{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T17:03:10Z","timestamp":1790182990346,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,31]],"date-time":"2009-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1243728000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mycopathologia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,10]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-009-9212-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,30]],"date-time":"2009-05-30T07:28:48Z","timestamp":1243668528000},"page":"165-173","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["Candidal onychomycosis: A Mini-Review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"168","author":[{"given":"J. A. M. S.","family":"Jayatilake","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. M.","family":"Tilakaratne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. J.","family":"Panagoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"9212_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.4103\/0255-0857.31063","volume":"25","author":"P Veer","year":"2007","unstructured":"Veer P, Patwardhan NS, Damle AS. Study of onychomycosis: prevailing fungi and pattern of infection. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2007;25:53\u20136. doi: 10.4103\/0255-0857.31063 .","journal-title":"Indian J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"9212_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006874303991","volume":"137","author":"A V\u00e9lez","year":"1997","unstructured":"V\u00e9lez A, Linares MJ, Fen\u00e1ndez-Rold\u00e1n JC, Casal M. Study of onychomycosis in C\u00f3rdoba, Spain: prevailing fungi and pattern of infection. Mycopathologia. 1997;137:1\u20138. doi: 10.1023\/A:1006874303991 .","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"9212_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.2165\/00002512-200724040-00003","volume":"24","author":"DS Loo","year":"2007","unstructured":"Loo DS. Onychomycosis in the elderly: drug treatment options. Drugs Aging. 2007;24:293\u2013302. doi: 10.2165\/00002512-200724040-00003 .","journal-title":"Drugs Aging"},{"key":"9212_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0507.2005.01186.x","volume":"49","author":"M Lange","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lange M, Roszkiewicz J, Szczerkowska-Dobosz A, Jasiel-Walikowska E, Bykowska B. Onychomycosis is no longer a rare finding in children. Mycoses. 2006;49:55\u20139. doi: 10.1111\/j.1439-0507.2005.01186.x .","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"9212_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-4362.2000.00012.x","volume":"39","author":"AK Gupta","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gupta AK, Taborda P, Taborda V, Gilmour J, Rachlis A, Salit I, et al. Epidemiology and prevalence of onychomycosis in HIV positive individuals. Int J Dermatol. 2000;39:746\u201353. doi: 10.1046\/j.1365-4362.2000.00012.x .","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"9212_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.4103\/0378-6323.37057","volume":"73","author":"A Surjushe","year":"2007","unstructured":"Surjushe A, Kamath R, Oberai C, Saple D, Thakre M, Dharmshale S, et al. A clinical and mycological study of onychomycosis in HIV infection. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2007;73:397\u2013401. doi: 10.4103\/0378-6323.35751 .","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol"},{"key":"9212_CR7","first-page":"326","volume":"68","author":"TM Jesudanam","year":"2002","unstructured":"Jesudanam TM, Rao GR, Lakshmi DJ, Kumari GR. Onychomycosis: a significant medical problem. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2002;68:326\u20139.","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol"},{"key":"9212_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0507.2005.01152.x","volume":"48","author":"CC Chi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chi CC, Wang SH, Chou MC. The causative pathogens of onychomycosis in southern Taiwan. Mycoses. 2005;48:413\u201320. doi: 10.1111\/j.1439-0507.2005.01152.x .","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"9212_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(03)02117-0","volume":"50","author":"KW Foster","year":"2004","unstructured":"Foster KW, Ghannoum MA, Elewski BE. Epidemiologic surveillance of cutaneous fungal infection in the United States from 1999 to 2002. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2004;50:748\u201352. doi: 10.1016\/S0190-9622(03)02117-0 .","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"9212_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.2007.00262.x","volume":"34","author":"S Das","year":"2007","unstructured":"Das S, Goyal R, Bhattacharya SN. Laboratory based epidemiological study of superficial fungal infections. J Dermatol. 2007;34:248\u201353. doi: 10.1111\/j.1346-8138.2007.00262.x .","journal-title":"J Dermatol"},{"key":"9212_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-74-6-955","volume":"74","author":"CH Kirkpatrick","year":"1971","unstructured":"Kirkpatrick CH, Rich RR, Bennett JE. Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis: model-building in cellular immunity. Ann Intern Med. 1971;74:955\u201378.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"9212_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200102000-00017","volume":"20","author":"CH Kirkpatrick","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kirkpatrick CH. Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2001;20:197\u2013206. doi: 10.1097\/00006454-200102000-00017 .","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"9212_CR13","first-page":"173","volume":"8","author":"A Tosti","year":"1998","unstructured":"Tosti A, Piraccini BM, Lorenzi S, D\u2019Antuono A. Candida onychomycosis in HIV infection. Eur J Dermatol. 1998;8:173\u20134.","journal-title":"Eur J Dermatol"},{"key":"9212_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1470.2003.20415.x","volume":"20","author":"HW Clegg","year":"2003","unstructured":"Clegg HW, Prose NS, Greenberg DN. Nail dystrophy in congenital cutaneous candidiasis. Paediatr Dermatol. 2003;20:342\u20134. doi: 10.1046\/j.1525-1470.2003.20415.x .","journal-title":"Paediatr Dermatol"},{"key":"9212_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-4362.1998.00038.x","volume":"37","author":"YKC Kwok","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kwok YKC, Tay YK, Goh CL, Kamarudin A, Koh MT, Seow CS. Epidemiology and in vitro activity of antimycotics against candidal vaginal\/skin\/nail infections in Singapore. Int J Dermatol. 