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The study was performed in accordance with the ethical standards as laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. Written informed consent was obtained from the participant prior to their enrollment in the study, which included consent for both participation and the publication of their data.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no potential conflicts of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflicts of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"While this study provides insights into the molecular signatures of different colorectal adenoma subtypes, several limitations should be acknowledged. Study design: This investigation is based on cross-sectional transcriptomic comparisons derived from publicly available datasets, which capture molecular alterations at a single time point. Consequently, the study cannot determine the temporal sequence of molecular events or establish causal relationships along the adenoma\u2013carcinoma continuum. Longitudinal prospective cohort studies with serial biospecimen collection will be necessary to validate whether the identified biomarkers reflect early etiologic events or later changes associated with tumor progression. Dataset size and scope: The analysis was conducted on a limited number of samples from two specific datasets. Larger multi-center cohorts with broader demographic and clinical diversity will be required to improve statistical power and generalizability. Lack of independent validation: Although RT-qPCR validation was performed, the identified biomarkers require confirmation in independent patient cohorts to establish their diagnostic and prognostic utility. Functional characterization: This study is primarily bioinformatic and correlative. Experimental studies using in vitro and in vivo models are needed to clarify the biological roles of key genes such as COL1A2, CXCL8, H2AFZ, and WDR43 in adenoma initiation and progression. Multi-omics integration: Our analysis focused on transcriptomic data. Integration with genomic, epigenomic, proteomic, and metabolomic data would provide a more comprehensive view of the molecular mechanisms underlying adenoma\u2013carcinoma progression. Addressing these limitations will be important to strengthen causal inference and improve the clinical applicability of these biomarkers for colorectal cancer risk stratification, early detection, and targeted prevention strategies.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Limitations","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"1288"}}