{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T20:50:55Z","timestamp":1790110255772,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]],"date-time":"2025-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738627200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]],"date-time":"2025-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738627200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mol Biol Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-025-10278-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]],"date-time":"2025-02-04T09:58:23Z","timestamp":1738663103000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Detection of hepatitis B virus surface antigen, IgM and IgG antibodies to hepatitis B virus core antigen in the clinical classification and epidemiological surveillance of HBV infection"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"52","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8909-9091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rob\u00e9rio Amorim","family":"de Almeida Pond\u00e9","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"10278_CR1","unstructured":"WHO (2022a) Global health sector strategies on, respectively, HIV, viral hepatitis and sexually transmitted infections for the period 2022-2030. https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/global-hiv-hepatitis-and-stis-programmes\/strategies\/global-health-sector-strategies"},{"key":"10278_CR2","unstructured":"WHO (2022b) https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/hepatitis-b"},{"issue":"24","key":"10278_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13971","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01594-14","volume":"88","author":"S Ramachandran","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ramachandran S, Purdy MA, Xia GL, Campo DS, Dimitrova ZE, Teshale EH, Teo CG, Khudyakov YE (2014) Recent population expansions of hepatitis B virus in the United States. J Virol 88(24):13971\u201313980. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JVI.01594-14","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"10278_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shah SHBU, Valerio H, Hajarizadeh B, Matthews G, Alavi M, Dore GJ (2023) Cascade of care among people with hepatitis B in New South Wales, Australia. J Viral Hepat. 2023;30(12):926\u2013938. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvh.13881","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.13881"},{"key":"10278_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e36","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268820000242","volume":"148","author":"A von Laer","year":"2020","unstructured":"von Laer A, Diercke M, An der Heiden M, Altmann D, Zimmermann R, Dudareva S (2020) Implications of a change in case definition and screening of asylum seekers for hepatitis B surveillance in Germany in 2015 and 2016. Epidemiol Infect 148:e36. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0950268820000242","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"issue":"9","key":"10278_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e75267","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0075267","volume":"8","author":"V Thibault","year":"2013","unstructured":"Thibault V, Laperche S, Thiers V, Sayon S, Letort MJ, Delarocque-Astagneau E, Antona D (2013) Molecular epidemiology and clinical characteristics of hepatitis B identified through the French mandatory notification system. PLoS ONE 8(9):e75267. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0075267","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10278_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"w14409","DOI":"10.4414\/smw.2017.14409","volume":"147","author":"JL Richard","year":"2017","unstructured":"Richard JL, Schaetti C, Basler S, Masserey Spicher V (2017) Reduction of acute hepatitis B through vaccina-tion of adolescents with no decrease in chronic hepatitis B due to immigration in a low ende-micity country. Swiss Med Wkly 147:w14409. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4414\/smw.2017.14409","journal-title":"Swiss Med Wkly"},{"issue":"3","key":"10278_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1007\/s11845-017-1720-y","volume":"187","author":"CE van Gemert","year":"2018","unstructured":"van Gemert CE, Murphy N, Mitchell TA, Hellard ME, Thornton L (2018) Epidemiology of chronic hepatitis B virus in Ireland using routinely collected surveillance and administrative data, 2004\u20132014. Ir J Med Sci 187(3):803\u2013811. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11845-017-1720-y","journal-title":"Ir J Med Sci"},{"key":"10278_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Spearman CW, Afihene M, Ally R, Apica B, Awuku Y et al (2017) Gastroenterology and Hepatology Association of sub-Saharan Africa (GHASSA) Hepatitis B in sub-Saharan Africa: strategies to achieve the 2030 elimination targets. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol.2(12):900\u2013909. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2468-1253(17)30295-9","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(17)30295-9"},{"key":"10278_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kramvis A (2020) Challenges for hepatitis B virus cure in resource-limited settings in sub-Saharan Africa. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2020;15(3):185\u2013192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/COH.0000000000000619","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000619"},{"key":"10278_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhou Y, He H, Deng X et al (2006) Significant reduction in notification and seroprevalence rates of hepatitis B virus infection among the population of Zhejiang Province, China, aged between 1 and 29 years from 2006 to 2014. Vaccine 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.06.078","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.06.078"},{"issue":"6","key":"10278_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2018.23.6.17-00278","volume":"23","author":"A Miglietta","year":"2018","unstructured":"Miglietta A, Quinten C, Lopalco PL, Duffell E (2018) Impact of hepatitis B vaccination on acute hepatitis B epidemiology in European Union\/European Economic Area countries, 2006 to 2014. Euro Surveill 23(6):17\u201300278. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2018.23.6.17-00278","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"10278_CR13","unstructured":"Wilkins T, Sams R, Carpenter M (2019) Hepatitis B: Screening, Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Am Fam Physician. 