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Viability was measured by Trypan blue exclusion; proliferation and apoptosis by immunocytochemistry; and progesterone by ELISA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>BTC dose-dependently increased viability, proliferation (cyclin B1, PCNA), and progesterone secretion, while reducing apoptosis (bax, caspase-3). Both FSH and LH enhanced all BTC effects, further increasing proliferation, viability, progesterone output, and anti-apoptotic activity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>BTC may regulate human granulosa cell function, acting in concert with gonadotropins to modulate viability, proliferation, apoptosis, and steroidogenesis, highlighting its role as a paracrine mediator in ovarian physiology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-026-12091-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T09:17:09Z","timestamp":1780564629000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Growth factor betacellulin can stimulate human granulosa cell functions and promote gonadotropin actions"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0124-3250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbora","family":"Loncov\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5063-6344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zuzana","family":"Fabov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1292-4820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milo\u0161","family":"Mlyn\u010dek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9364-3512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander V.","family":"Sirotkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"12091_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1002\/rmb2.12371","volume":"20","author":"M Orisaka","year":"2021","unstructured":"Orisaka M, Miyazaki Y, Shirafuji A, Tamamura C, Tsuyoshi H, Tsang BK, Yoshida Y (2021) The role of pituitary gonadotropins and intraovarian regulators in follicle development: A mini-review. 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