{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T22:18:52Z","timestamp":1783376332213,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mol Biol Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-026-11511-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T07:22:44Z","timestamp":1770103364000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Exploring the therapeutic potential of crocin, a bioactive component of saffron, in neurocognitive deficit and pulmonary impairment induced by inhalational exposure to petroleum vapours"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Abhinav","family":"Gupta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arya","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Varnita","family":"Karmakar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bapi","family":"Gorain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"11511_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14446","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-18607-9","volume":"12","author":"AE Abdrabouh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Abdrabouh AE (2022) Inflammatory and proapoptotic effects of inhaling gasoline fumes on the lung and ameliorative effects of Fenugreek seeds. Sci Rep 12:14446. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-18607-9","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"11511_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.126127","volume":"416","author":"MU Ali","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ali MU, Yu Y, Yousaf B et al (2021) Health impacts of indoor air pollution from household solid fuel on children and women. J Hazard Mater 416:126127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.126127","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"key":"11511_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eti.2024.103534","volume":"33","author":"H Chojer","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chojer H, Branco PTBS, Martins FG et al (2024) Source identification and mitigation of indoor air pollution using monitoring data \u2013 Current trends. Environ Technol Innov 33:103534. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eti.2024.103534","journal-title":"Environ Technol Innov"},{"key":"11511_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1080\/15569543.2021.1887261","volume":"41","author":"HA Shahriyari","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shahriyari HA, Nikmanesh Y, Jalali S et al (2022) Air pollution and human health risks: mechanisms and clinical manifestations of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Toxin Rev 41:606\u2013617. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15569543.2021.1887261","journal-title":"Toxin Rev"},{"key":"11511_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2023.115239","volume":"263","author":"H Qiu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Qiu H, Chuang KJ, Fan YC et al (2023) Association between ambient BTEX mixture and neurological hospitalizations: A multicity time-series study in Taiwan. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 263:115239. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2023.115239","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"11511_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/S12889-024-19140-2\/FIGURES\/12","volume":"24","author":"J Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li J, Gu J, Liu L et al (2024) The relationship between air pollutants and preterm birth and blood routine changes in typical river Valley City. BMC Public Health 24:1\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/S12889-024-19140-2\/FIGURES\/12","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"11511_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1007\/S10874-025-09480-7","volume":"82","author":"S Jayaraj","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jayaraj S, Nagendra SMS (2025) Environmental impact of VOC emissions from motor vehicle gasoline and vapours: composition analysis and implications. J Atmos Chem 82:12\u2013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S10874-025-09480-7","journal-title":"J Atmos Chem"},{"key":"11511_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.4314\/jasem.v25i1.10","volume":"25","author":"NT Giao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Giao NT, Anh PK, Nhien HTH (2021) Health risk assessment for the exposure of workers to BTEX at the gasoline stations. J Appl Sci Environ Manage 25:71\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4314\/jasem.v25i1.10","journal-title":"J Appl Sci Environ Manage"},{"key":"11511_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16214209","volume":"16","author":"S Chaiklieng","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chaiklieng S, Suggaravetsiri P, Kaminski N, Autrup H (2019) Factors affecting urinary tt-muconic acid detection among benzene exposed workers at gasoline stations. Int J Environ Res Public Health 16:1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph16214209","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"11511_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5553633","volume":"2021","author":"BR Geraldino","year":"2021","unstructured":"Geraldino BR, Nunes RFN, Gomes JB et al (2021) Evaluation of exposure to toluene and xylene in gasoline station workers. Adv Prev Med 2021:1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2021\/5553633","journal-title":"Adv Prev Med"},{"key":"11511_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116137","DOI":"10.1016\/J.TAAP.2022.116137","volume":"449","author":"K Sriram","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sriram K, Lin GX, Jefferson AM et al (2022) Biological effects of inhaled crude oil vapor V. Altered biogenic amine neurotransmitters and neural protein expression. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 449:116137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.TAAP.2022.116137","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"11511_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102290","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JCHEMNEU.2023.102290","volume":"131","author":"A Sadeghi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sadeghi A, Ghahari L, Yousefpour M et al (2023) Inhalation exposure to crude oil vapor induces behavioural deficits by increasing oxidative stress and histopathological changes in rat hippocampus: Quercetin therapeutic approach. J Chem Neuroanat 131:102290. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JCHEMNEU.2023.102290","journal-title":"J Chem Neuroanat"},{"key":"11511_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1126\/SCIADV.ADI0699","volume":"9","author":"Q Ma","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ma Q, Yao C, Wu Y et al (2023) Neurological disorders after severe pneumonia are associated with translocation of endogenous bacteria from the lung to the brain. Sci Adv 9:1\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/SCIADV.ADI0699","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"11511_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/J.TOXLET.2020.06.014","volume":"331","author":"Y Shou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shou Y, Zhu X, Zhu D et al (2020) Ambient PM2.5 chronic exposure leads to cognitive decline in mice: from pulmonary to neuronal inflammation. Toxicol Lett 331:208\u2013217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.TOXLET.2020.06.014","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"key":"11511_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2683","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2020.1857682","volume":"62","author":"T Abu-Izneid","year":"2022","unstructured":"Abu-Izneid T, Rauf A, Khalil AA et al (2022) Nutritional and health beneficial properties of saffron (Crocus sativus L): a comprehensive review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 62:2683\u20132706. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10408398.2020.1857682","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"11511_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/03946320231220178","volume":"38","author":"SMB Asdaq","year":"2024","unstructured":"Asdaq SMB, Mannasaheb BA, Orfali R et al (2024) Antidiabetic and antioxidant potential of Crocin in high-fat diet plus streptozotocin-induced type-2 diabetic rats. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 38:1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/03946320231220178","journal-title":"Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol"},{"key":"11511_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.07.052","volume":"94","author":"H Mollaei","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mollaei H, Safaralizadeh R, Babaei E et al (2017) The anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects of Crocin on chemosensitive and chemoresistant cervical cancer cells. Biomed Pharmacotherapy 94:307\u2013316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.07.052","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"11511_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1080\/13880209.2018.1448874","volume":"56","author":"W Liu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liu W, Sun Y, Cheng Z et al (2018) Crocin exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic effects on type II collagen-induced arthritis in rats. Pharm Biol 56:209\u2013216. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13880209.2018.1448874","journal-title":"Pharm Biol"},{"key":"11511_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/1702967","volume":"2017","author":"G Akbari","year":"2017","unstructured":"Akbari G, Mard SA, Dianat M, Mansouri E (2017) The hepatoprotective and MicroRNAs downregulatory effects of Crocin following hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2017:1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2017\/1702967","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"11511_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ali A, Yu L, Kousar S et al (2022) Crocin: functional characteristics, extraction, food applications and efficacy against brain related disorders. Front Nutr 9:1009807. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/FNUT.2022.1009807\/FULL","DOI":"10.3389\/FNUT.2022.1009807\/FULL"},{"key":"11511_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1007\/s43440-019-00023-y","volume":"72","author":"M Mehrabani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mehrabani M, Goudarzi M, Mehrzadi S et al (2020) Crocin: a protective natural antioxidant against pulmonary fibrosis induced by bleomycin. Pharmacol Rep 72:992\u20131001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43440-019-00023-y","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rep"},{"key":"11511_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2016.12.003","volume":"1044\u20131045","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Fei F, Zhen L et al (2017) Sensitive analysis and simultaneous assessment of Pharmacokinetic properties of Crocin and Crocetin after oral administration in rats. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 1044\u20131045:1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jchromb.2016.12.003","journal-title":"J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci"},{"key":"11511_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757729","DOI":"10.3389\/FPHAR.2022.757729\/BIBTEX","volume":"13","author":"K Zhong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhong K, Qian C, Lyu R et al (2022) Anti-epileptic effect of Crocin on experimental Temporal lobe epilepsy in mice. Front Pharmacol 13:757729. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/FPHAR.2022.757729\/BIBTEX","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"11511_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-024-10156-4","volume":"19","author":"K Chatterjee","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chatterjee K, Pal A, Padhy DS et al (2024) Vitamin K2 ameliorates diabetes-associated cognitive decline by reducing oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 19:56. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11481-024-10156-4","journal-title":"J Neuroimmune Pharmacol"},{"key":"11511_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.138336","volume":"286","author":"S Chakraborty","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chakraborty S, Karmakar V, Chatterjee K et al (2025) Chitosan nanoparticle-mediated nose-to-brain delivery of naringenin: attenuating memory decline in experimental animals via behavioural assessment and modulation of biochemical parameters. Int J Biol Macromol 286:138336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.138336","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"11511_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D5BM00066A","author":"V Karmakar","year":"2025","unstructured":"Karmakar V, Lim WM, Gorain B (2025) Mechanistic insights into a thermoresponsive in situ nanoemulgel of Azilsartan Medoxomil for intranasal delivery: a promising nanotherapeutic approach to target dementia. Biomater Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/D5BM00066A","journal-title":"Biomater Sci"},{"key":"11511_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1177\/1534735411413264","volume":"11","author":"TR Cibin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cibin TR, Devi DG, Abraham A (2012) Chemoprevention of two-stage skin cancer in vivo by Saraca Asoca. Integr Cancer Ther 11:279\u2013286. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1534735411413264","journal-title":"Integr Cancer Ther"},{"key":"11511_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-024-09212-2","volume":"51","author":"S Rahimi Monfared","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rahimi Monfared S, Valibeik A, Tavakoli Dastjerd N et al (2024) Protective role of citronellol on antioxidant enzymes and oxidative damage induced by gentamicin in experimental nephrotoxic rats. Mol Biol Rep 51:1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11033-024-09212-2","journal-title":"Mol Biol Rep"},{"key":"11511_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-014-9486-8","volume":"26","author":"B Pomierny","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pomierny B, Krzy\u017canowska W, Smaga I et al (2014) Ethylene glycol ethers induce oxidative stress in the rat brain. Neurotox Res 26:422\u2013429. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12640-014-9486-8","journal-title":"Neurotox Res"},{"key":"11511_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JTEMB.2023.127324","volume":"81","author":"S Anjum","year":"2024","unstructured":"Anjum S, Ali H, Naseer F et al (2024) Antioxidant activity of carica Papaya & persea Americana fruits against cadmium induced neurotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and hepatotoxicity in rats with a computational approach. J Trace Elem Med Biol 81:1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JTEMB.2023.127324","journal-title":"J Trace Elem Med Biol"},{"key":"11511_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/7651_2020_316","volume":"2367","author":"B Ahishali","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ahishali B, Kaya M (2021) Evaluation of blood-brain barrier integrity using vascular permeability markers: Evans blue, sodium fluorescein, albumin-alexa fluor conjugates, and horseradish peroxidase. Methods Mol Biol 2367:87\u2013103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/7651_2020_316","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"11511_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S58205","volume":"9","author":"KH Shim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shim KH, Jeong KH, Bae SO et al (2014) Assessment of ZnO and SiO2 nanoparticle permeability through and toxicity to the blood\u2013brain barrier using Evans blue and tem. Int J Nanomed 9:225\u2013233. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/IJN.S58205","journal-title":"Int J Nanomed"},{"key":"11511_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-11-99","volume":"11","author":"S Braber","year":"2010","unstructured":"Braber S, Henricks PAJ, Nijkamp FP et al (2010) Inflammatory changes in the airways of mice caused by cigarette smoke exposure are only partially reversed after smoking cessation. Respir Res 11:1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1465-9921-11-99","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"11511_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.21769\/bioprotoc.2287","volume":"7","author":"F Sun","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sun F, Xiao G, Qu Z (2017) Murine Bronchoalveolar lavage. Bio Protoc 7:1\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21769\/bioprotoc.2287","journal-title":"Bio Protoc"},{"key":"11511_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-32420-3","volume":"8","author":"F Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang F, Zuo Z, Chen K et al (2018) Histopathological changes caused by inflammation and oxidative stress in diet-induced-obese mouse following experimental lung injury. Sci Rep 8:1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-32420-3","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"11511_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liu G, Sun B, Yu L et al (2020) The gender-based differences in vulnerability to ambient air pollution and cerebrovascular disease mortality: evidences based on 26781 deaths. Glob Heart 15. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5334\/GH.849","DOI":"10.5334\/GH.849"},{"key":"11511_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-220493","volume":"89","author":"K Shkirkova","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shkirkova K, Lamorie-Foote K, Zhang N et al (2022) Neurotoxicity of diesel exhaust particles. J Alzheimers Dis 89:1263\u20131278. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/JAD-220493","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"11511_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1177\/0748233717747504","volume":"34","author":"F Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang F, Fangfang Z, Guo X et al (2018) Effects of volatile organic compounds and carbon monoxide mixtures on learning and memory, oxidative stress, and monoamine neurotransmitters in the brains of mice. Toxicol Ind Health 34:178\u2013187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0748233717747504","journal-title":"Toxicol Ind Health"},{"key":"11511_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ECOENV.2018.10.090","volume":"168","author":"M Ehsanifar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ehsanifar M, Tameh AA, Farzadkia M et al (2019) Exposure to nanoscale diesel exhaust particles: oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, anxiety and depression on adult male mice. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 168:338\u2013347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.ECOENV.2018.10.090","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"11511_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/J.NTT.2014.07.001","volume":"45","author":"WM Oshiro","year":"2014","unstructured":"Oshiro WM, Beasley TE, McDaniel KL et al (2014) Selective cognitive deficits in adult rats after prenatal exposure to inhaled ethanol. Neurotoxicol Teratol 45:44\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.NTT.2014.07.001","journal-title":"Neurotoxicol Teratol"},{"key":"11511_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnrt.2022.100002","volume":"10","author":"Q Huang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Huang Q, Liao C, Ge F et al (2022) Acetylcholine bidirectionally regulates learning and memory. J Neurorestoratology 10:100002. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jnrt.2022.100002","journal-title":"J Neurorestoratology"},{"key":"11511_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5620\/eaht.2022009","volume":"37","author":"CP Polyong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Polyong CP, Thetkathuek A (2022) Factors affecting prevalence of neurological symptoms among workers at gasoline stations in Rayong Province, Thailand. Environ Anal Health Toxicol 37:1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5620\/eaht.2022009","journal-title":"Environ Anal Health Toxicol"},{"key":"11511_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100087","DOI":"10.1016\/J.NTM.2025.100087","volume":"4","author":"H Goshtasbi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Goshtasbi H, Hashemzadeh N, Fathi M et al (2025) Mitigating oxidative stress toxicities of environmental pollutants by antioxidant nanoformulations. Nano TransMed 4:100087. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.NTM.2025.100087","journal-title":"Nano TransMed"},{"key":"11511_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-024-02009-2","volume":"47","author":"H Zuo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zuo H, Zhou W, Chen Y et al (2024) Palmatine alleviates particulate matter-induced acute lung injury by inhibiting pyroptosis via activating the Nrf2-related pathway. Inflammation 47:1793\u20131805. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10753-024-02009-2","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"11511_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111402","DOI":"10.1016\/J.BRAINRESBULL.2025.111402","volume":"227","author":"H Guo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Guo H, Zhao X, Han K, Wang Y (2025) Mapping the lung-brain axis: causal relationships between brain network connectivity and respiratory disorders. Brain Res Bull 227:111402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.BRAINRESBULL.2025.111402","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"11511_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/S12931-025-03272-Z\/TABLES\/1","volume":"26","author":"S Huang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Huang S, Zhou Y, Ji H et al (2025) Decoding mechanisms and protein markers in lung-brain axis. Respir Res 26:1\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/S12931-025-03272-Z\/TABLES\/1","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"11511_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113297","DOI":"10.1016\/J.BIOPHA.2022.113297","volume":"153","author":"S Bastani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bastani S, Vahedian V, Rashidi M et al (2022) An evaluation on potential anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Crocin. Biomed Pharmacother 153:113297. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.BIOPHA.2022.113297","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"11511_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1515\/biol-2022-0468","volume":"17","author":"A Daneshvar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Daneshvar A, Jouzdani AF, Firozian F et al (2022) Neuroprotective effects of Crocin and Crocin-loaded niosomes against the paraquat-induced oxidative brain damage in rats. Open Life Sci 17:1174\u20131181. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/biol-2022-0468","journal-title":"Open Life Sci"},{"key":"11511_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2012.04.035","volume":"685","author":"T Sakamoto","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sakamoto T, Kamijima M, Miyake M (2012) Neurogenic airway microvascular leakage induced by toluene inhalation in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 685:180\u2013185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejphar.2012.04.035","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"11511_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-023-02817-7","volume":"20","author":"N Villalba","year":"2023","unstructured":"Villalba N, Ma Y, Gahan SA et al (2023) Lung infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa induces neuroinflammation and blood\u2013brain barrier dysfunction in mice. J Neuroinflammation 20:1\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12974-023-02817-7","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"11511_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.3233\/RNN-160696","volume":"35","author":"X Zhang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang X, Fan Z, Jin T (2017) Crocin protects against cerebral- ischemia-induced damage in aged rats through maintaining the integrity of blood-brain barrier. Restor Neurol Neurosci 