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The molecular approaches are particularly valuable in species with limited sexual dimorphism. Moreover, the utilization of accessible non-invasive samples from newborn animals enables early sex determination beneficial for the animal population management and planning.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A rapid molecular sex determination method using PCR with specific primers targeting the male-specific\n                      <jats:italic>SRY<\/jats:italic>\n                      locus and the control\n                      <jats:italic>c-myc<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene present in both sexes was developed. The method was validated using DNA samples from blood of adult males and females of Sumatran orangutan (\n                      <jats:italic>Pongo abelii<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), western lowland gorilla (\n                      <jats:italic>Gorilla gorilla gorilla<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), and silvery gibbon (\n                      <jats:italic>Hylobates moloch<\/jats:italic>\n                      ). Then we applied the method to non-invasive samples from four newborns: two Sumatran orangutans, one western lowland gorilla, and one silvery gibbon. DNA of the newborns was isolated from umbilical cord material obtained\n                      <jats:italic>post partum<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\/or hair. Additionally to the above mentioned species, the method was also successfully validated in adult males and females of chimpanzee (\n                      <jats:italic>Pan troglodytes<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), pig-tailed macaque (\n                      <jats:italic>Macaca nemestrina<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), Campbell\u2019s monkey (\n                      <jats:italic>Cercopithecus campbelli<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), mantled guereza (\n                      <jats:italic>Colobus guereza<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), Geoffroy\u2019s spider monkey (\n                      <jats:italic>Ateles geoffroyi<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), and black-and-white ruffed lemur (\n                      <jats:italic>Varecia variegata<\/jats:italic>\n                      ).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We demonstrated that the umbilical cord material can be used for molecular sex determination in newborns and that the\n                      <jats:italic>c-myc<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene can serve as a control gene in molecular sex determination, providing an alternative to other commonly used methods.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-026-12481-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T11:16:08Z","timestamp":1784978168000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Molecular sex determination in primates including non-invasive umbilical cord samples from neonates of three endangered species"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1006-9453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Svatava","family":"Kubickova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2426-804X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Halina","family":"Cernohorska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hana","family":"Hradska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9076-8221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miluse","family":"Vozdova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"12481_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1007\/s10592-008-9650-x","volume":"10","author":"M Pag\u00e8s","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pag\u00e8s M, Maudet C, Bellemain E, Taberlet P, Hughes S, H\u00e4nni C (2009) A system for sex determination from degraded DNA: a useful tool for palaeogenetics and conservation genetics of ursids. 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All applicable international, national and institutional guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed. The blood samples analysed in this study were obtained as aliquots of the blood samples taken during planned, routine veterinary examinations of captive animals. Thus, the Ethics Committee of the Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic has concluded that no ethical approval is required.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics Approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"1265"}}