{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T08:46:14Z","timestamp":1785833174084,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785801600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mol Biol Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-026-12532-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T06:35:06Z","timestamp":1785825306000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Therapeutic potential of spirulina and its bioactive compound phycocyanin in neuropsychiatric disorders"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Abdolkarim","family":"Talebi Taheri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alireza","family":"Motamedzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elham","family":"Zahedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amirmohammad","family":"Farasat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ehsan","family":"Dadgostar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Aschner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hadi","family":"Khanifar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Rahmati-Dehkordi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omid Reza","family":"Tamtaji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"12532_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s10728-025-00549-8","volume":"34","author":"OJ Okesanya","year":"2026","unstructured":"Okesanya OJ et al (2026) Transforming public mental health: a review on global trends, challenges, and pathways to change. Health Care Anal 34(1):57\u201385","journal-title":"Health Care Anal"},{"key":"12532_CR2","volume-title":"Mild behavioral impairment and cortical thinning: biomarkers of early neurodegeneration","author":"YJ Leow","year":"2025","unstructured":"Leow YJ et al (2025) Mild behavioral impairment and cortical thinning: biomarkers of early neurodegeneration. Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"12532_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rezaei S et al (2023) Current therapies for neurological disorders and their limitations, In: Phytonutrients and Neurological Disorders. Elsevier, pp 107\u2013130","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-824467-8.00009-7"},{"issue":"3","key":"12532_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14030676","volume":"14","author":"T Trotta","year":"2022","unstructured":"Trotta T et al (2022) Beneficial effects of spirulina consumption on brain health. Nutrients 14(3):676","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"2","key":"12532_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.9734\/jpri\/2020\/v32i230407","volume":"32","author":"GA Gabr","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gabr GA, El-Sayed SM, Hikal MS (2020) Antioxidant activities of phycocyanin: A bioactive compound from Spirulina platensis. J Pharm Res Int 32(2):73\u201385","journal-title":"J Pharm Res Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"12532_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-024-09675-3","volume":"51","author":"A Motamedzadeh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Motamedzadeh A et al (2024) Therapeutic potential of Phycocyanin in gastrointestinal cancers and related disorders. Mol Biol Rep 51(1):741","journal-title":"Mol Biol Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"12532_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.37033\/fjc.v10i1.715","volume":"10","author":"DH Rahma","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rahma DH, Armaini A, Syafrizayanti S (2025) Ability Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Phycocyanin from Extract Spirulina platensis. Fuller J Chem 10(1):34\u201339","journal-title":"Fuller J Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"12532_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-025-08186-8","volume":"17","author":"AA Abdulkhaliq","year":"2026","unstructured":"Abdulkhaliq AA et al (2026) Amyloid-\u03b2 and Tau in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: pathogenesis, mechanisms, and interplay. Cell Death Dis 17(1):21","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"12532_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15031236","volume":"15","author":"\u00c1 Belmar-Moreno","year":"2026","unstructured":"Belmar-Moreno \u00c1 et al (2026) Episodic Memory in Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment at Risk for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Spanish Validation of the TYM-MCI. J Clin Med 15(3):1236","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"12532_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li Y et al (2026) Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Cholinesterase Inhibitors and NMDA Receptor Antagonists in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Current Alzheimer Research","DOI":"10.2174\/0115672050437623260417063631"},{"issue":"22","key":"12532_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13954","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232213954","volume":"23","author":"E Passeri","year":"2022","unstructured":"Passeri E et al (2022) Alzheimer\u2019s disease: treatment strategies and their limitations. Int J Mol Sci 23(22):13954","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"12532_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Painuli, S., et al (2023) NMDA Inhibitors: A Potential Contrivance to Assist in Management of Alzheimer's Disease. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 26(12): 2099-2112","DOI":"10.2174\/1386207325666220428112541"},{"issue":"1","key":"12532_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-024-01477-7","volume":"40","author":"J Tavares","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tavares J et al (2024) Aqueous extract of Spirulina exerts neuroprotection in an experimental model of Alzheimer sporadic disease in mice induced by Streptozotocin. Metab Brain Dis 40(1):26","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis"},{"key":"12532_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2020.111684","volume":"145","author":"M Agrawal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Agrawal M et al (2020) Phycocyanin alleviates ICV-STZ induced cognitive and molecular deficits via PI3-Kinase dependent pathway. Food Chem Toxicol 145:111684","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"issue":"1","key":"12532_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7218504","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7218504","volume":"2018","author":"WY Choi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Choi WY, Kang DH, Lee HY (2018) Effect of fermented Spirulina maxima extract on cognitive-enhancing activities in mice with scopolamine\u2010induced dementia. Evidence\u2010Based Complement Altern Med 2018(1):7218504","journal-title":"Evidence\u2010Based Complement Altern Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"12532_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22081363","volume":"22","author":"E-J Koh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Koh E-J et al (2017) Spirulina maxima extract prevents neurotoxicity via promoting activation of BDNF\/CREB signaling pathways in neuronal cells and mice. Molecules 22(8):1363","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"11","key":"12532_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2401","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18112401","volume":"18","author":"E-J Koh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Koh E-J et al (2017) Spirulina maxima extract ameliorates learning and memory impairments via inhibiting GSK-3\u03b2 phosphorylation induced by intracerebroventricular injection of amyloid-\u03b2 1\u201342 in mice. Int J Mol Sci 18(11):2401","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"12532_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kotagiri MD, Gubbiya SK (2024) Evaluation of Anti-Alzheimer\u2019s Activity of Spirulina Platensis and Clerodendreme inerme Plant Extracts. Int J Pharm Invest, 14(3):903-914","DOI":"10.5530\/ijpi.14.3.100"},{"key":"12532_CR19","unstructured":"Vafaei A et al (2019) Spirulina plathensis microalgae prevents scopolamineinduced memory impairment in young female Wistar rats."},{"key":"12532_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2019.08.045","volume":"127","author":"A Ghanbari","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ghanbari A et al (2019) Spirulina microalgae improves memory deficit induced by scopolamine in male pup rats: Role of oxidative stress. South Afr J Bot 127:220\u2013225","journal-title":"South Afr J Bot"},{"issue":"2","key":"12532_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.3177\/jnsv.57.186","volume":"57","author":"JH Hwang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hwang JH et al (2011) Spirulina prevents memory dysfunction, reduces oxidative stress damage and augments antioxidant activity in senescence-accelerated mice. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 57(2):186\u2013191","journal-title":"J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo)"},{"key":"12532_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2021.104706","volume":"86","author":"T Zhou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhou T et al (2021) Spirulina platensis alleviates high fat diet-induced cognitive impairment in mice via the gut-brain axis. J Funct Foods 86:104706","journal-title":"J Funct Foods"},{"key":"12532_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2025.05.039","volume":"184","author":"AH Moghaddam","year":"2025","unstructured":"Moghaddam AH et al (2025) Neuro-nutraceutical potential of selenium-enriched spirulina platensis in alleviating streptozotocin-induced cognitive impairment: Modulation of oxidative stress and acetylcholine activity in a rat model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. South Afr J Bot 184:142\u2013153","journal-title":"South Afr J Bot"},{"issue":"7","key":"12532_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2957","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.7791","volume":"37","author":"OR Tamtaji","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tamtaji OR et al (2023) The effects of spirulina intake on clinical and metabolic parameters in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Phytother Res 37(7):2957\u20132964","journal-title":"Phytother Res"},{"issue":"18","key":"12532_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3714","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14183714","volume":"14","author":"W-Y Choi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Choi W-Y et al (2022) The effects of Spirulina maxima extract on memory improvement in those with mild cognitive impairment: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Nutrients 14(18):3714","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"12532_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang P et al (2020) Amelioration of cognitive deficits by Spirulina platensis in L-methionine-induced rat model of vascular dementia. Pharmacognosy Magazine, 16(68):133-141","DOI":"10.4103\/pm.pm_438_19"},{"issue":"1","key":"12532_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s43556-026-00445-0","volume":"7","author":"S Zhang","year":"2026","unstructured":"Zhang S et al (2026) Parkinson\u2019s disease: pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies. Mol Biomed 7(1):46","journal-title":"Mol Biomed"},{"key":"12532_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li Y et al (2026) ParkinsonNet: A Unified End-to-End