35:65\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/RNN-160696","journal-title":"Restor Neurol Neurosci"},{"key":"11511_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ghobadi H, Abdollahi N, Madani H, Aslani MR (2022) Effect of Crocin from saffron (Crocus sativus L.) supplementation on Oxidant\/Antioxidant Markers, exercise Capacity, and pulmonary function tests in COPD patients: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled trial. Front Pharmacol 13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/FPHAR.2022.884710","DOI":"10.3389\/FPHAR.2022.884710"},{"key":"11511_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/srep44256","volume":"7","author":"H Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang H, Song L, Ju W et al (2017) The acute airway inflammation induced by PM 2.5 exposure and the treatment of essential oils in Balb\/c mice. Sci Rep 7:1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep44256","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"11511_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5481","DOI":"10.1038\/S41380-021-01249-0;SUBJMETA","volume":"26","author":"H Hampel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hampel H, Hardy J, Blennow K et al (2021) The Amyloid-\u03b2 pathway in alzheimer\u2019s disease. Mol Psychiatry 26:5481\u20135503. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/S41380-021-01249-0;SUBJMETA","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"11511_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI.INSIGHT.176703","volume":"9","author":"C Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu C, Meng L, Gao Y et al (2024) PM2.5 triggers Tau aggregation in a mouse model of Tauopathy. JCI Insight 9:1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI.INSIGHT.176703","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"11511_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/J.NEUINT.2021.104989","volume":"145","author":"M Ehsanifar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ehsanifar M, Montazeri Z, Taheri MA et al (2021) Hippocampal inflammation and oxidative stress following exposure to diesel exhaust nanoparticles in male and female mice. Neurochem Int 145:1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.NEUINT.2021.104989","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"key":"11511_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1007\/s00580-019-02981-4","volume":"28","author":"D Sadoughi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sadoughi D (2019) The effect of Crocin on apoptotic, inflammatory, BDNF, Pt, and A\u03b240 indicators and neuronal density of CA1, CA2, and CA3 regions of hippocampus in the model of alzheimer suffering rats induced with Trimethyltin chloride. Comp Clin Path 28:1403\u20131413. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00580-019-02981-4","journal-title":"Comp Clin Path"},{"key":"11511_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/S41598-023-49014-3;SUBJMETA","volume":"13","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Liu K et al (2023) Inflammatory response in mouse lungs to haze episodes under different backgrounds of particulate matter exposure. Sci Rep 13:1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/S41598-023-49014-3;SUBJMETA","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"11511_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.23019","volume":"36","author":"SE Owumi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Owumi SE, Elebiyo TC, Oladimeji BN (2021) Oxido-inflammatory responses and histological alterations in rat lungs exposed to petroleum product fumes. Environ Toxicol 36:132\u2013143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/tox.23019","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol"},{"key":"11511_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164215","DOI":"10.1016\/J.SCITOTENV.2023.164215","volume":"890","author":"H Hakkarainen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hakkarainen H, J\u00e4rvinen A, Lepist\u00f6 T et al (2023) Toxicity of exhaust emissions from high aromatic and non-aromatic diesel fuels using in vitro ALI exposure system. Sci Total Environ 890:164215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.SCITOTENV.2023.164215","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"11511_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-018-0766-3","volume":"19","author":"M Dianat","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dianat M, Radan M, Badavi M et al (2018) Crocin attenuates cigarette smoke-induced lung injury and cardiac dysfunction by anti-oxidative effects: the role of Nrf2 antioxidant system in preventing oxidative stress. Respir Res 19:1\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12931-018-0766-3","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"11511_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108359","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ENVINT.2023.108359","volume":"183","author":"H Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu H, Wang G, Zhang J et al (2024) Inhalation of diesel exhaust particulate matter induces locomotor hyperactivity and its relationship with brain and gut metabolism. Environ Int 183:108359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.ENVINT.2023.108359","journal-title":"Environ Int"}],"container-title":["Molecular Biology Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11033-026-11511-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11033-026-11511-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11033-026-11511-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T07:22:45Z","timestamp":1770103365000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11033-026-11511-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["11511"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11033-026-11511-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["0301-4851","1573-4978"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0301-4851","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-4978","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"348"}}