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In addition, the study was approved by the scientific committee at the Institutional Review Board of JUST. Consent to participate is not applicable, as the study involved only animal subjects and did not include human participants.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"First, a pharmacological positive control, such as the selective ROCK inhibitor Y-27632, was not included to further validate the specificity of the observed inhibition of acetylcholine-induced ROCK activity. Although our findings suggest that insulin modulates ROCK signaling, the inclusion of a well-established ROCK inhibitor would have provided additional mechanistic confirmation of ROCK pathway involvement. Second, although the molecular and biochemical findings suggest that insulin modulates contractile signaling in the colon, no direct smooth muscle contractility or gastrointestinal motility experiments were performed. Future studies incorporating pharmacological ROCK inhibitors together with functional contractility and motility assessments are warranted to further validate the proposed mechanism and establish the physiological significance of these findings.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Limitations","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"ChatGPT (OpenAI) was used solely for language refinement and grammar editing. The authors confirm that all scientific content was fully reviewed, verified, and approved by the authors, who take full responsibility for the final manuscript.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Use of artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted technology for manuscript preparation","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"1299"}}