Framework for Estimating Parkinson\u2019s Disease Motor Symptom Severity. Pattern Recognition, 113109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113109"},{"issue":"2","key":"12532_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70506","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.70506","volume":"33","author":"M Burton","year":"2026","unstructured":"Burton M et al (2026) Subcutaneous Levodopa in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Eur J Neurol 33(2):e70506","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"12532_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-022-00526-2","volume":"40","author":"E Dadgostar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dadgostar E et al (2022) Can berberine serve as a new therapy for Parkinson\u2019s disease? Neurotox Res 40(4):1096\u20131102","journal-title":"Neurotox Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"12532_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.2174\/1389450122666210623115505","volume":"23","author":"N Ali","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ali N et al (2022) Parkinson\u2019s disease: A current perspectives on Parkinson\u2019s disease and key bioactive natural compounds as future potential drug candidates. Curr Drug Targets 23(1):2\u201320","journal-title":"Curr Drug Targets"},{"issue":"1","key":"12532_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35583","DOI":"10.32598\/ijmtfm.v12i1.35583","volume":"12","author":"M EL-Shamarka","year":"2022","unstructured":"EL-Shamarka M, Hussein A (2022) Mwaheb MA. Spirulina Ameliorates Oxidative Damage and Inflammation in Rotenone-Induced Neurotoxicity in Male Mice. Int J Med Toxicol Forensic Med 12(1):35583Said E, S","journal-title":"Int J Med Toxicol Forensic Med"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"12532_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1080\/10284150600929748","volume":"9","author":"G Chamorro","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chamorro G et al (2006) Spirulina maxima pretreatment partially protects against 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine neurotoxicity. Nutr Neurosci 9(5\u20136):207\u2013212","journal-title":"Nutr Neurosci"},{"key":"12532_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pabon MM et al (2012) A spirulina-enhanced diet provides neuroprotection in an \u03b1-synuclein model of Parkinson\u2019s disease.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0045256"},{"issue":"8","key":"12532_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-013-0976-2","volume":"120","author":"J Tob\u00f3n-Velasco","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tob\u00f3n-Velasco J et al (2013) Antioxidant effect of Spirulina (Arthrospira) maxima in a neurotoxic model caused by 6-OHDA in the rat striatum. J Neural Transm 120(8):1179\u20131189","journal-title":"J Neural Transm"},{"issue":"7","key":"12532_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.4103\/apjtb.apjtb_229_24","volume":"14","author":"H Rathod","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rathod H, Soni RM, Shah JS (2024) C-phycocyanin shows neuroprotective effect against rotenone-induced Parkinson\u2019s disease in mice. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 14(7):279\u2013287","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Trop Biomed"},{"issue":"12","key":"12532_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3390","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-017-2379-5","volume":"42","author":"FAV Lima","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lima FAV et al (2017) Neuroprotective activities of Spirulina platensis in the 6-OHDA model of Parkinson\u2019s disease are related to its anti-inflammatory effects. Neurochem Res 42(12):3390\u20133400","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"12532_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2021.0100","volume":"25","author":"MJP Lopes","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lopes MJP et al (2022) The protein-rich fraction from Spirulina platensis exerts neuroprotection in hemiparkinsonian rats by decreasing brain inflammatory-related enzymes and glial fibrillary acidic protein expressions. J Med Food 25(7):695\u2013709","journal-title":"J Med Food"},{"issue":"1","key":"12532_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2501195","volume":"395","author":"SL Hauser","year":"2026","unstructured":"Hauser SL (2026) Advances in Multiple Sclerosis. N Engl J Med 395(1):54\u201368","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"12532_CR40","first-page":"e200055","volume-title":"Serum neurofilament identifies patients with multiple sclerosis with severe focal axonal damage in a 6-year longitudinal cohort","author":"F Steffen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Steffen F et al (2022) Serum neurofilament identifies patients with multiple sclerosis with severe focal axonal damage in a 6-year longitudinal cohort, vol 10. Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation, Neurology, p e200055. 1"},{"issue":"1","key":"12532_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02415-4","volume":"10","author":"I Boutitah-Benyaich","year":"2025","unstructured":"Boutitah-Benyaich I et al (2025) Multiple sclerosis: molecular pathogenesis and therapeutic intervention. Signal Transduct Target Therapy 10(1):324","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Therapy"},{"issue":"3","key":"12532_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0246157","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0246157","volume":"16","author":"DS Goodin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Goodin DS et al (2021) The nature of genetic and environmental susceptibility to multiple sclerosis. PLoS ONE 16(3):e0246157","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"12532_CR43","unstructured":"Kouchaki E et al (2017) Correlation of serum levels of IL-33, IL-37, soluble form of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), and circulatory frequency of VEGFR2-expressing cells with multiple sclerosis severity. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol 16(4):329\u2013337"},{"issue":"3","key":"12532_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nrl.2021.10.003","volume":"39","author":"E Ramos-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ramos-Gonz\u00e1lez E et al (2024) Relationship between inflammation and oxidative stress and its effect on multiple sclerosis. Neurologia 39(3):292\u2013301","journal-title":"Neurologia"},{"issue":"6","key":"12532_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3163","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2017.4410","volume":"13","author":"W-J Huang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Huang W-J, Chen W-W, Zhang X (2017) Multiple sclerosis: Pathology, diagnosis and treatments. Experimental therapeutic Med 13(6):3163\u20133166","journal-title":"Experimental therapeutic Med"},{"key":"12532_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wingerchuk DM, Carter JL (2014) Multiple sclerosis: current and emerging disease-modifying therapies and treatment strategies. In: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. Elsevier","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2013.11.002"},{"issue":"1","key":"12532_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-015-9642-9","volume":"11","author":"G Pent\u00f3n-Rol","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pent\u00f3n-Rol G et al (2016) Comparative neuroregenerative effects of C-phycocyanin and IFN-beta in a model of multiple sclerosis in mice. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 11(1):153\u2013167","journal-title":"J Neuroimmune Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"12532_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2010.10.001","volume":"11","author":"G Pent\u00f3n-Rol","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pent\u00f3n-Rol G et al (2011) C-Phycocyanin ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and induces regulatory T cells. Int Immunopharmacol 11(1):29\u201338","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"12532_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-025-01200-x","volume":"24","author":"S Karimi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Karimi S et al (2025) Effects of spirulina (Arthrospira) platensis supplementation on inflammation, physical and mental quality of life, and anthropometric measures in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS): a triple-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Nutr J 24(1):132","journal-title":"Nutr J"},{"issue":"7","key":"12532_CR50","first-page":"e70735","volume":"2026","author":"W Huang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huang W et al (2020) Epilepsy: Molecular Pathogenesis and Emerging Therapies. MedComm 2026(7):e70735","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"key":"12532_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.106935","volume":"121","author":"JR Marafiga","year":"2021","unstructured":"Marafiga JR, Pasquetti MV, Calcagnotto ME (2021) GABAergic interneurons in epilepsy: More than a simple change in inhibition. Epilepsy Behav 121:106935","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"12532_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu K et al (2021) Distinct regulation of tonic GABAergic inhibition by NMDA receptor subtypes. Cell Rep 37(6):109960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109960"},{"key":"12532_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652159","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.652159","volume":"12","author":"OB Alcoreza","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alcoreza OB et al (2021) Dysregulation of ambient glutamate and glutamate receptors in epilepsy: an astrocytic perspective. Front Neurol 12:652159","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"12532_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-022-02725-6","volume":"59","author":"A Soltani Khaboushan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Soltani Khaboushan A, Yazdanpanah N, Rezaei N (2022) Neuroinflammation and proinflammatory cytokines in epileptogenesis. Mol Neurobiol 59(3):1724\u20131743","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"12532_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-022-11378-3","volume":"270","author":"H Angus-Leppan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Angus-Leppan H, Sperling MR, Villanueva V (2023) Antiseizure medications (antiepileptic drugs) in adults: starting, monitoring and stopping. J Neurol 270(1):573\u2013581","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"12532_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1002\/epi4.12967","volume":"9","author":"J Mao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mao J et al (2024) Real-world anti\u2010seizure treatment and adverse events among individuals living with drug\u2010resistant focal epilepsy in the United States. Epilepsia Open 9(4):1311\u20131320","journal-title":"Epilepsia Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"12532_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17153","volume":"63","author":"M Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang M et al (2022) Association between antiseizure medications and quality of life in epilepsy: A mediation analysis. Epilepsia 63(2):440\u2013450","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"2","key":"12532_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(99)00792-2","volume":"276","author":"V