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Host genetic factors significantly influence BLV susceptibility, proviral load (PVL), immune response, and disease progression. This mini-review synthesizes evidence on genetic polymorphisms in immune-related genes such as\n                    <jats:italic>BoLA-DRB3<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>immunoglobulin loci<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and examines novel findings from genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Beyond classical immune genes, recent GWAS have identified novel loci including\n                    <jats:italic>SPATA16 (spermatogenesis associated 16)<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>ABT1 (activator of basal transcription 1)<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>IER3 (immediate early response 3)<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Adaptor Related Protein Complex 4 Subunit Beta 1 (AP4B1)<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Tripartite Motif Containing 45 (TRIM45)<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Patatin Like Phospholipase Domain Containing 1<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>PNPLA1)<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>PRRC2A (proline-rich coiled-coil 2\u00a0A)<\/jats:italic>\n                    that are implicated in transcriptional regulation, stress response, RNA processing, and intracellular transport, all of which may modulate viral replication and persistence. Understanding these genetic determinants provides new insights into host-virus interactions and offers opportunities for selective breeding strategies, biomarker development, and improved BLV control programs.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-025-11230-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T06:22:57Z","timestamp":1763360577000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Host genetic determinants of resistance and susceptibility to bovine leukemia virus infection: A mini-review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Mohammad Mehdi","family":"Akbarin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zahra","family":"Farjami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hugo Ram\u00edrez","family":"\u00c1lvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"11230_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-025-10738-4","volume":"49","author":"PE Moran","year":"2025","unstructured":"Moran PE, Nieto Farias MV, Dolcini GL, Ceriani MC (2025) Infectivity and persistence of bovine leukemia virus in human breast cells: assessing a possible zoonotic link to cancer. 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