","author":"T Kawai","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kawai T, Akira S (2009) The roles of TLRs, RLRs and NLRs in pathogen recognition. Int Immunol 21(4):317\u2013337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/intimm\/dxp017","journal-title":"Int Immunol"},{"key":"9759_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2017.12.025","volume":"148","author":"YQ Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang YQ, Hu YJ, Li P et al (2018) Expression and regulation of proton-coupled oligopeptide transporters in colonic tissue and immune cells of mice. Biochem Pharmacol 148:163\u2013173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bcp.2017.12.025","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"9759_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1080\/00498250701875254","volume":"38","author":"I Rubio-Aliaga","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rubio-Aliaga I, Daniel H (2008) Peptide transporters and their roles in physiological processes and drug disposition. Xenobiotica 38(7\u20138):1022\u20131042. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00498250701875254","journal-title":"Xenobiotica"},{"key":"9759_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1022849112100","volume":"48","author":"VL Chappell","year":"2003","unstructured":"Chappell VL, Thompson MD, Jeschke MG et al (2003) Effects of incremental starvation on gut mucosa. Dig Dis Sci 48:765\u2013769. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/a:1022849112100","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"9759_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1003515413550","volume":"31","author":"H Ogihara","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ogihara H, Suzuki T, Nagamachi Y, Inui K, Takata K (1999) Peptide transporter in the rat small intestine: ultrastructural localization and the effect of starvation and administration of amino acids. Histochem J 31:169\u2013174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/a:1003515413550","journal-title":"Histochem J"},{"issue":"11","key":"9759_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8869","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.C200651200","volume":"278","author":"SE Girardin","year":"2003","unstructured":"Girardin SE, Boneca IG, Viala J et al (2003) Nod2 is a general sensor of peptidoglycan through muramyl dipeptide (MDP) detection. J Biol Chem 278(11):8869\u20138872. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.C200651200","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"4","key":"9759_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2380","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.4.2380","volume":"178","author":"JH Park","year":"2007","unstructured":"Park JH, Kim YG, McDonald C et al (2007) RICK\/RIP2 mediates innate immune responses induced through Nod1 and Nod2 but not TLRs. J Immunol 178(4):2380\u20132386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4049\/jimmunol.178.4.2380","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"9759_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.03.007","volume":"136","author":"S Rahighi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rahighi S, Ikeda F, Kawasaki M et al (2009) Specific recognition of linear ubiquitin chains by NEMO is important for NF-\u03baB activation. Cell 136(6):1098\u20131109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2009.03.007","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"9759_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3111","volume":"12","author":"X Jiang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jiang X, Chen ZJ (2011) The role of ubiquitylation in immune defense and pathogen evasion. Nat Rev Immunol 12(1):35\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nri3111","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"1336","key":"9759_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.28.16483","volume":"351","author":"M Karin","year":"1995","unstructured":"Karin M (1995) The regulation of AP-1 activity by Mitogen-activated protein kinases. J Biol Chem 351(1336):127\u2013134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.270.28.16483","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"9759_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1823","volume":"11","author":"LH Travassos","year":"2010","unstructured":"Travassos LH, Carneiro LA, Ramjeet M et al (2010) Nod1 and Nod2 direct autophagy by recruiting ATG16L1 to the plasma membrane at the site of bacterial entry. Nat Immunol 11(1):55\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ni.1823","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"9759_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.10.013","volume":"39","author":"MT Sorbara","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sorbara MT, Ellison LK, Ramjeet M et al (2013) The protein ATG16L1 suppresses inflammatory cytokines induced by the intracellular sensors Nod1 and Nod2 in an autophagy-independent manner. Immunity 39(5):858\u2013873. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.10.013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"9759_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134112147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.112147","volume":"15","author":"AA Sarah","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sarah AA, El-Aal SM, El-Sayyad AA, El-Gazar et al (2024) Boswellic acid and apigenin alleviate methotrexate-provoked renal and hippocampal alterations in rats: targeting autophagy, NOD-2\/NF-\u03baB\/NLRP3, and connexin-43. Int Immunopharmacol 15:134112147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.112147","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"9759_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhao LJ, Dai XY, Ye YW, Pang XF, Shi B et al (2024) Muramyl dipeptide causes mitochondrial dysfunction and intestinal inflammatory cytokine responses in rats. Shock. 