Rimbau","year":"1999","unstructured":"Rimbau V et al (1999) Protective effects of C-phycocyanin against kainic acid-induced neuronal damage in rat hippocampus. Neurosci Lett 276(2):75\u201378","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"issue":"8","key":"12532_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.3109\/13880209.2015.1103756","volume":"54","author":"A P\u00e9rez-Ju\u00e1rez","year":"2016","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Ju\u00e1rez A et al (2016) Neuroprotective effect of Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis against kainic acid-neuronal death. Pharm Biol 54(8):1408\u20131412","journal-title":"Pharm Biol"},{"key":"12532_CR60","first-page":"206","volume":"6","author":"P-J Ang\u00e9lica","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ang\u00e9lica P-J et al (2012) Neuroprotective effect of Spirulina (Arthrospira) maxima against kainic acid-induced neurotoxicity. J Med Plants Res 6:206\u2013214","journal-title":"J Med Plants Res"},{"key":"12532_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo S et al (2026) Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targets of Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Stroke: A Narrative Review Focusing on Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction. Brain Sci 16(5):469","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci16050469"},{"key":"12532_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2019.103408","volume":"100","author":"V Ten","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ten V, Galkin A (2019) Mechanism of mitochondrial complex I damage in brain ischemia\/reperfusion injury. A hypothesis. Mol Cell Neurosci 100:103408","journal-title":"Mol Cell Neurosci"},{"issue":"9","key":"12532_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4405","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094405","volume":"22","author":"R Pluta","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pluta R, Januszewski S, Czuczwar SJ (2021) Neuroinflammation in post-ischemic neurodegeneration of the brain: friend, foe, or both? Int J Mol Sci 22(9):4405","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"12532_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-019-0671-0","volume":"7","author":"M Krueger","year":"2019","unstructured":"Krueger M et al (2019) Endothelial edema precedes blood-brain barrier breakdown in early time points after experimental focal cerebral ischemia. Acta Neuropathol Commun 7(1):17","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun"},{"issue":"6","key":"12532_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-017-1847-6","volume":"59","author":"R von Kummer","year":"2017","unstructured":"von Kummer R, Dzialowski I (2017) Imaging of cerebral ischemic edema and neuronal death. Neuroradiology 59(6):545\u2013553","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"issue":"24","key":"12532_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199512143332401","volume":"333","author":"NIoN Disorders","year":"1995","unstructured":"Disorders NIoN, r.-P S, .S.S, Group (1995) Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 333(24):1581\u20131588","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"14","key":"12532_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612828666220506145542","volume":"28","author":"J Mar\u00edn-Prida","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mar\u00edn-Prida J et al (2022) Novel insights into the molecular mechanisms involved in the neuroprotective effects of C-Phycocyanin against brain ischemia in rats. Curr Pharm Design 28(14):1187\u20131197","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Design"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"12532_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2011.05.016","volume":"86","author":"G Pent\u00f3n-Rol","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pent\u00f3n-Rol G et al (2011) C-Phycocyanin is neuroprotective against global cerebral ischemia\/reperfusion injury in gerbils. Brain Res Bull 86(1\u20132):42\u201352","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"issue":"1","key":"12532_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14418","DOI":"10.1038\/srep14418","volume":"5","author":"SK Min","year":"2015","unstructured":"Min SK et al (2015) Assessment of C-phycocyanin effect on astrocytes-mediated neuroprotection against oxidative brain injury using 2D and 3D astrocyte tissue model. Sci Rep 5(1):14418","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"12532_CR70","unstructured":"GUO Y et al (2000) Neuroprotective effects and mechanism of phycocyanin in cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury in rats. Chinese Journal of Marine Drugs"},{"issue":"17","key":"12532_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612824666180515123543","volume":"24","author":"GY Chung","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chung GY et al (2018) Chitosan-coated C-phycocyanin liposome for extending the neuroprotective time window against ischemic brain stroke. Curr Pharm Design 24(17):1859\u20131864","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Design"},{"issue":"9","key":"12532_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-010-0440-5","volume":"117","author":"S Thaakur","year":"2010","unstructured":"Thaakur S, Sravanthi R (2010) Neuroprotective effect of Spirulina in cerebral ischemia\u2013reperfusion injury in rats. J Neural Transm 117(9):1083\u20131091","journal-title":"J Neural Transm"},{"issue":"1","key":"12532_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2004.12.014","volume":"193","author":"Y Wang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wang Y et al (2005) Dietary supplementation with blueberries, spinach, or