{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T11:42:26Z","timestamp":1792669346478,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792627200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792627200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mol Biol Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-026-13013-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T11:08:04Z","timestamp":1792667284000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The role of 2\u2019-5\u2019-oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS) proteins in HIV infection: innate antiviral immunity, viral persistence, and therapeutic opportunities"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Mohammad Mehdi","family":"Akbarin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zahra","family":"Farjami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahdieh","family":"Soltani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1682-8104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo Ram\u00edrez","family":"\u00c1lvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"13013_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2022.167924","volume":"435","author":"A Chameettachal","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chameettachal A, Mustafa F, Rizvi TA (2023) Understanding Retroviral Life Cycle and its Genomic RNA Packaging. J Mol Biol 435(3):167924. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmb.2022.167924","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"13013_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/brv.70188","author":"MA Jehad","year":"2026","unstructured":"Jehad MA, Prabhu SG, Ali LM, Pillai VN, Mustafa F, Rizvi TA (2026) RNA-centric world of retroviruses: unravelling the molecular strategies of genomic RNA packaging. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/brv.70188","journal-title":"Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc"},{"issue":"2","key":"13013_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.36233\/0507-4088-281","volume":"70","author":"AA Antonova","year":"2025","unstructured":"Antonova AA, Protasova LA, Kim KV, Munchak IM, Mezhenskaya EN, Orlova-Morozova EA et al (2025) [Genetic diversity of Vif protein in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 variants (Retroviridae: Orthoretrovirinae: Lentivirus: Human immunodeficiency virus-1) that circulated in the Moscow region in 2019\u20132020]. Vopr Virusol 70(2):117\u2013132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36233\/0507-4088-281","journal-title":"Vopr Virusol"},{"issue":"6","key":"13013_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.36233\/0507-4088-305","volume":"70","author":"AI Kuznetsova","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kuznetsova AI, Antonova AA, Protasova LA, Glyakina AV, Kim KV, Munchak IM et al (2025) Nef HIV-1 (Retroviridae: Orthoretrovirinae: Lentivirus: Human immunodeficiency virus-1), multifunctional protein: features of genetic virus variants circulating in Russia. Vopr Virusol 70(6):518\u2013535. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36233\/0507-4088-305","journal-title":"Vopr Virusol"},{"key":"13013_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Reddy K, Reddy N, Ndung\u2019u T (2026) The Implications of HIV-1 Subtypes on Pathogenesis, Reservoirs and Cure Strategies. Curr HIV\/AIDS Rep 23(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11904-026-00780-5","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-026-00780-5"},{"issue":"2","key":"13013_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-025-01015-z","volume":"27","author":"ME Williams","year":"2026","unstructured":"Williams ME, Thela L, Wood C, Paul RH, Ruhanya V, Naude PJW et al (2026) HIV-1 subtype diversity in the pathogenesis of neuroHIV. Nat Rev Neurosci 27(2):81\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41583-025-01015-z","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"13013_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000001044","author":"N Zuidmeer","year":"2026","unstructured":"Zuidmeer N, Symons J, Nijhuis M (2026) Implications of HIV persistence and pathogenesis in microglia. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/COH.0000000000001044","journal-title":"Curr Opin HIV AIDS"},{"issue":"1","key":"13013_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.3934\/microbiol.2026004","volume":"12","author":"T Nitsotolis","year":"2026","unstructured":"Nitsotolis T, Assimakopoulos SF, Kouriannidi E, Lagadinou M, Papalexandrou A, Ioannou P et al (2026) Host restriction factors and p17-Driven inflammaging in HIV-1: From molecular pathogenesis to functional cure. AIMS Microbiol 12(1):92\u2013125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3934\/microbiol.2026004","journal-title":"AIMS Microbiol"},{"key":"13013_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Akbarin MM, Farjami Z, Alvarez HR (2026) Interferon dynamics in deltaretroviruses: why HTLV-1 evades, but BLV responds. Mol Biol Rep 53(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11033-026-11749-3","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-026-11749-3"},{"issue":"9\u201310","key":"13013_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1177\/08828245251391816","volume":"38","author":"Z Farjami","year":"2025","unstructured":"Farjami Z, Moradi M, Ebrahimi N, Akbarin MM (2025) COVID-19: Understanding the Granulocyte Response and Exploring Their Therapeutic Interventions. Viral Immunol 38(9\u201310):303\u2013316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08828245251391816","journal-title":"Viral Immunol"},{"key":"13013_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1706028","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1706028","volume":"16","author":"JM Ulloa-Aguilar","year":"2026","unstructured":"Ulloa-Aguilar JM, Cruz-Holguin VJ, Benitez-Zeferino YR, Guzman-Bautista ER, Garcia-Cordero J, De Jesus-Gonzalez LA et al (2026) Human respiratory syncytial virus regulates the expression of interferon-stimulated genes through modulation of fibrillarin. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 16:1706028. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1706028","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"13013_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2025.110728","volume":"614","author":"A Wang","year":"2026","unstructured":"Wang A, Hu J, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Wei F (2026) The antiviral activity of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) in influenza A virus infection. Virology 614:110728. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.virol.2025.110728","journal-title":"Virology"},{"issue":"1","key":"13013_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-023-04058-x","volume":"21","author":"LJ Gao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gao LJ, He ZM, Li YY, Yang RR, Yan M, Shang X et al (2023) Role of OAS gene family in COVID-19 induced heart failure. J Transl Med 21(1):212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12967-023-04058-x","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"13013_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-017-0460-3","volume":"55","author":"C Sanfilippo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sanfilippo C, Pinzone MR, Cambria D, Longo A, Palumbo M, Di Marco R et al (2018) OAS Gene Family Expression Is Associated with HIV-Related Neurocognitive Disorders. Mol Neurobiol 55(3):1905\u20131914. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12035-017-0460-3","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"13013_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3719","volume":"14","author":"V Hornung","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hornung V, Hartmann R, Ablasser A, Hopfner K-P (2014) OAS proteins and cGAS: unifying concepts in sensing and responding to cytosolic nucleic acids. Nat Rev Immunol 14(8):521\u2013528. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nri3719","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"13013_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1007\/s00239-006-0073-3","volume":"63","author":"AA Perelygin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Perelygin AA, Zharkikh AA, Scherbik SV, Brinton MA (2006) The mammalian 2\u2019-5\u2019 oligoadenylate synthetase gene family: evidence for concerted evolution of paralogous Oas1 genes in Rodentia and Artiodactyla. J Mol Evol 63(4):562\u2013576. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00239-006-0073-3","journal-title":"J Mol Evol"},{"issue":"13","key":"13013_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7520","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkaa513","volume":"48","author":"SL Schwartz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schwartz SL, Park EN, Vachon VK, Danzy S, Lowen AC, Conn GL (2020) Human OAS1 activation is highly dependent on both RNA sequence and context of activating RNA motifs. Nucleic Acids Res 48(13):7520\u20137531. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/gkaa513","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"13013_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e35902","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035902","volume":"7","author":"MQ Liu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Liu MQ, Zhou DJ, Wang X, Zhou W, Ye L, Li JL et al (2012) IFN-lambda3 inhibits HIV infection of macrophages through the JAK-STAT pathway. PLoS ONE 7(4):e35902. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0035902","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"13013_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2012.04.011","volume":"95","author":"RR Tian","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tian RR, Guo HX, Wei JF, Yang CK, He SH, Wang JH (2012) IFN-lambda inhibits HIV-1 integration and post-transcriptional events in vitro, but there is only limited in vivo repression of viral production. Antiviral Res 95(1):57\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.antiviral.2012.04.011","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"13013_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2020.11.012","volume":"27","author":"H Igari","year":"2021","unstructured":"Igari H, Takayanagi S, Yahaba M, Tsuyuzaki M, Taniguchi T, Suzuki K (2021) Prevalence of positive IGRAs and innate immune system in HIV-infected individuals in Japan. J Infect Chemother 27(4):592\u2013597. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jiac.2020.11.012","journal-title":"J Infect Chemother"},{"key":"13013_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00247","volume":"9","author":"L Guo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Guo L, Xu XQ, Zhou L, Zhou RH, Wang X, Li JL et al (2018) Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells Release Antiviral Factors That Inhibit HIV Infection of Macrophages. Front Immunol 9:247. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00247","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"15","key":"13013_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2934","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-08-450353","volume":"121","author":"J Li","year":"2013","unstructured":"Li J, Wang Y, Wang X, Ye L, Zhou Y, Persidsky Y et al (2013) Immune activation of human brain microvascular endothelial cells inhibits HIV replication in macrophages. Blood 121(15):2934\u20132942. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood-2012-08-450353","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"4","key":"13013_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1010464","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010464","volume":"18","author":"O Danziger","year":"2022","unstructured":"Danziger O, Patel RS, DeGrace EJ, Rosen MR, Rosenberg BR (2022) Inducible CRISPR activation screen for interferon-stimulated genes identifies OAS1 as a SARS-CoV-2 restriction factor. PLoS Pathog 18(4):e1010464. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010464","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"1","key":"13013_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2009.03.014","volume":"388","author":"M Kulka","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kulka M, Calvo MS, Ngo DT, Wales SQ, Goswami BB (2009) Activation of the 2-5OAS\/RNase L pathway in CVB1 or HAV\/18f infected FRhK-4 cells does not require induction of OAS1 or OAS2 expression. Virology 388(1):169\u2013184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.virol.2009.03.014","journal-title":"Virology"},{"issue":"12","key":"13013_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2011","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv321","volume":"212","author":"E Simon-Loriere","year":"2015","unstructured":"Simon-Loriere E, Lin RJ, Kalayanarooj SM, Chuansumrit A, Casademont I, Lin SY et al (2015) High Anti-Dengue Virus Activity of the OAS Gene Family Is Associated With Increased Severity of Dengue. J Infect Dis 212(12):2011\u20132020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiv321","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"13013_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2026.117257","volume":"45","author":"PA Bell","year":"2026","unstructured":"Bell PA, Baid K, Pan C, Grin PM, de Jesus HCR, Kappelhoff R et al (2026) Non-canonical proteolytic activation of RNase L by SARS-CoV-2 3CL(pro) offsets inactivation of OAS1 p46 antiviral signaling. Cell Rep 45(4):117257. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.celrep.2026.117257","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"issue":"115","key":"13013_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eads9407","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.ads9407","volume":"11","author":"D Lee","year":"2026","unstructured":"Lee D, Malathi K, Okano T, Nakajima K, Cobat A, Morio T et al (2026) The OAS-RNase L pathway: Insights from experiments of nature. Sci Immunol 11(115):eads9407. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciimmunol.ads9407","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"issue":"11","key":"13013_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2023.0098","volume":"43","author":"SN Sarkar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sarkar SN, Harioudh MK, Shao L, Perez J, Ghosh A (2023) The Many Faces of Oligoadenylate Synthetases. Journal of interferon & cytokine research. official J Int Soc Interferon Cytokine Res 43(11):487\u2013494. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/jir.2023.0098","journal-title":"official J Int Soc Interferon Cytokine Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"13013_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-022-10102-8","volume":"22","author":"L Gao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gao L, Ren R, Shen J, Hou J, Ning J, Feng Y et al (2022) Values of OAS gene family in the expression signature, immune cell infiltration and prognosis of human bladder cancer. BMC Cancer 22(1):1016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12885-022-10102-8","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"13013_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"884334","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.884334","volume":"12","author":"LJ Gao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gao LJ, Li JL, Yang RR, He ZM, Yan M, Cao X et al (2022) Biological Characterization and Clinical Value of OAS Gene Family in Pancreatic Cancer. Front Oncol 12:884334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2022.884334","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"13013_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2016.04.009","volume":"131","author":"P Fagone","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fagone P, Nunnari G, Lazzara F, Longo A, Cambria D, Distefano G et al (2016) Induction of OAS gene family in HIV monocyte infected patients with high and low viral load. Antiviral Res 131:66\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.antiviral.2016.04.009","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"13013_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/s00438-008-0379-5","volume":"280","author":"T Reintamm","year":"2008","unstructured":"Reintamm T, Kuusksalu A, Metsis M, Pari M, Vallmann K, Lopp A et al (2008) Sponge OAS has a distinct genomic structure within the 2-5A synthetase family. Mol Genet Genomics 280(5):453\u2013466. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00438-008-0379-5","journal-title":"Mol Genet Genomics"},{"issue":"1","key":"13013_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1159\/000085670","volume":"111","author":"AA Perelygin","year":"2005","unstructured":"Perelygin AA, Lear TL, Zharkikh AA, Brinton MA (2005) Structure of equine 2\u2019-5\u2019oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS) gene family and FISH mapping of OAS genes to ECA8p15\u2013>p14 and BTA17q24\u2013>q25. Cytogenet Genome Res 111(1):51\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000085670","journal-title":"Cytogenet Genome Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"13013_CR34","first-page":"35","volume":"23","author":"LB Chen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chen LB, Peng XM, Cao H, Zhang YF, Xu QH, Gao ZL (2009) [Relationship between SNP rs10774671 on OAS-1 gene and spontaneous HBeAg seroconversion in chronic HBV infection]. Zhonghua Shi Yan He Lin Chuang Bing Du Xue Za Zhi 23(1):35\u201337","journal-title":"Zhonghua Shi Yan He Lin Chuang Bing Du Xue Za Zhi"},{"issue":"4","key":"13013_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msr247","volume":"29","author":"W Ferguson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ferguson W, Dvora S, Fikes RW, Stone AC, Boissinot S (2012) Long-term balancing selection at the antiviral gene OAS1 in Central African chimpanzees. Mol Biol Evol 29(4):1093\u20131103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/molbev\/msr247","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"issue":"9","key":"13013_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1007\/s00251-015-0855-0","volume":"67","author":"I Fish","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fish I, Boissinot S (2015) Contrasted patterns of variation and evolutionary convergence at the antiviral OAS1 gene in old world primates. Immunogenetics 67(9):487\u2013499. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00251-015-0855-0","journal-title":"Immunogenetics"},{"key":"13013_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liu G, Wu XY, Shang YQ, Wang XB, Zhou SY, Zhang HH (2023) Adaptive Evolution of the OAS Gene Family Provides New Insights into the Antiviral Ability of Laurasiatherian Mammals. Animals-Basel 13(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani13020209","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13020209"},{"issue":"11","key":"13013_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-016-0972-8","volume":"65","author":"L Malaguarnera","year":"2016","unstructured":"Malaguarnera L, Nunnari G, Di Rosa M (2016) Nuclear import sequence identification in hOAS3 protein. Inflamm Res 65(11):895\u2013904. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00011-016-0972-8","journal-title":"Inflamm Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"13013_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2012.04.002","volume":"94","author":"A Lopp","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lopp A, Reintamm T, Kuusksalu A, de Rosa S, Kelve M (2012) A novel endoribonuclease from the marine sponge specific to 2\u2032,5\u2032-phosphodiester bonds. Biochimie 94(8):1635\u20131646. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biochi.2012.04.002","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"issue":"11","key":"13013_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2025.05.001","volume":"85","author":"V Merold","year":"2025","unstructured":"Merold V, Bekere I, Kretschmer S, Schnell AF, Kmiec D, Sivarajan R et al (2025) Structural basis for OAS2 regulation and its antiviral function. Mol Cell 85(11):2176\u201393e13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molcel.2025.05.001","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"issue":"24","key":"13013_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14222","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01763-14","volume":"88","author":"MS Ibsen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ibsen MS, Gad HH, Thavachelvam K, Boesen T, Despr\u00e8s P, Hartmann R (2014) The 2\u2019-5\u2019-oligoadenylate synthetase 3 enzyme potently synthesizes the 2\u2019-5\u2019-oligoadenylates required for RNase L activation. J Virol 88(24):14222\u201314231. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jvi.01763-14","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"3","key":"13013_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e144","DOI":"10.1038\/emm.2014.110","volume":"47","author":"UY Choi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Choi UY, Kang JS, Hwang YS, Kim YJ (2015) Oligoadenylate synthase-like (OASL) proteins: dual functions and associations with diseases. Exp Mol Med 47(3):e144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/emm.2014.110","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"key":"13013_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schwartz SL, Dey D, Tanquary J, Bair CR, Lowen AC, Conn GL (2022) Role of helical structure and dynamics in oligoadenylate synthetase 1 (OAS1) mismatch tolerance and activation by short dsRNAs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 119(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2107111119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2107111119"},{"key":"13013_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Perez-Favila A, Sanchez-Macias S, De Lara SAO, Garza-Veloz I, Araujo-Espino R, Castaneda-Lopez ME et al (2024) Gene Variants of the OAS\/RNase L Pathway and Their Association with Severity of Symptoms and Outcome of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. J Pers Med 14(4). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jpm14040426","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm14040426"},{"issue":"6","key":"13013_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1006820","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1006820","volume":"13","author":"H Li","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li H, Reksten TR, Ice JA, Kelly JA, Adrianto I, Rasmussen A et al (2017) Identification of a Sjogren\u2019s syndrome susceptibility locus at OAS1 that influences isoform switching, protein expression, and responsiveness to type I interferons. PLoS Genet 13(6):e1006820. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgen.1006820","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"issue":"6\u20137","key":"13013_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2007.02.003","volume":"89","author":"AG Hovanessian","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hovanessian AG, Justesen J (2007) The human 2\u2032-5\u2032oligoadenylate synthetase family:: Unique interferon-inducible enzymes catalyzing 2\u2032-5\u2032 instead of 3\u2032-5\u2032 phosphodiester bond formation. Biochimie 89(6\u20137):779\u2013788. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biochi.2007.02.003","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"issue":"1","key":"13013_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12019","volume":"69","author":"M Ghosh","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ghosh M, Shen Z, Fahey JV, Crist SG, Patel M, Smith JM et al (2013) Pathogen recognition in the human female reproductive tract: expression of intracellular cytosolic sensors NOD1, NOD2, RIG-1, and MDA5 and response to HIV-1 and Neisseria gonorrhea. Am J Reprod Immunol 69(1):41\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/aji.12019","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"13013_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Farjami Z, Akbarin MM (2026) Exploitation of CREB signaling by HTLV-1 and BLV: A central axis in viral persistence and leukemogenesis. Med Oncol 43(4). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12032-026-03282-x","DOI":"10.1007\/s12032-026-03282-x"},{"issue":"1","key":"13013_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-026-11513-7","volume":"53","author":"Z Farjami","year":"2026","unstructured":"Farjami Z, Akbarin MM, Alvarez HR (2026) Suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins in human retroviral infections. Mol Biol Rep 53(1):366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11033-026-11513-7","journal-title":"Mol Biol Rep"},{"key":"13013_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2025.123656","volume":"373","author":"M Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang M, Yuan L, Yang X, Zhao X, Xie J, Liu X et al (2025) TRAF1 promotes the progression of Helicobacter pylori-associated gastric cancer through EGFR\/STAT\/OAS signalling. Life Sci 373:123656. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lfs.2025.123656","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"13013_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605024","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.605024","volume":"11","author":"E Yang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yang E, Li MMH (2020) All About the RNA: Interferon-Stimulated Genes That Interfere With Viral RNA Processes. Front Immunol 11:605024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2020.605024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"13013_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chitrakar A, Solorio-Kirpichyan K, Prangley E, Rath S, Du J, Korennykh A (2021) Introns encode dsRNAs undetected by RIG-I\/MDA5\/interferons and sensed via RNase L. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 118(46). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2102134118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2102134118"},{"key":"13013_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Asthana A, Gaughan C, Dong BH, Weiss SR, Silverman RH (2021) Specificity and Mechanism of Coronavirus, Rotavirus, and Mammalian Two-Histidine Phosphoesterases That Antagonize Antiviral Innate Immunity. Mbio 12(4). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mBio.01781-21","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01781-21"},{"issue":"6","key":"13013_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3160","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03036-15","volume":"90","author":"LD Birdwell","year":"2016","unstructured":"Birdwell LD, Zalinger ZB, Li Y, Wright PW, Elliott R, Rose KM et al (2016) Activation of RNase L by Murine Coronavirus in Myeloid Cells Is Dependent on Basal Oas Gene Expression and Independent of Virus-Induced Interferon. J Virol 90(6):3160\u20133172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JVI.03036-15","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"6632","key":"13013_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabo3627","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abo3627","volume":"379","author":"D Lee","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lee D, Le Pen J, Yatim A, Dong B, Aquino Y, Ogishi M et al (2023) Inborn errors of OAS-RNase L in SARS-CoV-2-related multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. Science 379(6632):eabo3627. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.abo3627","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"13013_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiolchem.2020.107211","volume":"85","author":"KJ Gonzalez","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gonzalez KJ, Moncada-Giraldo DM, Gutierrez JB (2020) In silico identification of potential inhibitors against human 2\u2019-5\u2019- oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS) proteins. Comput Biol Chem 85:107211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compbiolchem.2020.107211","journal-title":"Comput Biol Chem"},{"key":"13013_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chang SC, Zhang BX, Su EC, Wu WC, Hsieh TH, Salazar AM et al (2021) Hiltonol Cocktail Kills Lung Cancer Cells by Activating Cancer-Suppressors, PKR\/OAS, and Restraining the Tumor Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 22(4). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22041626","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22041626"},{"issue":"9","key":"13013_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2024.114694","volume":"43","author":"JM Watkins","year":"2024","unstructured":"Watkins JM, Burke JM (2024) RNase L-induced bodies sequester subgenomic flavivirus RNAs to promote viral RNA decay. Cell Rep 43(9):114694. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.celrep.2024.114694","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"13013_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.03.25.586660","author":"JM Watkins","year":"2024","unstructured":"Watkins JM, Burke JM (2024) RNase L-induced bodies sequester subgenomic flavivirus RNAs and re-establish host RNA decay. bioRxiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2024.03.25.586660","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"13013_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"944194","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.944194","volume":"12","author":"L Lu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lu L, Wang H, Fang J, Zheng J, Liu B, Xia L et al (2022) Overexpression of OAS1 Is Correlated With Poor Prognosis in Pancreatic Cancer. Front Oncol 12:944194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2022.944194","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"issue":"10","key":"13013_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.31083\/j.fbl2810271","volume":"28","author":"D Luo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Luo D, Fang M, Shao L, Wang J, Liang Y, Chen M et al (2023) The EMT-Related Genes GALNT3 and OAS1 are Associated with Immune Cell Infiltration and Poor Prognosis in Lung Adenocarcinoma. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 28(10):271. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31083\/j.fbl2810271","journal-title":"Front Biosci (Landmark Ed)"},{"issue":"3","key":"13013_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2025.116692","volume":"111","author":"L Dai","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dai L, Mei B, Zhu M, Zhou H, Shao Y, Peng L (2025) Heterogeneity of OAS family expression in tuberculosis and the impact of different sample selection: a comprehensive analysis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 111(3):116692. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2025.116692","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"13013_CR63","first-page":"553","volume":"47","author":"P Clayette","year":"1999","unstructured":"Clayette P, Martin M, Dereuddre-Bosquet N, Tournay V, Gras G, Martal J et al (1999) [IFN-tau, a new interferon type I with antiretroviral activity]. Pathol Biol (Paris) 47(5):553\u2013559","journal-title":"Pathol Biol (Paris)"},{"issue":"11","key":"13013_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.1086\/652420","volume":"201","author":"DM Asmuth","year":"2010","unstructured":"Asmuth DM, Murphy RL, Rosenkranz SL, Lertora JJ, Kottilil S, Cramer Y et al (2010) Safety, tolerability, and mechanisms of antiretroviral activity of pegylated interferon Alfa-2a in HIV-1-monoinfected participants: a phase II clinical trial. J Infect Dis 201(11):1686\u20131696. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/652420","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"22","key":"13013_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5497","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-11-190231","volume":"113","author":"GA Hardy","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hardy GA, Sieg SF, Rodriguez B, Jiang W, Asaad R, Lederman MM et al (2009) Desensitization to type I interferon in HIV-1 infection correlates with markers of immune activation and disease progression. Blood 113(22):5497\u20135505. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood-2008-11-190231","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"9","key":"13013_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4966","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-023-03381-0","volume":"60","author":"S Torices","year":"2023","unstructured":"Torices S, Teglas T, Naranjo O, Fattakhov N, Frydlova K, Cabrera R et al (2023) Occludin Regulates HIV-1 Infection by Modulation of the Interferon Stimulated OAS Gene Family. Mol Neurobiol 60(9):4966\u20134982. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12035-023-03381-0","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"13013_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6175","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00042-07","volume":"81","author":"JM Milush","year":"2007","unstructured":"Milush JM, Stefano-Cole K, Schmidt K, Durudas A, Pandrea I, Sodora DL (2007) Mucosal innate immune response associated with a timely humoral immune response and slower disease progression after oral transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus to rhesus macaques. J Virol 81(12):6175\u20136186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JVI.00042-07","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"5","key":"13013_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.2174\/157016211797635928","volume":"9","author":"A Durudas","year":"2011","unstructured":"Durudas A, Chen HL, Gasper MA, Sundaravaradan V, Milush JM, Silvestri G et al (2011) Differential innate immune responses to low or high dose oral SIV challenge in Rhesus macaques. Curr HIV Res 9(5):276\u2013288. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/157016211797635928","journal-title":"Curr HIV Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"13013_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1159\/000490586","volume":"11","author":"XQ Xu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xu XQ, Guo L, Wang X, Liu Y, Liu H, Zhou RH et al (2019) Human Cervical Epithelial Cells Release Antiviral Factors and Inhibit HIV Replication in Macrophages. J Innate Immun 11(1):29\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000490586","journal-title":"J Innate Immun"},{"issue":"39","key":"13013_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.07.050","volume":"26","author":"A Harenberg","year":"2008","unstructured":"Harenberg A, Guillaume F, Ryan EJ, Burdin N, Spada F (2008) Gene profiling analysis of ALVAC infected human monocyte derived dendritic cells. Vaccine 26(39):5004\u20135013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.07.050","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"11","key":"13013_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e29217","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.29217","volume":"95","author":"P Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang P, Liu JB, Wang X, Meng FZ, Xiao QH, Liu L et al (2023) Activation of Toll-like receptor 3 inhibits HIV infection of human iPSC-derived microglia. J Med Virol 95(11):e29217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmv.29217","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"issue":"23","key":"13013_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12229","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01311-09","volume":"83","author":"A Durudas","year":"2009","unstructured":"Durudas A, Milush JM, Chen HL, Engram JC, Silvestri G, Sodora DL (2009) Elevated levels of innate immune modulators in lymph nodes and blood are associated with more-rapid disease progression in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected monkeys. J Virol 83(23):12229\u201312240. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JVI.01311-09","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"13013_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34752","DOI":"10.1038\/srep34752","volume":"6","author":"TC Ma","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ma TC, Zhou RH, Wang X, Li JL, Sang M, Zhou L et al (2016) Soybean-derived Bowman-Birk Inhibitor (BBI) Inhibits HIV Replication in Macrophages. Sci Rep 6:34752. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep34752","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"14","key":"13013_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22524","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.15121","volume":"8","author":"MQ Liu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu MQ, Zhao M, Kong WH, Tang L, Wang F, Zhu ZR et al (2017) Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) restores HIV-1 infection-mediated impairment of JAK-STAT signaling pathway. Oncotarget 8(14):22524\u201322533. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18632\/oncotarget.15121","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"issue":"1","key":"13013_CR75","first-page":"3","volume":"52","author":"MR Capobianchi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Capobianchi MR, Lalle E, Martini F, Poccia F, D\u2019Offizi G, Antonucci G et al (2006) Influence of GBV-C infection on the endogenous activation of the IFN system in HIV-1 co-infected patients. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand) 52(1):3\u20138","journal-title":"Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand)"}],"container-title":["Molecular Biology Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11033-026-13013-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11033-026-13013-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11033-026-13013-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T11:08:05Z","timestamp":1792667285000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11033-026-13013-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["13013"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11033-026-13013-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0301-4851","1573-4978"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0301-4851","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-4978","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 September 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 October 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 October 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This is an observational study. The UNAM Research Ethics Committee has confirmed that no ethical approval is required for this research.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not Applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"1781"}}