{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T08:41:08Z","timestamp":1762936868725,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762905600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762905600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100024109","name":"Uniwersytet Gda\u0144ski","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UGrants 533-BG20-GS76-24"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UGrants 533-BG20-GS76-24"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100024109","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020\/37\/B\/NZ4\/00821"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\/37\/B\/NZ4\/00821"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mol Biol Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Serum iso-branched chain fatty acids (iso-BCFAs) levels are inversely correlated with triglyceride and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) concentration in obese patients. Moreover, they decrease the expression of genes related to lipogenesis and inflammation in hepatocytes. However, their role in atherosclerosis development remains unclear. This study aimed to assess the impact iso-BCFA supplementation on hyperlipidaemia and inflammation in atherosclerotic apolipoprotein E and low-density lipoprotein receptor double knockout (\n                      <jats:italic>ApoE<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>\n                        <jats:italic>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:sup>\n                      <jats:italic>\/Ldlr<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>\n                        <jats:italic>\u207b\/\u207b<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:sup>\n                      ) mice.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>ApoE<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>\n                        <jats:italic>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:sup>\n                      <jats:italic>\/Ldlr<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>\n                        <jats:italic>\u207b\/\u207b<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:sup>\n                      mice were assigned to two experimental groups: (A) fed standard chow (SD-fed) and (B) fed iso-BCFA enriched (BCFA-fed) chow for 12 weeks. Blood samples were collected throughout the study, and tissues were harvested post-mortem. Biochemical analyses were performed using automated assays. FA composition was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Atherosclerotic plaque area was assessed with Oil Red O staining and vascular inflammation via ecto-adenosine deaminase (eADA) activity. Hepatic gene expression was evaluated via real time PCR.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      BCFA supplementation led to a stable increase in serum and tissue levels of these FAs. Significant reduction in serum triglyceride and total cholesterol (TC) concentrations was observed in the BCFA-fed group. No change in body weight or serum CRP was detected, whereas the mRNA levels of\n                      <jats:italic>Il6<\/jats:italic>\n                      in liver were lower after BCFA treatment. However, vascular lipid content and eADA activity were higher in BCFA-fed mice, and hepatic\n                      <jats:italic>Cpt1<\/jats:italic>\n                      mRNA expression significantly increased, suggesting enhanced \u03b2-oxidation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Dietary iso-BCFA supplementation may modulate lipid metabolism in\n                      <jats:italic>ApoE<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>\n                        <jats:italic>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:sup>\n                      <jats:italic>\/Ldlr<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>\n                        <jats:italic>\u207b\/\u207b<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:sup>\n                      mice. The reduction in triglycerides and TC suggests a potential antiatherosclerosis effects, whereas increased aorta lipid content and eADA activity suggest detrimental effect of BCFA supplementation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-025-11220-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T08:38:43Z","timestamp":1762936723000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The impact of supplementation with iso-branched chain fatty acids in a mouse model of atherosclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Agata","family":"Zwara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Agata","family":"Jedrzejewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dorota","family":"Olszewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Tomczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Sledzinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adriana","family":"Mika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"11220_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/191823","volume":"2013","author":"M Dess\u00ec","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dess\u00ec M, Noce A, Bertucci P et al (2013) Atherosclerosis, dyslipidemia, and inflammation: the significant role of polyunsaturated fatty acids. ISRN Inflammation 2013:1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2013\/191823","journal-title":"ISRN Inflammation"},{"issue":"12","key":"11220_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Page3424","DOI":"10.3390\/ANI12233424","volume":"2022","author":"J Bar\u0142owska","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bar\u0142owska J, Paszczyk B (2022) Cheese and butter as a source of Health-Promoting fatty acids in the human diet. Animals 2022(12):Page3424\u2013123424. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ANI12233424","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"11220_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ANIFEEDSCI.2006.06.017","volume":"131","author":"B Vlaeminck","year":"2006","unstructured":"Vlaeminck B, Fievez V, Cabrita ARJ et al (2006) Factors affecting odd- and branched-chain fatty acids in milk: a review. Anim Feed Sci Technol 131:389\u2013417. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.ANIFEEDSCI.2006.06.017","journal-title":"Anim Feed Sci Technol"},{"key":"11220_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1007\/S11745-011-3530-8","volume":"46","author":"RR Ran-Ressler","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ran-Ressler RR, Sim D, O\u2019Donnell-Megaro AM et al (2011) Branched chain fatty acid content of United States retail cow\u2019s milk and implications for dietary intake. Lipids 46:569\u2013576. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S11745-011-3530-8","journal-title":"Lipids"},{"key":"11220_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513909","DOI":"10.3389\/FMICB.2020.00973\/BIBTEX","volume":"11","author":"D Rios-Covian","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rios-Covian D, Gonz\u00e1lez S, Nogacka AM et al (2020) An overview on fecal branched Short-Chain fatty acids along human life and as related with body mass index: associated dietary and anthropometric factors. Front Microbiol 11:513909. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/FMICB.2020.00973\/BIBTEX","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"11220_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/JOURNAL.PONE.0145850","volume":"10","author":"SB Crown","year":"2015","unstructured":"Crown SB, Marze N, Antoniewicz MR (2015) Catabolism of branched chain amino acids contributes significantly to synthesis of odd-chain and even-chain fatty acids in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. PLoS One 10:e0145850. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/JOURNAL.PONE.0145850","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"11220_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2023.101226","volume":"90","author":"P Gozdzik","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gozdzik P, Magkos F, Sledzinski T, Mika A (2023) Monomethyl branched-chain fatty acids: health effects and biological mechanisms. Prog Lipid Res 90:101226. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.plipres.2023.101226","journal-title":"Prog Lipid Res"},{"key":"11220_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.21560","volume":"24","author":"A Mika","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mika A, Stepnowski P, Kaska L et al (2016) A comprehensive study of serum odd- and branched-chain fatty acids in patients with excess weight. Obesity 24:1669\u20131676. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/oby.21560","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"11220_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0029032","volume":"6","author":"RR Ran-Ressler","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ran-Ressler RR, Khailova L, Arganbright KM et al (2011) Branched chain fatty acids reduce the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis and alter gastrointestinal microbial ecology in a neonatal rat model. PLoS One 6:e29032. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0029032","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"11220_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20230114","author":"P Gozdzik","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gozdzik P, Czumaj A, Sledzinski T, Mika A (2023) Branched-chain fatty acids affect the expression of fatty acid synthase and C-reactive protein genes in the hepatocyte cell line. Biosci Rep. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/BSR20230114","journal-title":"Biosci Rep"},{"key":"11220_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00395-020-00829-5","volume":"115","author":"P Golforoush","year":"2020","unstructured":"Golforoush P, Yellon DM, Davidson SM (2020) Mouse models of atherosclerosis and their suitability for the study of myocardial infarction. Basic Res Cardiol 115:73. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00395-020-00829-5","journal-title":"Basic Res Cardiol"},{"issue":"22","key":"11220_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/IJMS222212251","volume":"22","author":"M Tomczyk","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tomczyk M, Braczko A, Jablonska P et al (2021) Enhanced muscle strength in dyslipidemic mice and its relation to increased capacity for fatty acid oxidation. Int J Mol Sci 22(22):2212251. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/IJMS222212251","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"11220_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)64849-5","volume":"226","author":"J Folch","year":"1957","unstructured":"Folch J, Lees M, Stanley GHS (1957) A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipides from animal tissues. J Biol Chem 226:497\u2013509. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)64849-5","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"11220_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvw203","volume":"112","author":"B Kutryb-Zajac","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kutryb-Zajac B, Mateuszuk L, Zukowska P et al (2016) Increased activity of vascular adenosine deaminase in atherosclerosis and therapeutic potential of its inhibition. Cardiovasc Res 112:590\u2013605. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cvr\/cvw203","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"11220_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1159\/000189795","volume":"46","author":"JH Beattie","year":"2009","unstructured":"Beattie JH, Duthie SJ, Kwun I-S et al (2009) Rapid quantification of aortic lesions in ApoE\u2013\/\u2013 mice. J Vasc Res 46:347\u2013352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000189795","journal-title":"J Vasc Res"},{"key":"11220_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.3390\/CELLS12091255\/S1","volume":"12","author":"H Torikai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Torikai H, Chen MH, Jin L et al (2023) Atherogenesis in Apoe\u2013\/\u2013 and Ldlr\u2013\/\u2013 mice with a genetically resistant background. Cells 12:1255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/CELLS12091255\/S1","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"11220_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E67","DOI":"10.1097\/MPA.0000000000002024","volume":"51","author":"A Hebanowska","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hebanowska A, Mika A, Rojek L et al (2022) Serum n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and C-reactive protein concentrations are inversely associated in patients with alcoholic chronic pancreatitis. Pancreas 51:E67\u2013E69. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MPA.0000000000002024","journal-title":"Pancreas"},{"key":"11220_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JFF.2024.106427","volume":"121","author":"J Mieszkowski","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mieszkowski J, Konert M, Kochanowicz A et al (2024) Supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids does not impact physical performance but affects n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid levels. J Funct Foods 121:106427. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JFF.2024.106427","journal-title":"J Funct Foods"},{"key":"11220_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JNUTBIO.2014.07.005","volume":"25","author":"SC Garcia Caraballo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Garcia Caraballo SC, Comhair TM, Houten SM et al (2014) High-protein diets prevent steatosis and induce hepatic accumulation of monomethyl branched-chain fatty acids. J Nutr Biochem 25:1263\u20131274. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JNUTBIO.2014.07.005","journal-title":"J Nutr Biochem"},{"key":"11220_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/JOURNAL.PONE.0007545","volume":"4","author":"KK Brooks","year":"2009","unstructured":"Brooks KK, Liang B, Watts JL (2009) The influence of bacterial diet on fat storage in C. elegans. PLoS One 4:e7545. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/JOURNAL.PONE.0007545","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"11220_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6272","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.161414","volume":"286","author":"D Teupser","year":"2011","unstructured":"Teupser D, Weber O, Rao TN et al (2011) No reduction of atherosclerosis in C-reactive protein (CRP)-deficient mice. J Biol Chem 286:6272\u20136279. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.M110.161414","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"}],"container-title":["Molecular Biology Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11033-025-11220-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11033-025-11220-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11033-025-11220-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T08:38:44Z","timestamp":1762936724000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11033-025-11220-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["11220"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11033-025-11220-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["0301-4851","1573-4978"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0301-4851","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-4978","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"All experiments were performed according to the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals published by the European Parliament in Directive 2010\/63\/EU and after approval by the Local Ethics Committee for Animal Experiments in Bydgoszcz (Decision No. 44\/2023).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}],"article-number":"71"}}