spirulina reduces ischemic brain damage. Exp Neurol 193(1):75\u201384","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"12532_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santhrani Thaakur ST, Ravi RS, Sravanthi (2010) Neuroprotective effect of Spirulina in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-010-0440-5"},{"issue":"12","key":"12532_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4431","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13124431","volume":"13","author":"Y Imai","year":"2021","unstructured":"Imai Y et al (2021) Nutrigenomic studies on the ameliorative effect of enzyme-digested phycocyanin in alzheimer\u2019s disease model mice. Nutrients 13(12):4431","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"12532_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang F et al (2015) Protective effects of a polysaccharide from Spirulina platensis on dopaminergic neurons in an MPTP-induced Parkinson\u2019s disease model in C57BL\/6J mice. Neural reg res 10(2):308\u2013313","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.152387"},{"key":"12532_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu F-h et al (2023) The molecular mechanism of three novel peptides from C-phycocyanin alleviates MPTP-induced Parkinson\u2019s disease-like pathology in zebrafish, vol 14. Food & Function, pp 6157\u20136171. 13","DOI":"10.1039\/D3FO01098H"},{"issue":"5","key":"12532_CR78","first-page":"574","volume":"25","author":"SK Park","year":"2018","unstructured":"Park SK et al (2018) Anti-amnestic effect of Spirulina platensis in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. Food Sci Preservation 25(5):574\u2013585","journal-title":"Food Sci Preservation"},{"issue":"6","key":"12532_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1002\/jdn.10281","volume":"83","author":"G Usluel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Usluel G et al (2023) The effects of Spirulina platensis on behavior in adolescent rats fed a high-fat diet. Int J Dev Neurosci 83(6):505\u2013517","journal-title":"Int J Dev Neurosci"},{"key":"12532_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu Z et al (2026) Schizophrenia: from mechanism to therapy. Sci China Life Sci","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-025-2990-0"},{"key":"12532_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703452","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.703452","volume":"12","author":"AJ Murray","year":"2021","unstructured":"Murray AJ et al (2021) Oxidative stress and the pathophysiology and symptom profile of schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Front Psychiatry 12:703452","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"12532_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.encep.2025.05.009","volume":"52","author":"B Houdebine","year":"2026","unstructured":"Houdebine B, Rondeau N, Besche-Richard C (2026) Cognitive therapies and insight in early schizophrenia: A systematic review. Encephale 52(1):87\u201394","journal-title":"Encephale"},{"issue":"4","key":"12532_CR83","first-page":"1847","volume":"33","author":"S Shahzad","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shahzad S et al (2020) Spirulina platensis (Blue-green algae): A miracle from sea combats the oxidative stress and improves behavioral deficits in an animal model of Schizophrenia. Pak J Pharm Sci 33(4):1847\u20131853","journal-title":"Pak J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"12532_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.119417","volume":"277","author":"S Haider","year":"2021","unstructured":"Haider S et al (2021) Spirulina platensis reduces the schizophrenic-like symptoms in rat model by restoring altered APO-E and RTN-4 protein expression in prefrontal cortex. Life Sci 277:119417","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"12532_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247054702614272","DOI":"10.1177\/24705470261427267","volume":"10","author":"SA Thom","year":"2026","unstructured":"Thom SA et al (2026) Reelin, the HPA Axis, and Chronic Stress: Implications for the Neurobiology of Depression. Chronic Stress (Thousand Oaks) 10:24705470261427267","journal-title":"Chronic Stress (Thousand Oaks)"},{"issue":"3","key":"12532_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1037\/a0035302","volume":"140","author":"GM Slavich","year":"2014","unstructured":"Slavich GM, Irwin MR (2014) From stress to inflammation and major depressive disorder: a social signal transduction theory of depression. Psychol Bull 140(3):774","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"12532_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2023.114431","volume":"447","author":"Q Zhou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhou Q et al (2023) A comprehensive review and meta-analysis of neurological side effects related to second-generation antidepressants in individuals with major depressive disorder. Behav Brain Res 447:114431","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"12532_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.5530\/ijper.57.4.113","volume":"57","author":"GM Basavarajappa","year":"2023","unstructured":"Basavarajappa GM et al (2023) Evaluation of anti-depressant activity of Spirulina, a blue-green algae on chronic unpredictable stress induced depression in rats. Ind J Pharm Edu Res 57:1150\u20131158","journal-title":"Ind J Pharm Edu Res"},{"key":"12532_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phansuea P et al (2025) Effectiveness of an Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina) Softgel Supplementation on Sleep Quality, Mental Health Status, and Body Mass Index in Mild to Moderately Severe Depression Adults: A Double-Blinded, Randomized, Placebo\u2010Controlled Trial. Food