2019;99(5):314\u2013323"},{"issue":"3","key":"10278_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir283","volume":"204","author":"HL Chan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chan HL, Wong GL, Tse CH, Chan HY, Wong VW (2011) Viral determinants of hepatitis B surface antigen seroclearance in hepatitis B e antigen negative chronic hepatitis B patients. J Infect Dis 204(3):408\u2013414","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10278_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24615","volume":"55","author":"TC Tseng","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tseng TC, Liu CJ, Yang HC et al (2012) Determinants of spontaneous surface antigen loss in hepatitis B e antigen-negative patients with alow viral load. Hepatology 55(1):68\u201376","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10278_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.3390\/v15071544","volume":"15","author":"BB Phinius","year":"2023","unstructured":"Phinius BB, Anderson M, Mokomane M et al (2023) Atypical Hepatitis B Virus Serology Profile-Hepatitis B Surface Antigen-Positive\/Hepatitis B Core antibody-Negative-In Hepatitis B Virus\/HIV coinfected individuals in Botswana. Viruses 15(7):1544. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v15071544","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10278_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Osasona OG, Oguntoye T, Eromon P et al (2023) Atypical serologic profiles of hepatitis B virus infection across clinical cohorts of patients in Southwestern Nigeria. J Immunoassay Immunochem. 2023;44(2):176\u2013191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15321819.2023.2168556","DOI":"10.1080\/15321819.2023.2168556"},{"issue":"1","key":"10278_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-021-01706-w","volume":"18","author":"MC Kuhns","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kuhns MC, Holzmayer V, McNamara AL, Anderson M, Cloherty GA (2021) Hepatitis B seroconversion revisited: new insights into the natural history of acute hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection from quantitative and highly sensitive assays and novel biomarkers. Virol J 18(1):235. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12985-021-01706-w","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"10278_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-020-06056-4","volume":"48","author":"RA de Almeida Pond\u00e9","year":"2021","unstructured":"de Almeida Pond\u00e9 RA (2021) Dynamic profile of the HBeAg-anti-HBe system in acute and chronic hepatitis B virus infection: a clinical-laboratory approach. Mol Biol Rep 48:843\u2013854. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11033-020-06056-4","journal-title":"Mol Biol Rep"},{"key":"10278_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2009.02195.x","volume":"49","author":"S Zou","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zou S, Stramer SL, Notari EP et al (2009) Current incidence and residual risk of hepatitis B infection among blood donors in the United States. Transfusion 49:1609\u20131620","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"10278_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18035","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2018.35","volume":"4","author":"MF Yuen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yuen MF, Chen DS, Dusheiko GM, Janssen HLA, Lau DTY, Locarnini SA, Peters MG, Lai CL (2018) Hepatitis B virus infection. Nat Rev Dis Primers 4:18035. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrdp.2018.35","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"issue":"8","key":"10278_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2021.05.021","volume":"6","author":"BZE Khoo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Khoo BZE, Tan ZK, Boxall MC, Bairy M (2021) False-positive Hepatitis B Antigenemia after Vaccination in a patient with CKD. Kidney Int Rep 6(8):2237\u20132239. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ekir.2021.05.021","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"10278_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocpiqo.2020.10.010","volume":"5","author":"C Corsini Campioli","year":"2021","unstructured":"Corsini Campioli C, Esquer Garrigos Z, Assi M, Go JR, Razonable RR, Beam E, Yao J, Cummins NW (2021) Transient Hepatitis B Surface Antigenemia following immunization with Heplisav-B. Mayo Clin Proc Innov Qual Outcomes 5(3):542\u2013547. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mayocpiqo.2020.10.010","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc Innov Qual Outcomes"},{"issue":"8","key":"10278_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1111\/nep.13708","volume":"25","author":"JW Ong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ong JW, Tan FLG, Lim EK, Renaud CJ, Ho GH (2020) Management challenges of haemodialysis patients with new-onset hepatitis B surface antigenemia post vaccination. Nephrol (Carlton) 25(8):652\u2013653. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/nep.13708","journal-title":"Nephrol (Carlton)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10278_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/1348-0421.12943","volume":"66","author":"RA de Almeida Pond\u00e9","year":"2022","unstructured":"de Almeida Pond\u00e9 RA (2022) Detection of the serological markers hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis B core IgM antibody (anti-HBcIgM) in the diagnosis of acute hepatitis B virus infection after recent exposure. Microbiol Immunol 66(1):1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1348-0421.12943","journal-title":"Microbiol Immunol"},{"issue":"Suppl 3 Part 2","key":"10278_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1423-0410.2009.01272.x","volume":"98","author":"H Scheiblauer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Scheiblauer H, El-Nageh M, Diaz S, Nick S, Zeichhard H, Grunert HP (2010) Performance evaluation of 70 hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen (HBsAg) assays from around the world by a geographically diverse panel with an array of HBV genotypes and HBsAg subtypes. Vox Sang 98(Suppl 3 Part 2):403\u2013414","journal-title":"Vox Sang"},{"issue":"4","key":"10278_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2014.07.008","volume":"3","author":"M Khuroo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Khuroo M, Khuroo N, Khuroo M (2014) Accuracy of papid point-of\u2010care diagnostic tests for hepatitis B surface antige\u2013 AS systematic review and meta\u2010analysis. J Clin Exp Hepatol 3(4):226\u2013240","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Hepatol"},{"key":"10278_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2012.01.003","volume":"53","author":"A Servant-Delmas","year":"2012","unstructured":"Servant-Delmas A, Mercier\u2010Darty M, Ly T et al (2012) Variable capacity of 13 hepatitis B virus surface antigen assays for the detection of HBsAg mutants in blood samples. J Clin Virol 53:338\u2013345","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10278_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw049","volume":"213","author":"M Aragri","year":"2016","unstructured":"Aragri M, Alteri C, Battisti A et al (2016) Multiple hepatitis B virus (HBV)quasispecies and immune-escape mutations are present in HBV surface antigen and reverse transcriptase of patients with acute hepatitis B. J Infect Dis 213(12):1897\u20131905. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiw049","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10278_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hossain MG a nd, Ueda K (2017) Investigation of a novel hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) escape mutant affecting immunogenicity. PloS One. 12(1):e0167871. