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Host genetic factors, including polymorphisms in immune-related genes, may influence individual susceptibility to dengue infection. This study investigates the association between Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (ICAM-1) rs5498 (K469E) polymorphism and dengue infection in the Sabahan population, with a focus on ethnic and gender stratification.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 83 participants were recruited, comprising 55 laboratory-confirmed dengue cases and 28 healthy controls, stratified by ethnicity (Kadazan-Dusun, Bajau) and gender. Genotyping of ICAM-1 rs5498 was performed using a Fluidigm Genotyping Array. Genotype and allele frequencies were compared using chi-square tests. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to evaluate associations under various genetic models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The GG genotype and G allele were significantly more frequent among dengue cases compared with controls (GG: 56.4% vs. 17.9%; G allele: 64.6% vs. 35.7%;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01). Subgroup analysis revealed significant associations in both Kadazan-Dusun (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.017) and Bajau (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.015) participants, with the A allele conferring a protective effect (overall OR\u2009=\u20090.31, 95% CI: 0.16\u20130.60). Gender-stratified analysis showed stronger associations in females, where the GG genotype (68.2% vs. 9.1%) and G allele (70.5% vs. 22.7%) were significantly enriched among cases (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009\u2264\u20090.003). Logistic regression under a recessive model confirmed the protective role of the A allele (adjusted OR\u2009=\u20090.19, 95% CI: 0.06\u20130.59).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The ICAM-1 rs5498 GG genotype and G allele are significantly associated with increased susceptibility to dengue infection in the Sabahan population, particularly among females. These findings highlight the potential role of ICAM-1 as a genetic biomarker for dengue risk and underscore the importance of considering ethnic and gender differences in genetic epidemiology studies of infectious diseases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-025-11256-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T11:39:29Z","timestamp":1764329969000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) (rs5498) genetic polymorphism and dengue in Sabah East Malaysia population"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Rhanye Mac","family":"Guad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yin Nwe","family":"Aung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew W.","family":"Taylor-Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Silvester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maw Shin","family":"Sim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lee Heng","family":"Gee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wu Yuan","family":"Seng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shamala Devi","family":"Sekaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nornazirah","family":"Azizan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"11256_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2022.767018","volume":"13","author":"BP Hoh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hoh BP, Deng L, Xu S (2022) The peopling and migration history of the natives in Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo: a glimpse on the studies over the past 100 years. 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