Science & Nutrition 13:e70082","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.70082"},{"key":"12532_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamijo S, Miwa H, Ikeda K (2026) Autism Spectr Disorder: Integrating Genetic Environ Risk Cells, 15(11):985","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15110985"},{"issue":"6","key":"12532_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5487","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065487","volume":"24","author":"N Usui","year":"2023","unstructured":"Usui N, Kobayashi H, Shimada S (2023) Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorder. Int J Mol Sci 24(6):5487","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"12532_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/2040-2392-4-2","volume":"4","author":"E Napoli","year":"2013","unstructured":"Napoli E, Wong S, Giulivi C (2013) Evidence of reactive oxygen species-mediated damage to mitochondrial DNA in children with typical autism. Mol Autism 4(1):2","journal-title":"Mol Autism"},{"key":"12532_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2018.01.060","volume":"374","author":"C Doenyas","year":"2018","unstructured":"Doenyas C (2018) Gut microbiota, inflammation, and probiotics on neural development in autism spectrum disorder. Neuroscience 374:271\u2013286","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"24","key":"12532_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17297","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242417297","volume":"24","author":"G Fan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fan G et al (2023) Microglia modulate neurodevelopment in autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia. Int J Mol Sci 24(24):17297","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"12532_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"958661","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.958661","volume":"13","author":"C Hu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hu C et al (2022) Microglia: Synaptic modulator in autism spectrum disorder. Front Psychiatry 13:958661","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"12532_CR96","first-page":"43","volume":"5","author":"C Onore","year":"2017","unstructured":"Onore C et al (2017) Dynamic Akt\/mTOR signaling in children with autism spectrum disorder. Front Pead 5:43","journal-title":"Front Pead"},{"issue":"4","key":"12532_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2024.2381154","volume":"28","author":"R Ismail","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ismail R et al (2025) The potential neuroprotective effects of Spirulina platensis in a valproic acid-induced experimental model of autism in the siblings of albino rats: targeting PIk3\/AKT\/mTOR signalling pathway. Nutr Neurosci 28(4):448\u2013470","journal-title":"Nutr Neurosci"},{"issue":"12","key":"12532_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2012.0057","volume":"15","author":"GN Escalona-Cardoso","year":"2012","unstructured":"Escalona-Cardoso GN et al (2012) Spirulina (Arthrospira) Protects Against Valproic Acid\u2013Induced Neural Tube Defects in Mice. J Med Food 15(12):1103\u20131108","journal-title":"J Med Food"},{"key":"12532_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.2147\/JEP.S237378","volume":"12","author":"N Moradi-Kor","year":"2020","unstructured":"Moradi-Kor N et al (2020) Therapeutic Effects of Spirulina platensis Against Adolescent Stress-Induced Oxidative Stress, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Alterations and Morphological Remodeling in the Amygdala of Adult Female Rats. J Exp Pharmacol 12:75\u201385","journal-title":"J Exp Pharmacol"},{"key":"12532_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S247599","volume":"16","author":"N Moradi-Kor","year":"2020","unstructured":"Moradi-Kor N et al (2020) Protective Effects of Spirulina platensis, Voluntary Exercise and Environmental Interventions Against Adolescent Stress-Induced Anxiety and Depressive-Like Symptoms, Oxidative Stress and Alterations of BDNF and 5HT-3 Receptors of the Prefrontal Cortex in Female Rats. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 16:1777\u20131794","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"issue":"2","key":"12532_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s12041-022-01388-5","volume":"101","author":"S Ardicli","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ardicli S et al (2022) Dietary intake of Spirulina platensis alters HSP70 gene expression profiles in the brain of rats in an experimental model of mixed stress. J Genet 101(2):49","journal-title":"J Genet"}],"container-title":["Molecular Biology Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11033-026-12532-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11033-026-12532-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11033-026-12532-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T08:03:48Z","timestamp":1785830628000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11033-026-12532-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"references-count":101,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["12532"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11033-026-12532-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0301-4851","1573-4978"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0301-4851","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-4978","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 April 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This is a review study. The TUMS Research Ethics Committee has confirmed that no ethical approval is required.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to publish","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"1332"}}