{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T03:31:37Z","timestamp":1775705497674,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769990400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mol Biol Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-026-11520-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T09:20:25Z","timestamp":1770024025000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Molecular characterization and vaccine matching of foot-and-mouth disease virus in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Sajid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Ali","family":"Syed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdul","family":"Kabir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Asghar Ali","family":"Kamboh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Mumtaz","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"11520_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.54692\/lgujls.2024.0802346","volume":"8","author":"A Kabir","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kabir A, Kamboh AA, Ullah M, Iqbal MO, Akhtar Z, Haider I, Khan N (2024a) Epidemiology and transmission of foot and mouth disease among small ruminants\u2013a review. Lahore Garrison University Journal of Life Sciences 8(2):287\u2013300","journal-title":"Lahore Garrison University Journal of Life Sciences"},{"key":"11520_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.703473","volume":"8","author":"J Rattan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rattan J, Rakha BA, Shahzad Z, Hussain M, Belsham GJ (2021) FMD\u2019s impact on milk yield and fertility in endemic settings. Front Vet Sci 8:703473. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2021.703473","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"11520_CR3","unstructured":"WOAH (2025) Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD)\u2014General Information. World Organisation for Animal Health. https:\/\/www.woah.org\/en\/disease\/foot-and-mouth-disease\/. Accessed 8 Aug 2025"},{"key":"11520_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13345","volume":"67","author":"G Ferrari","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ferrari G, Paton DJ, Muss\u00e1 T, Sumption KJ, Knight-Jones TJD (2020) The impact of FMD on smallholder livelihoods in endemic regions. Transbound Emerg Dis 67:117\u2013130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/tbed.13345","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"11520_CR5","unstructured":"Chepkwony EC (2023) A study on the epidemiological and molecular relationships of circulating foot and mouth disease viruses in Kenya. PhD thesis, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya"},{"key":"11520_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/s13380-024-01310-7","volume":"72","author":"A Kabir","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kabir A, Ullah K, Kamboh AA, Abubakar M, Shafiq M, Wang L (2024b) The pathogenesis of foot-and-mouth disease virus infection: how the virus escapes from immune recognition and elimination. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 72:13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2478\/s13380-024-01310-7","journal-title":"Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz)"},{"issue":"12","key":"11520_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v12121463","volume":"12","author":"C Ros","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ros C, Bieri J, Leisi R (2020) The VP1u of human parvovirus B19: a multifunctional capsid protein with biotechnological applications. Viruses 12(12):1463. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v12121463","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"9","key":"11520_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12091071","volume":"12","author":"GN Medina","year":"2024","unstructured":"Medina GN, Diaz San Segundo F (2024) Virulence and immune evasion strategies of FMDV: implications for vaccine design. Vaccines 12(9):1071. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines12091071","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"11520_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Domingo E (2019) Molecular basis of genetic variation of viruses: error-prone replication. In: Domingo E (ed) Virus as populations: composition, complexity, dynamics, and biological implications, 2nd edn. Academic Press, Cambridge, MA, pp 35\u201371","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-800837-9.00002-2"},{"key":"11520_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.3390\/dairy3010009","volume":"3","author":"M Abubakar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Abubakar M, Syed Z, Manzoor S, Arshed MJ (2022) Deciphering molecular dynamics of foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV): a looming threat to pakistan\u2019s dairy industry. Dairy 3:123\u2013136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/dairy3010009","journal-title":"Dairy"},{"key":"11520_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.3390\/v14081634","volume":"14","author":"SS Naqvi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Naqvi SS, Bostan N, Fukai K, Ali Q, Morioka K, Nishi T, Sadiq A (2022) Evolutionary dynamics of foot and mouth disease virus serotype A and its endemic sub-lineage A\/ASIA\/Iran-05\/SIS-13 in Pakistan. Viruses 14:1634. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v14081634","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"11520_CR12","unstructured":"Dyrdak R (2023) Molecular epidemiology of acute respiratory virus infections. PhD thesis, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"},{"issue":"11","key":"11520_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.29184","volume":"95","author":"W Qu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Qu W, Sui L, Li Y (2023) Vaccine escape challenges virus prevention: the example of two vaccine-preventable oncogenic viruses. J Med Virol 95(11):e29184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmv.29184","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"11520_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.703473","volume":"8","author":"NA Lyons","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lyons NA, Afzal M, Toirov F, Irshad A, Bartels CJ, Rushton J (2021) Economic considerations for advancement through the progressive control pathway: cost\u2013benefit analysis of an FMD disease-free zone in Punjab Province, Pakistan. Front Vet Sci 8:703473. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2021.703473","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"11520_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-025-01485-0","volume":"56","author":"A Elrashedy","year":"2025","unstructured":"Elrashedy A, Nayel M, Salama A, Zaghawa A, El-Shabasy RM, Hasan ME (2025) Foot-and-mouth disease: genomic and proteomic structure, antigenic sites, serotype relationships, immune evasion, recent vaccine development strategies, and future perspectives. Vet Res 56(1):78. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13567-025-01485-0","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"11520_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines7030090","volume":"7","author":"RK Singh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Singh RK, Sharma GK, Mahajan S, Dhama K, Basagoudanavar SH, Hosamani M, Sreenivasa BP, Chaicumpa W, Gupta VK, Sanyal A (2019) Foot-and-mouth disease virus: immunobiology, advances in vaccines and vaccination strategies addressing vaccine failures an Indian perspective. Vaccines 7(3):90","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"11520_CR17","first-page":"201","volume":"7","author":"HM Metaferiya","year":"2021","unstructured":"Metaferiya HM, Shafi W, Abebe H (2021) Review on the implication on the control of transboundary and trade barrier animal diseases in Ethiopia. Int J Vet Sci Res 7:201\u2013210","journal-title":"Int J Vet Sci Res"},{"key":"11520_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03344-24","volume":"13","author":"Q Zhao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhao Q, Li F, Huang S, Xing X, Sun Y, Li P, Lu Z (2025) Remapping the spatial distribution of neutralizing sites and their immunodominance on the capsid of different topotypes of FMDV serotype O by site-directed competitive ELISA for detection of neutralizing antibodies. Microbiol Spectr 13:e03344-24. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/spectrum.03344-24","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"11520_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-024-09586-7","volume":"51","author":"A Kabir","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kabir A, Kamboh AA, Abubakar M, Baloch H, Nizamani ZA (2024d) Foot-and-mouth disease virus dynamics in border areas of Pakistan with Afghanistan. Mol Biol Rep 51:370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11033-024-09586-7","journal-title":"Mol Biol Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"11520_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13520","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-13925-9","volume":"7","author":"SK Arya","year":"2017","unstructured":"Arya SK, Jain G, Upadhyay SK, Sarita, Singh H, Dixit S, Verma PC (2017) Reference genes validation in phenacoccus solenopsis under various biotic and abiotic stress conditions. Sci Rep 7(1):13520","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"11520_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1702(02)00260-5","volume":"91","author":"NJ Knowles","year":"2003","unstructured":"Knowles NJ, Samuel AR (2003) Molecular epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease virus. Virus Res 91:65\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0168-1702(02)00260-5","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"11520_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3022","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msab120","volume":"38","author":"K Tamura","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tamura K, Stecher G, Kumar S (2021) MEGA11: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 11. Mol Biol Evol 38(7):3022\u20133027","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"11520_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2018.1492373","volume":"17","author":"M Mahapatra","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mahapatra M, Parida S (2018) Foot and mouth disease vaccine strain selection: current approaches and future perspectives. Expert Rev Vaccines 17:577\u2013591. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14760584.2018.1492373","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines"},{"issue":"8","key":"11520_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-020-04662-y","volume":"165","author":"Y Tesfaye","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tesfaye Y, Khan F, Yami M, Wadsworth J, Knowles NJ, King DP, Gelaye E (2020) A vaccine-matching assessment of different genetic variants of serotype O foot-and-mouth disease virus isolated in Ethiopia between 2011 and 2014. Arch Virol 165(8):1749\u20131757","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"11520_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v17010008","volume":"17","author":"VV Nikiforov","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nikiforov VV, Noskov SA, Sprygin AV, Alhussen MA, Krylova AS, Erofeeva TV, Toshchakov SV (2024) The presence of two distinct lineages of the foot-and-mouth disease virus type A in Russia in 2013\u20132014 has significant implications for the epidemiology of the virus in the region. Viruses 17:8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v17010008","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"11520_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.30.1.2021","volume":"30","author":"A Di Nardo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Di Nardo A, Knowles NJ, Paton DJ (2011) Combining livestock trade patterns with phylogenetics to help understand the spread of foot and mouth disease in sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East and Southeast Asia. Rev Sci Tech 30:63\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20506\/rst.30.1.2021","journal-title":"Rev Sci Tech"},{"key":"11520_CR27","first-page":"95","volume":"4","author":"AB Hejran","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hejran AB, Saken K, Afghan R, Niazi P (2024) Antigenic switch potential of influenza D virus. Asia Pac J Pharmacol 4:95\u2013111","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Pharmacol"},{"key":"11520_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2018.1492378","volume":"17","author":"M Mahapatra","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mahapatra M, Parida S (2018) Foot and mouth disease vaccine strain selection: current approaches and future perspectives. Expert Rev Vaccines 17:577\u2013591","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines"},{"key":"11520_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.3390\/v14010097","volume":"14","author":"NB Singanallur","year":"2022","unstructured":"Singanallur NB, Ebl\u00e9 PL, Ludi AB, Statham B, Bin-Tarif A, King DP, Vosloo W (2022) A vaccine based on the A\/ASIA\/G-VII lineage of foot-and-mouth disease virus offers low levels of protection against circulating viruses from the A\/ASIA\/Iran-05 lineage. Viruses 14:97. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v14010097","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"11520_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture12010049","volume":"12","author":"FT Woldemariyam","year":"2021","unstructured":"Woldemariyam FT, De Vleeschauwer A, Hundessa N, Muluneh A, Gizaw D, Tinel S, Paeshuyse J (2021) Risk factor assessment, sero-prevalence, and genotyping of the virus that causes foot-and-mouth disease on commercial farms in Ethiopia from October 2018 to February 2020. Agriculture 12:49. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/agriculture12010049","journal-title":"Agriculture"},{"key":"11520_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci10050356","volume":"10","author":"M Ullah","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ullah M, Li Y, Munib K, Rahman HU, Zhang Z (2023) Sero-epidemiology and associated risk factors of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in the Northern Border Regions of Pakistan. Vet Sci 10:356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci10050356","journal-title":"Vet Sci"},{"key":"11520_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1070188","volume":"10","author":"MV Iriarte","year":"2023","unstructured":"Iriarte MV, Gonz\u00e1les JL, de Freitas Costa E, Gil AD, De Jong MC (2023) Main factors associated with foot-and-mouth disease virus infection during the 2001 FMD epidemic in Uruguay. Front Vet Sci 10:1070188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2023.1070188","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"11520_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zuckerman AJ (2001) Virus infections. In: Zuckerman JN (ed) Principles and practice of travel medicine. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK, pp 39\u201380","DOI":"10.1002\/0470842512.ch6"},{"key":"11520_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.3390\/v14050897","volume":"14","author":"RM Palinski","year":"2022","unstructured":"Palinski RM, Brito B, Jaya FR, Sangula A, Gakuya F, Bertram MR, Arzt J (2022) Viral population diversity during co-infection of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes SAT1 and SAT2 in African Buffalo in Kenya. Viruses 14:897. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v14050897","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"11520_CR35","unstructured":"Lubroth J, Rodr\u00edguez L, Dekker A (2006) Vesicular diseases. In: Straw BE, Zimmerman JJ, D\u2019Allaire S, Taylor DJ (eds) Diseases of swine, 9th edn. Blackwell Publishing Professional, Ames, IA, USA, pp 517\u2013536"},{"key":"11520_CR36","volume-title":"Economic analysis for progressive control of foot-and-mouth disease and other transboundary animal diseases","author":"M McLaws","year":"2025","unstructured":"McLaws M, Knight-Jones T, Compston P, Bartels C, Limon G, Arshed MJ, Dhingra M (2025) Economic analysis for progressive control of foot-and-mouth disease and other transboundary animal diseases. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy"},{"key":"11520_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-025-01234-5","volume":"56","author":"C Stenfeldt","year":"2025","unstructured":"Stenfeldt C, Eschbaumer M, Humphreys J, Medina GN, Arzt J (2025) The pathogenesis of foot-and-mouth disease virus: current understandings and knowledge gaps. Vet Res 56:119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13567-025-01234-5","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"key":"11520_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.058453-0","volume":"95","author":"AB Ludi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ludi AB, Horton DL, Li Y, Mahapatra M, King DP, Knowles NJ, Hammond JM (2014) Antigenic variation of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype A. J Gen Virol 95:384\u2013392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/vir.0.058453-0","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"11520_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci11060272","volume":"11","author":"YM Eltahir","year":"2024","unstructured":"Eltahir YM, Ishag HZA, Parekh K, Wood BA, Ludi A, King DP, Mohamed MS (2024) Foot and mouth disease vaccine matching and post-vaccination assessment in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. Vet Sci 11:272. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci11060272","journal-title":"Vet Sci"},{"key":"11520_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.23-0567","volume":"85","author":"A Kabir","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kabir A, Kamboh AA, Abubakar M, Matar AM, Kumar K (2024c) Foot-and-mouth disease seroprevalence is higher in young female crossbred sheep and goats compared to their counterparts in the border area between Pakistan and Afghanistan. Am J Vet Res 85:6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.23-0567","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"}],"container-title":["Molecular Biology Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11033-026-11520-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11033-026-11520-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11033-026-11520-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T09:20:29Z","timestamp":1770024029000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11033-026-11520-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["11520"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11033-026-11520-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["0301-4851","1573-4978"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0301-4851","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-4978","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Ethics Review Committee of the University of Haripur and the Director General Research of FMDRC, VRI. Verbal informed consent was obtained from livestock owners. Sample anonymity and biosafety protocols were strictly maintained throughout.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Institutional review board\u00a0"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}],"article-number":"339"}}