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Thus, we aimed to determine whether aging and\/or disuse atrophy in rats altered skeletal muscle ERS\/UPR markers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Soleus (SOL) and plantaris (PLT) muscles of 3-month-old (mo), 6 mo, 12 mo, 18 mo, and 24 mo rats (9\u201310 per group, 48 in total) were analyzed for UPR proteins with further analysis performed on the protein CHOP. The gastrocnemius muscles of 4 mo rats that had undergone hindlimb immobilization (HLI,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200912) or sham casting (CTL,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200912) were analyzed for similar targets as well as more extensive CHOP-related targets. CHOP protein was greater in the PLT and SOL of 18 and 24 mo rats versus other age groups (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Moreover, negative correlations existed between CHOP expression and normalized PLT (\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      =-0.702,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and SOL (\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      =-0.658,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) muscle weights in all rats analyzed at different ages. CHOP protein expression was also greater in the gastrocnemius of HLI versus CTL rats (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), and a negative correlation existed between CHOP protein expression and normalized muscle weights in these rats (\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      =-0.814,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Nuclear CHOP protein levels (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.010) and genes transcriptionally regulated by CHOP were also greater in HLI versus CTL rats (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) implicating transcriptional activity of CHOP is elevated during disuse atrophy.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CHOP is operative during aging- and disuse-induced skeletal muscle atrophy in rodents, and more research is needed to determine if CHOP is a key mechanistic driver of these processes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-025-10415-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]],"date-time":"2025-03-18T00:26:26Z","timestamp":1742257586000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Skeletal muscle atrophy induced by aging and disuse atrophy are strongly associated with the upregulation of the endoplasmic stress protein CHOP in rats"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"52","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9894-3856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. 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