{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T21:10:39Z","timestamp":1791839439746,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741824000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741824000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH\/NIDA","award":["R01 DA046723"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 DA046723"]}]},{"name":"NIH\/NIDA","award":["R01 DA046723"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 DA046723"]}]},{"name":"Auburn University Startup Funds"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mol Biol Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fetal and placental sex influence a variety of developmental processes during prenatal life; including metabolism, growth, and the response to in utero insults. Additionally, the National Institute of Health\u2019s requirement that sex as a biological variable be included into proposal design necessitates the development of tools to investigate sex during embryonic and fetal life. Rodent models are insightful models in the study of sexual dimorphism due to large litter sizes, short gestation period, and frequency of use as an animal model. In this methods paper, we demonstrate a multiplex PCR method to determine sex in fetal rat tail snips and placentas.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We designed primers for X-chromosome and Y-chromosome homologs,\n                      <jats:italic>DDX3X<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>DDX3Y,<\/jats:italic>\n                      and developed a single-step PCR protocol that can determine the presence of both genes in one reaction. We performed PCR on fetal tail snips and placentas to amplify\n                      <jats:italic>DDX3X<\/jats:italic>\n                      only in females or\n                      <jats:italic>DDX3X<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>DDX3Y<\/jats:italic>\n                      in males. The multiplex PCR and subsequent gel electrophoresis revealed that the presence of only\n                      <jats:italic>DDX3X<\/jats:italic>\n                      or both\n                      <jats:italic>DDX3X<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>DDX3Y<\/jats:italic>\n                      could be detected in fetal tissues. We used adult male rat testis as a positive control and confirmed that both\n                      <jats:italic>DDX3X<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>DDX3Y<\/jats:italic>\n                      could be detected in adult male tissues as well.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This protocol provides an important method to determine genetic sex in tissues before the ability to visually determine sex, allowing for sex to be used as a biological variable in prenatal research using the rat model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-025-10406-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T02:12:10Z","timestamp":1741831930000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A multiplex PCR method to determine the sex of fetal rat tissues"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Cristine","family":"Camp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paige","family":"Drotos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Courville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miranda","family":"Reed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"West","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7500","key":"10406_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1038\/509282a","volume":"509","author":"JA Clayton","year":"2014","unstructured":"Clayton JA, Collins FS (2014) Policy: NIH to balance sex in cell and animal studies. 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