2024 Mar 28. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/SHK.0000000000002369","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000002369"},{"issue":"13","key":"9759_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5815","DOI":"10.1080\/07391102.2021.1873862","volume":"40","author":"K Prerna","year":"2022","unstructured":"Prerna K, Dubey VK (2022) Repurposing of FDA-approved drugs as autophagy inhibitors in tumor cells. J Biomol Struct Dyn 40(13):5815\u20135826. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07391102.2021.1873862","journal-title":"J Biomol Struct Dyn"},{"key":"9759_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10061522","volume":"10","author":"S Tran","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tran S, Fairlie WD, Lee EF (2021) BECLIN1: protein structure, function and regulation. Cells 10:1522. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells10061522","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"2","key":"9759_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2259234","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022X.2023.2259234","volume":"45","author":"JJ Min","year":"2023","unstructured":"Min JJ, Chen Q, Pan MX, Liu T, Gu Q, Zhang DW, Sun R (2023) Butylphthalide improves brain damage induced by renal ischemia-reperfusion injury rats through Nrf2\/HO-1 and NOD2\/MAPK\/NF-\u03baB pathways. Ren Fail 45(2):2259234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0886022X.2023.2259234","journal-title":"Ren Fail"},{"key":"9759_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.01085","volume":"6","author":"DR Samuelson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Samuelson DR, Welsh DA, Shellito JE (2015) Regulation of lung immunity and host defense by the intestinal microbiota. Front Microbiol 6:1085. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2015.01085","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"9759_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16113","DOI":"10.1038\/nmicrobiol.2016.113","volume":"1","author":"RP Dickson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dickson RP, Singer BH, Newstead MW et al (2016) Enrichment of the lung microbiome with gut bacteria in sepsis and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Nat Microbiol 1(10):16113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nmicrobiol.2016.113","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"9759_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9983014","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2022.983014","volume":"28","author":"N Odolczyk","year":"2021","unstructured":"Odolczyk N, Marzec E, Winiewska-Szajewska M, Pozna\u00b4nski J, Zielenkiewicz P (2021) Native structure-based peptides as potential protein\u2013protein Interaction inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and human ACE2 receptor. Front Mol Biosci 28:9983014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmolb.2022.983014","journal-title":"Front Mol Biosci"},{"key":"9759_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5535","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25235535","volume":"25","author":"Y Liscano","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liscano Y, Onate-Garz\u00f3n J, Ocampo-Ibanez ID (2020) In silico discovery of antimicrobial peptides as an alternative to controlmSARS-CoV-2. Molecules 25:5535. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules25235535","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"21","key":"9759_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5035","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25215035","volume":"25","author":"SP Rivera-Sanchez","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rivera-Sanchez SP, Agudelo-G\u00f3ngora HA, Onate-Garzon J et al (2020) Antibacterial activity of a cationic antimicrobial peptide against multidrug-resistant gram-negative clinical isolates and their potential molecular targets. Molecules 25(21):5035. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules25215035","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"2","key":"9759_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.6133\/apjcn.202007_29(2).0005","volume":"29","author":"L Huang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huang L, Li G, Zhou B et al (2020) Clinical effects of total protein and short peptide enteral nutrition during recovery after radical gastrectomy. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 29(2):239\u2013244. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6133\/apjcn.202007_29(2).0005","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Clin Nutr"}],"container-title":["Molecular Biology Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11033-024-09759-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11033-024-09759-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11033-024-09759-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]],"date-time":"2025-02-05T04:00:54Z","timestamp":1738728054000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11033-024-09759-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["9759"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11033-024-09759-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0301-4851","1573-4978"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0301-4851"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1573-4978"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 April 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 June 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 August 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The Ethics Committee of Tongji University Affiliated Yangpu Hospital approved this study (LL-2022-WSJ-005).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"891"}}