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0167871","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0167871"},{"issue":"2","key":"10278_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0913498107","volume":"107","author":"PL Yang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yang PL, Althage A, Chung J et al (2010) Immune effectors required for hepatitis B virus clearance. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107(2):798\u2013802","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"1","key":"10278_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00549-4","volume":"22","author":"M Iannacone","year":"2022","unstructured":"Iannacone M, Guidotti LG (2022) Immunobiology and pathogenesis of hepatitis B virus infection. Nat Rev Immunol 22(1):19\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41577-021-00549-4","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10278_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e15275","DOI":"10.5812\/hepatmon.15275","volume":"14","author":"S Besharat","year":"2014","unstructured":"Besharat S, Katoonizadeh A, Moradi A (2014) Potential mutations associated with occult hepatitis B virus status. Hepat Mon 14(5):e15275. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5812\/hepatmon.15275","journal-title":"Hepat Mon"},{"key":"10278_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-015-2422-x","volume":"34","author":"RAA Pond\u00e9","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pond\u00e9 RAA (2015) Molecular mechanisms underlying HBsAg negativity in occult HBV infection. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 34:1709\u20131731. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10096-015-2422-x","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"10278_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2053","DOI":"10.3390\/v13102053","volume":"13","author":"MC Kuhns","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kuhns MC, Holzmayer V, Anderson M, McNamara AL, Sauleda S, Mbanya D, Duong PT, Dung NTT, Cloherty GA (2021) Molecular and serological characterization of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)-Positive samples with very low or undetectable levels of HBV Surface Antigen. Viruses 13(10):2053. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v13102053","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"1","key":"10278_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-012-0668-y","volume":"48","author":"TC Tseng","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tseng TC, Kao JH (2013) Clinical utility of quantitative HBsAg in natural history and nucleos(t)ide analogue treatment of chronic hepatitis B: new trick of old dog. J Gastroenterol 48(1):13\u201321","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10278_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00018-11","volume":"25","author":"J Samal","year":"2012","unstructured":"Samal J, Kandpal M, Vivekanandan P (2012) Molecular mechanisms underlying occult hepatitis B virus infection. Clin Microbiol Rev 25(1):142\u2013163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/CMR.00018-11","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"10278_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59030443","volume":"59","author":"J Lee","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lee J, Lee SY, Cho YG, Kim DS, Park J et al (2023) Accuracy validation of the Elecsys HBsAg II Quant Assay and its utility in resolving Equivocal qualitative HBsAg results. Med (Kaunas) 59(3):443. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina59030443","journal-title":"Med (Kaunas)"},{"key":"10278_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Prakash A, Ponnuvel S, Devadasan JDC et al (2023) ARCHITECT HBsAg Next assay is positioned better to resolve and refine challenging weak reactive clinical samples. J Clin Virol. 2023 166:105524. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcv.2023.105524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2023.105524"},{"key":"10278_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Visseaux B, Gautier J, Le Boulaire F et al (2024) Performance evaluation of the Access HBsAg and Access HBsAg confirmatory assays on the DxI 9000 Access Immunoassay Analyzer. Pract Lab Med. 2024;39:e00390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.plabm.2024.e00390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plabm.2024.e00390"},{"key":"10278_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2014.11.015","volume":"62","author":"M Pancher","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pancher M, D\u00e9sir\u00e9 N, Ngo Y, Akhavan S, Pallier C, Poynard T et al (2015) Coexistence of circulating HBsAg and anti-HBs antibodies in chronic hepatitis B carriers is not a simple analytical artifact and does not influence HBsAg quantification. J Clin Virol: Official Publication Pan Am Soc Clin Virol 62:32\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcv.2014.11.015","journal-title":"J Clin Virol: Official Publication Pan Am Soc Clin Virol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10278_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.55724","volume":"17","author":"X Jiang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jiang X, Chang L, Yan Y, Wang L (2021) Paradoxical HBsAg and anti-HBs coexistence among chronic HBV infections: causes and consequences. Int J Biol Sci 17(4):1125\u20131137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7150\/ijbs.55724","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"key":"10278_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.2003.00424.x","volume":"43","author":"R Biswas","year":"2023","unstructured":"Biswas R, Tabor E, Hsia C-C, Wright DJ, Laycock ME, Fiebig EW et al (2023) Comparative sensitivity of HBV NATs and HBsAg assays for detection of acute HBV infection. Transfusion 43:788\u2013798","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"10278_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kuhns MC, Holzmayer V, McNamara AL, Anderson M, Cloherty GA (2021) Hepatitis B seroconversion revisited: new insights into the natural history of acute hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection from quantitative and highly sensitive assays and novel biomarkers. Virol J. 18(1):235. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12985-021-01706-w","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-021-01706-w"},{"issue":"7","key":"10278_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25080","volume":"90","author":"N Yang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yang N, Feng J, Zhou T, Li Z, Chen Z, Ming K, Liang G, Lei XX, Xu BL (2018) Relationship between serum quantitative HBsAg and HBV DNA levels in chronic hepatitis B patients. J Med Virol 90(7):1240\u20131245. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmv.25080","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10278_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000002693","volume":"36","author":"M Abdullayeva","year":"2024","unstructured":"Abdullayeva M, \u00c7elik M, Kuru\u00fcz\u00fcm Z (2024) The performance of hepatitis B surface antigen quantification as a noninvasive biomarker predicting liver injury and serum hepatitis B virus DNA level. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 36(2):245\u2013249. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MEG.0000000000002693","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10278_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinre.2017.03.004","volume":"41","author":"J Li","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li J, Sun X, Fang J, Wang C, Han G, Ren W (2017) Analysis of intrahepatic total HBV DNA, cccDNA and serum HBsAg level in Chronic Hepatitis B patients with undetectable serum HBV DNA during oral antiviral therapy. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 41(6):635\u2013643. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinre.2017.03.004","journal-title":"Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10278_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2010.078832","volume":"63","author":"JH Lee","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lee JH, Kim SJ, Ahn SH, Lee J, Park Y, Kim HS (2010) Correlation between quantitative serum HBsAg and HBV DNA test in Korean patients who showed high level of HBsAg. J Clin Pathol 63(11):1027\u20131031. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jcp.2010.078832","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10278_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13030368","volume":"13","author":"M Kumar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kumar M, Pahuja S, Khare P, Kumar A (2023) Current challenges and Future perspectives of diagnosis of Hepatitis B Virus. Diagnostics (Basel) 13(3):368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics13030368","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"issue":"18","key":"10278_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2016.09.11","volume":"4","author":"JE Song","year":"2016","unstructured":"Song JE, Kim DY (2016) Diagnosis of hepatitis. Ann Transl Med 4(18):338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21037\/atm.2016.09.11","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10278_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1007\/s12328-018-0925-6","volume":"12","author":"S Okamoto","year":"2019","unstructured":"Okamoto S, Yamasaki K, Komori A, Abiru S, Nagaoka S et al (2019) Dynamics of Hepatitis B virus serum markers in an acute hepatitis B patient in the incubation phase. Clin J Gastroenterol 12(3):218\u2013222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12328-018-0925-6","journal-title":"Clin J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10278_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maruyama T, Sch\u00f6del F, Iino S et al (1994) Distinguishing between acute and symptomatic chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Gastroenterology106:1006\u20131015","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(94)90761-7"},{"issue":"46","key":"10278_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7133","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.14.7133","volume":"14","author":"E Orenbuch-Harroch","year":"2008","unstructured":"Orenbuch-Harroch E, Levy L, Ben\u2010Chetrit E (2008) Acute hepatitis B or exacerbation of chronic hepatitis B\u2010that is the question. World J Gastroenterol 14(46):7133\u20137137","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10278_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-010-0160-3","volume":"200","author":"RAA Pond\u00e9","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pond\u00e9 RAA (2011) The underlying mechanisms for the isolated positivity for the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) serological profile. Med Microbiol Immunol 200:13\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00430-010-0160-3","journal-title":"Med Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"10278_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Japhet MO, Adesina OA, Donbraye E, Adewumi MO (2011) Hepatitis B core IgM antibody (anti-HBcIgM) among hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) negative blood donors in Nigeria. Virol J. 2011;8:513. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1743-422X-8-513","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-8-513"},{"key":"10278_CR56","unstructured":"Mehmood A, Raja AJ, Rasool S, Haque IU, NabiTayyab GU (2020) Significance of Testing Anti-HBcIgM Antibodies for the Screening of Hepatitis B in the Donor Blood. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 32(Suppl 1)(4):S618-S620. PMID: 33754518"},{"issue":"3","key":"10278_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2006.06.011","volume":"37","author":"A Rodella","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rodella A, Galli C, Terlenghi L, Perandin F, Bonfanti C, Manca N (2006) Quantitative analysis of HBsAg, IgM anti-HBc and anti-HBc avidity in acute and chronic hepatitis B. J Clin Virol 37(3):206\u2013212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcv.2006.06.011","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"issue":"13","key":"10278_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3953","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i13.3953","volume":"21","author":"JW Park","year":"2015","unstructured":"Park JW, Kwak KM, Kim SE, Jang MK, Kim DJ, Lee MS, Kim HS, Park CK (2015) Differentiation of acute and chronic hepatitis B in IgM anti-HBc positive patients. World J Gastroenterol 21(13):3953\u20133959. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v21.i13.3953","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10278_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2050","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/46.12.2050","volume":"46","author":"DR Dufour","year":"2000","unstructured":"Dufour DR, Lott JA, Nolte FS, Gretch DR, Koff RS, Seeff LB (2000) Diagnosis and monitoring of hepatic injury. II.Recommendations for use of laboratory tests in screening, diagnosis, and monitoring. Clin Chem 46:2050\u20132068","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"issue":"6","key":"10278_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e15937","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.15937","volume":"13","author":"R Bestas","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bestas R, Yalcin K (2021) Clinical and virological features of Acute hepatic exacerbations in patients with chronic Hepatitis B Virus infection. Cureus 13(6):e15937. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.15937","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"3","key":"10278_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-006-3175-2","volume":"51","author":"M Kumar","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kumar M, Jain S, Sharma BC, Sarin SK (2006) Differentiatingacute Hepatitis B from the first episode of symptomatic exacerbationof chronic hepatitis B. Dig Dis Sci 51(3):594\u2013599","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"10278_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2012.10.001","volume":"96","author":"J Chang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chang J, Block TM, Guo JT (2012) The innate immune response to hepatitis B virus infection: implications for pathogenesis and therapy. Antiviral Res 96(3):405\u2013413. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.antiviral.2012.10.001","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"issue":"39","key":"10278_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14156","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i39.14156","volume":"20","author":"IP Balmasova","year":"2014","unstructured":"Balmasova IP, Yushchuk ND, Mynbaev OA, Alla NR, Malova ES, Shi Z, Gao CL (2014) Immunopathogenesis of chronic hepatitis B. World J Gastroenterol 20(39):14156\u201314171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v20.i39.14156","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10278_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1345722","volume":"33","author":"D Shouval","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shouval D, Shibolet O (2013) Immunosuppression and HBV reactivation. Semin Liver Dis 33(2):167\u2013177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0033-1345722","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"key":"10278_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Guo L, Wang D, Ouyang X et al (2018) Recent advances in HBV reactivation research. BioMed Res Int 2018(2931402). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2018\/2931402","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/2931402"},{"key":"10278_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-015-2522-7","volume":"35","author":"R Pond\u00e9","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pond\u00e9 R (2016) Acute hepatitis B virus infection or acute exacerbation of chronic hepatitis B infection: the differential serological diagnosis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 35:29\u201340","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10278_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2019.0060","volume":"26","author":"S Lall","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lall S, Agarwala P, Kumar G, Sharma MK, Gupta E (2020) The dilemma of differentiating between acute hepatitis B and chronic hepatitis B with acute exacerbation: is quantitative serology the answer? Clin Mol Hepatol 26(2):187\u2013195. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3350\/cmh.2019.0060","journal-title":"Clin Mol Hepatol"},{"key":"10278_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2008.05600.x","volume":"23","author":"Y Han","year":"2008","unstructured":"Han Y, Tang Q, Zhu W, Zhang X, You L (2008) Clinical, biochem-ical, immunological and virological profiles of, and differential di-agnosis between, patients with acute hepatitis B and chronic hepa-titis B with acute flare. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 23:1728\u2013173314","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10278_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24732","volume":"55","author":"DY Dao","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dao DY, Hynan LS, Yuan H-J, Acute Liver Failure Study Group (2012) Two distinct subtypes of hepatitis B virus-related acute liver failureare separable by quantitative serum immunoglobulin M anti-hepatitis B core antibody and hepatitis B virus DNA levels. Hepatology 55:676\u2013684","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10278_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-6532(01)00147-0","volume":"21","author":"S Badur","year":"2001","unstructured":"Badur S, Akg\u00fcn A (2001) Diagnosis of hepatitis B infections andmonitoring of treatment. J Clin Virol 21:229\u2013237","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10278_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-017-1264-9","volume":"11","author":"N Brousseau","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brousseau N, Murphy DG, Gilca V, Larouche J, Mandal S, Tedder RS (2017) Acute hepatitis B virus infection with delayed appearance of hepatitis B core antibody in an immunocompromised patient: a case report. J Med Case Rep 11(1):111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13256-017-1264-9","journal-title":"J Med Case Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"10278_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-019-4287-z","volume":"12","author":"CS Hyun","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hyun CS, Lee S, Ventura WR (2019) The prevalence and significance of isolated hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc) in endemic population. BMC Res Notes 12(1):251. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13104-019-4287-z","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"issue":"4","key":"10278_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tracli.2019.05.001","volume":"26","author":"M Mileti\u0107","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mileti\u0107 M, Bingulac-Popovi\u0107 J, Stoji\u0107 Vidovi\u0107 M et al (2019) Anti-HBc prevalence among Croatian blood donors in a 14-year period (2004\u20132017): Assessment of trends, risks and need for implementing routine testing. Transfus Clin Biol 26(4):257\u2013262. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tracli.2019.05.001","journal-title":"Transfus Clin Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10278_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.4102\/ajlm.v11i1.1434","volume":"11","author":"FA Fasola","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fasola FA, Fowotade AA, Faneye AO, Adeleke A (2022) Prevalence of hepatitis B virus core antibodies among blood donors in Nigeria: implications for blood safety. Afr J Lab Med 11(1):1434. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/ajlm.v11i1.1434","journal-title":"Afr J Lab Med"},{"key":"10278_CR75","first-page":"312","volume":"132","author":"M Asim","year":"2010","unstructured":"Asim M, Ali R, Khan LA, Husain SA, Singla R, Kar P (2010) Significance of anti-HBc screening of blood donors and its association with occult hepatitis B virus infection: implications for blood transfusion. Indian J Med Res 132:312\u2013317","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10278_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"s63","DOI":"10.2450\/2013.0227-12","volume":"12","author":"G Gessoni","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gessoni G, Beggio S, Barin P, Favarato M, Galli C et al (2014) Significance of anti-HBc only in blood donors: a serological and virological study after hepatitis B vaccination. Blood Transfus 12(Suppl 1):s63\u2013s68. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2450\/2013.0227-12","journal-title":"Blood Transfus"},{"key":"10278_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vox.12675","author":"P Kiely","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kiely P, Hoad VC, Wood EM (2018) False positive viral marker results in blood donors and their unintended consequences. Vox Sang. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/vox.12675","journal-title":"Vox Sang"},{"issue":"2","key":"10278_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-009-0559-6","volume":"155","author":"RA Pond\u00e9","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pond\u00e9 RA, Cardoso DD, Ferro MO (2010) The underlying mechanisms for the \u2018anti-HBc alone\u2019 serological profile. Arch Virol 155(2):149\u2013158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00705-009-0559-6","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"issue":"27","key":"10278_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.04.031","volume":"30","author":"FH Su","year":"2012","unstructured":"Su FH, Bai CH, Chu FY, Lin YS, Su CT, Yeh CC (2012) Significance and anamnestic response in isolated hepatitis B core antibody-positive individuals 18 years after neonatal hepatitis B virus vaccination in Taiwan. Vaccine 30(27):4034\u20134039. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.04.031","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"24","key":"10278_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7653","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i24.7653","volume":"20","author":"I Lazarevic","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lazarevic I (2014) Clinical implications of hepatitis B virus mutations: recent advances. World J Gastroenterol 20(24):7653\u20137664. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v20.i24.7653","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10278_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.3390\/v14071504","volume":"14","author":"C Saitta","year":"2022","unstructured":"Saitta C, Pollicino T, Raimondo G (2022) Occult Hepatitis B Virus infection: an update. Viruses 14(7):1504. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v14071504","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"10","key":"10278_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(22)00201-1","volume":"7","author":"YR Im","year":"2022","unstructured":"Im YR, Jagdish R, Leith D, Kim JU et al (2022) Prevalence of occult hepatitis B virus infection in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 7(10):932\u2013942. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2468-1253(22)00201-1","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10278_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1052","volume":"64","author":"B Weber","year":"2001","unstructured":"Weber B, Melchior W, Gehrke R, Doerr HW, Berger A, Rabenau H (2001) Hepatitis B virus markers in anti-HBc only positive individuals. J Med Virol 64:312\u2013319","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10278_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(16)30076-0","volume":"2","author":"Q Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang Q, Klenerman P, Semmo N (2017) Significance of anti-HBc alone serological status in clinical practice. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2(2):123\u2013134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2468-1253(16)30076-0","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10278_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1111\/vox.13608","volume":"119","author":"MX Fu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fu MX, Ingram J, Roberts C et al (2024) Blood donation screening for hepatitis B virus core antibodies: the importance of confirmatory testing and initial implication for rare blood donor groups. Vox Sang 119(5):447\u2013459. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/vox.13608","journal-title":"Vox Sang"},{"key":"10278_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-023-02983-1","volume":"23","author":"K Kan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kan K, Wong DKH, Hui RWH et al (2023) Anti-HBc: a significant host predictor of spontaneous HBsAg seroclearance in chronic hepatitis B patients - a retrospective longitudinal study. BMC Gastroenterol 23:348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12876-023-02983-1","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10278_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2018.04.064","volume":"17","author":"H-H Hu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hu H-H, Liu J, Chang C-L, Jen C-L, Lee M-H, Lu S-N et al (2019) Level of Hepatitis B (HB) core antibody associates with Seroclearance of HBV DNA and HB Surface Antigen in HB E Antigen-Seronegative patients. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 17(1):172\u201381e1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cgh.2018.04.064","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10278_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kim S, Yoo S, Lee JI, Kim S, Chang HY, Kim D et al (2021) Anti-HBc IgG levels: a predictor of HBsAg Seroclearance in Chronic Hepatitis B patients with Nucleos(t) ide Analogue-Induced HBeAg Seroclearance. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10620-021-06845-2. Dig Dis Sci","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-021-06845-2"},{"issue":"1","key":"10278_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac210","volume":"227","author":"SM Brakenhoff","year":"2022","unstructured":"Brakenhoff SM, de Knegt RJ, Oliveira J, van der Eijk AA, van Vuuren AJ et al (2022) Levels of antibodies to Hepatitis B Core Antigen Are Associated with Liver inflammation and response to Peginterferon in patients with chronic Hepatitis B. J Infect Dis 227(1):113\u2013122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiac210","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10278_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.3390\/v15020373","volume":"15","author":"I Lazarevic","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lazarevic I, Banko A, Miljanovic D, Cupic M (2023) Clinical utility of quantitative HBV Core antibodies for solving diagnostic dilemmas. Viruses 15(2):373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v15020373","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"4","key":"10278_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2020.114985","volume":"96","author":"GP Caviglia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Caviglia GP, Olivero A, Ciancio A et al (2020) Analytical and clinical evaluation of a novel assay for anti-HBc IgG measurement in serum of subjects with overt and occult HBV infection. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 96(4):114985. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2020.114985","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10278_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v16.i4.550","volume":"16","author":"W Leowattana","year":"2024","unstructured":"Leowattana W, Leowattana P, Leowattana T (2024) Quantitative hepatitis B core antibody and quantitative hepatitis B surface antigen: novel viral biomarkers for chronic hepatitis B management. World J Hepatol 16(4):550\u2013565. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4254\/wjh.v16.i4.550","journal-title":"World J Hepatol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10278_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.3390\/v15071544","volume":"15","author":"BB Phinius","year":"2023","unstructured":"Phinius BB, Anderson M, Mokomane M, Gobe I et al (2023) Atypical Hepatitis B Virus Serology Profile-Hepatitis B Surface Antigen-Positive\/Hepatitis B Core antibody-Negative-In Hepatitis B Virus\/HIV coinfected individuals in Botswana. Viruses 15(7):1544. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v15071544","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"6","key":"10278_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2250","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00234-06","volume":"44","author":"V Avettand-Fenoel","year":"2006","unstructured":"Avettand-Fenoel V, Thabut D, Katlama C, Poynard T, Thibault V (2006) Immune suppression as the etiology of failure to detect anti-HBc antibodies in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. J Clin Microbiol 44(6):2250\u20132253","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10278_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-012-1781-9","volume":"32","author":"RA Pond\u00e9","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pond\u00e9 RA (2013) Atypical serological profiles in hepatitis B virus infection. Eur J ClinMicrobiol Infect Dis 32(4):461\u2013476. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10096-012-1781-9","journal-title":"Eur J ClinMicrobiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"10278_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1038\/75063","volume":"6","author":"A Takaki","year":"2000","unstructured":"Takaki A, Wiese M, Maertens G et al (2000) Cellular immune responses persist and humoral responses decrease two decades after recovery from a single-source outbreak of hepatitis C. Nat Med 6:578\u2013582","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10278_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2645","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-019-04369-9","volume":"164","author":"RAA Pond\u00e9","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pond\u00e9 RAA (2019) Expression and detection of anti-HBs antibodies after hepatitis B virus infection or vaccination in the context of protective immunity. Arch Virol 164(11):2645\u20132658. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00705-019-04369-9","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10278_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.07.044","volume":"145","author":"JM Werner","year":"2013","unstructured":"Werner JM, Abdalla A, Gara N, Ghany MG, Rehermann B (2013) The hepatitis B vaccine protects re-exposed health care workers, but does not provide sterilizing immunity. Gastroenterology 145(5):1026\u20131034. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.07.044","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10278_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200007063430107","volume":"343","author":"P Delves","year":"2000","unstructured":"Delves P, Roitt I (2000) The immune system (first of two parts). N Engl J Med 343:37\u201349","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10278_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.09.004","volume":"21","author":"RK Sterling","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sterling RK, Wahed AS, Cloherty G, Hoofnagle JH, Lee WM (2023) Hepatitis B Research Network Investigators. Acute Hepatitis B Virus infection in north American adults. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 21(7):1881\u20131892e4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.09.004","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10278_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3506","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.80.7.3506-3514.2006","volume":"80","author":"I Desombere","year":"2006","unstructured":"Desombere I, Willems A, Gijbels Y, Leroux-Roels G (2006) Partial delipidation improves the T-cell antigenicity of hepatitis B virus surface antigen. J Virol 80(7):3506\u20133514. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JVI.80.7.3506-3514.2006","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"6139","key":"10278_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1038\/329547a0","volume":"329","author":"DR Milich","year":"1987","unstructured":"Milich DR, McLachlan A, Thornton GB, Hughes JL (1987) Antibody production to the nucleocapsid and envelope of thehepatitis B virus primed by a single synthetic T cell site. Nature 329(6139):547\u2013549","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10278_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3358","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.69.6.3358-3368.1995","volume":"69","author":"MC Jung","year":"1995","unstructured":"Jung MC, Diepolder HM, Spengler U et al (1995) Activation of a heterogeneous hepatitis B (HB) core ande antigen-specific CD4\u2009+\u2009T-cell population during seroconversionto anti-HBe and anti-HBs in hepatitis B virus infection. J Virol 69:3358\u20133368","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"10278_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-8-513","volume":"8","author":"MO Japhet","year":"2011","unstructured":"Japhet MO, Adesina OA, Donbraye E, Adewumi MO (2011) Hepatitis B core IgM antibody (anti-HBcIgM) among hepatitisB surface antigen (HBsAg) negative blood donors in Nigeria. Virol J 8:513","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"issue":"2","key":"10278_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl.2011.5.2.210","volume":"5","author":"X Chen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chen X, Shen Y, Xiang W (2011) Distribution characteristics ofhepatitis B serological markers in hospitalized children and ado-lescents in Zhejiang, China between 2006 and 2010. Gut Liver 5(2):210\u2013216","journal-title":"Gut Liver"},{"key":"10278_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.09.018","volume":"138","author":"JF Wu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wu JF, Wu TC, Chen CH, Ni YH, Chen HL, Hsu HY et al (2010) Serum levels of interleukin-10 and interleukin-12 predict early, spontaneous hepatitis B virus e antigen seroconversion. Gastroenterology 138:165\u2013172","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10278_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23348","volume":"51","author":"YC Chen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chen YC, Chu CM, Liaw YF (2010) Age-specific prognosis following spontaneous hepatitis B e antigen seroconversion in chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology 51:435\u2013444","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10278_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.07.036","volume":"20","author":"P Martin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Martin P, Nguyen MH, Dieterich DT et al (2022) Treatment algorithm for managing chronic Hepatitis B Virus infection in the United States: 2021 update. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 20(8):1766\u20131775. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.07.036","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10278_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i2.541","volume":"21","author":"N Kamijo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kamijo N, Matsumoto A, Umemura T, Shibata S, Ichikawa Y, Kimura T, Komatsu M, Tanaka E (2015) Mutations of pre-core and basal core promoter before and after hepatitis B e antigen seroconversion. World J Gastroenterol 21(2):541\u2013548. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v21.i2.541","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10278_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25068","volume":"90","author":"P Colombatto","year":"2018","unstructured":"Colombatto P, Barbera C, Bortolotti F, Maina AM et al (2018) HBV pre-core mutant in genotype-D infected children is selected during HBeAg\/anti-HBe seroconversion and leads to HBeAg negative chronic hepatitis B in adulthood. J Med Virol 90(7):1232\u20131239. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmv.25068","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10278_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e6088","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000006088","volume":"96","author":"X Du","year":"2017","unstructured":"Du X, Liu Y, Ma L, Lu J, Jin Y, Ren S, He Z, Chen X (2017) Virological and serological features of acute hepatitis B in adults. Med (Baltim) 96(7):e6088. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MD.0000000000006088","journal-title":"Med (Baltim)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10278_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.33073\/pjm-2020-044","volume":"69","author":"M Guvenir","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guvenir M, Arikan A (2020) Hepatitis B Virus: from diagnosis to treatment. Pol J Microbiol 69(4):391\u2013399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33073\/pjm-2020-044","journal-title":"Pol J Microbiol"},{"key":"10278_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6435","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-023-08546-7","volume":"50","author":"RAA Pond\u00e9","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pond\u00e9 RAA (2023) Unusual serological profile in hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection associated with a probable clinical case of acute exacerbation of pre-existing chronic HBV infection. Mol Biol Rep 50:6435\u20136443. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11033-023-08546-7","journal-title":"Mol Biol Rep"},{"issue":"46","key":"10278_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7133","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.14.7133","volume":"14","author":"E Orenbuch-Harroch","year":"2008","unstructured":"Orenbuch-Harroch E, Levy L, Ben-Chetrit E (2008) Acute hepatitis B or exacerbation of chronic hepatitis B-that is the question. World J Gastroenterol 14(46):7133\u20137137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.14.7133","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10278_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-006-3175-2","volume":"51","author":"M Kumar","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kumar M, Jain S, Sharma BC, Sarin SK (2006) Differentiating acute hepatitis B from the first episode of symptomatic exacerbation of chronic hepatitis B. Dig Dis Sci 51(3):594\u2013599. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10620-006-3175-2","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"10278_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2013.08.014","volume":"3","author":"P Puri","year":"2013","unstructured":"Puri P (2013) Acute exacerbation of chronic hepatitis B: the dilemma of differentiation from acute viral hepatitis B. J Clin ExpHepatol 3(4):301\u2013312","journal-title":"J Clin ExpHepatol"},{"key":"10278_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2008.05600.x","volume":"23","author":"Y Han","year":"2008","unstructured":"Han Y, Tang Q, Zhu W, Zhang X, You L (2008) Clinical, biochemical and serological profiles of, and differential diagnosis between, patients with acute hepatitis B and chronic hepatitis B with acute flare. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 23:1728\u20131733","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"24","key":"10278_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7635","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i24.7635","volume":"20","author":"E Sagnelli","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sagnelli E, Sagnelli C, Pisaturo M, Macera M, Coppola N (2014) Epidemiology of acute and chronic hepatitis B and delta over the last 5 decades in Italy. World J Gastroenterol 20(24):7635\u20137643. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v20.i24.7635","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"13","key":"10278_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v6.i13.589","volume":"6","author":"M Jefferies","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jefferies M, Rauff B, Rashid H, Lam T, Rafiq S (2018) Update on global epidemiology of viral hepatitis and preventive strategies. World J Clin Cases 6(13):589\u2013599. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12998\/wjcc.v6.i13.589","journal-title":"World J Clin Cases"},{"issue":"3","key":"10278_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.3390\/v13030368","volume":"13","author":"T Pollicino","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pollicino T, Caminiti G (2021) HBV-Integration studies in the clinic: role in the natural history of infection. Viruses 13(3):368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v13030368","journal-title":"Viruses"}],"container-title":["Molecular Biology Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11033-025-10278-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11033-025-10278-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11033-025-10278-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,27]],"date-time":"2025-12-27T16:37:59Z","timestamp":1766853479000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11033-025-10278-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]]},"references-count":120,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10278"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11033-025-10278-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["0301-4851","1573-4978"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0301-4851","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-4978","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 October 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 January 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 February 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable for that section. The author declares that no generative artificial intelligence (AI) or AI-assisted technologies were used in the writing process of this manuscript.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable for that section.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable for that section.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"195"}}