1998;37:145\u20139. doi: 10.1046\/j.1365-4362.1998.00038.x .","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"9212_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-4362.2003.01789.x","volume":"42","author":"L Vella Zahra","year":"2003","unstructured":"Vella Zahra L, Gatt P, Boffa MJ, Borg E, Mifsud E, Scerri L, et al. Characteristics of superficial mycoses in Malta. Int J Dermatol. 2003;42:265\u201371. doi: 10.1046\/j.1365-4362.2003.01789.x .","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"9212_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0507.2006.01268.x","volume":"49","author":"T Gunduz","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gunduz T, Metin DY, Sacar T, Hilmioglu S, Baydur H, Inci R, et al. Onychomycosis in primary school children: association with socioeconomic conditions. Mycoses. 2006;49:431\u20133. doi: 10.1111\/j.1439-0507.2006.01268.x .","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"9212_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1470.2007.00365.x","volume":"24","author":"E Koklu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Koklu E, Gunes T, Kurtoglu S, Gokoglu S, Koklu S. Onychomycosis in a premature infant caused by Candida parapsilosis. Pediatr Dermatol. 2007;24:155\u20136. doi: 10.1111\/j.1525-1470.2007.00365.x .","journal-title":"Pediatr Dermatol"},{"key":"9212_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2004.01018.x","volume":"18","author":"DK Chun","year":"2004","unstructured":"Chun DK, Lee UH, Park HS, Choi JC. Onychomycosis in a premature infant caused by Candida tropicalis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2004;18:617\u20138. doi: 10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2004.01018.x .","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"9212_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-007-9027-6","volume":"164","author":"VT Figueiredo","year":"2007","unstructured":"Figueiredo VT, de Assis Santos D, Resende MA, Hamdan JS. Identification and in vitro antifungal susceptibility testing of 200 clinical isolates of Candida spp. responsible for fingernail infections. Mycopathologia. 2007;164:27\u201333. doi: 10.1007\/s11046-007-9027-6 .","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"9212_CR21","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Oral candidosis","author":"LP Samaranayake","year":"1990","unstructured":"Samaranayake LP. Introduction and historical aspects. In: Samaranayake LP, MacFarlane TW, editors. Oral candidosis. London: Butterworth & Co. (Publishers) Ltd; 1990. p. 1\u20139."},{"key":"9212_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-4362.1998.00473.x","volume":"37","author":"CR Daniel III","year":"1998","unstructured":"Daniel CRIII, Gupta AK, Daniel MP, Sullivan S. Candida infection of the nail: role of Candida as a secondary pathogen. Int J Dermatol. 1998;37:904\u20137. doi: 10.1046\/j.1365-4362.1998.00473.x .","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"9212_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1067\/S0190-9622(03)00861-2","volume":"49","author":"AT G\u00fcle\u00e7","year":"2003","unstructured":"G\u00fcle\u00e7 AT, Demirbilek M, Se\u00e7kin D, Can F, Saray Y, Sarifakioglu E, et al. Superficial fungal infections in 102 renal transplant recipients: a case\u2013control study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003;49:187\u201392. doi: 10.1067\/S0190-9622(03)00861-2 .","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"9212_CR24","first-page":"107","volume-title":"Candida and candidiasis","author":"B Hube","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hube B, Naglik J. Extracellular hydrolases. In: Calderone RA, editor. Candida and candidiasis. Washington, DC: ASM Press; 2002. p. 107\u201322."},{"key":"9212_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.2005.00307.x","volume":"34","author":"JAMS Jayatilake","year":"2005","unstructured":"Jayatilake JAMS, Samaranayake YH, Samaranayake LP. An ultrastructural and a cytochemical study of candidal invasion of reconstituted human oral epithelium. J Oral Pathol Med. 2005;34:240\u20136. doi: 10.1111\/j.1600-0714.2005.00307.x .","journal-title":"J Oral Pathol Med"},{"key":"9212_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-008-9096-1","volume":"165","author":"JA Jayatilake","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jayatilake JA, Samaranayake YH, Samaranayake LP. A comparative study of candidal invasion in rabbit tongue mucosal explants and reconstituted human oral epithelium. Mycopathologia. 2008;165:373\u201380. doi: 10.1007\/s11046-008-9096-1 .","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"9212_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.58.2.508-514.1990","volume":"58","author":"TL Ray","year":"1990","unstructured":"Ray TL, Payne CD. Comparative production and rapid purification of Candida acid proteinase from protein-supplemented cultures. Infect Immun. 1990;58:508\u201314.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"9212_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2003.09.010","volume":"50","author":"RA Dorschner","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dorschner RA, Lopez-Garcia B, Massie J, Kim C, Gallo RL. Innate immune defense of the nail unit by antimicrobial peptides. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2004;50:343\u20138. doi: 10.1016\/j.jaad.2003.09.010 .","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"9212_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2049","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5700346","volume":"126","author":"Q Lu","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lu Q, Jayatilake JAMS, Samaranayake LP, Jin LJ. Hyphal invasion of Candida albicans inhibits the expression of human \u03b2-defensins in experimental oral candidiasis. J Invest Dermatol. 2006;126:2049\u201356. doi: 10.1038\/sj.jid.5700346 .","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"9212_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6147","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.9.6147-6150.2005","volume":"73","author":"R Morris-Jones","year":"2005","unstructured":"Morris-Jones R, Gomez BL, Diez S, Uran M, Morris-Jones SD, Casadevall A, et al. Synthesis of melanin pigment by Candida albicans in vitro and during infection. Infect Immun. 2005;73:6147\u201350. doi: 10.1128\/IAI.73.9.6147-6150.2005 .","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"9212_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.11.3.415","volume":"11","author":"BE Elewski","year":"1998","unstructured":"Elewski BE. Onychomycosis: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1998;11:415\u201329.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"9212_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.2006.02115.x","volume":"31","author":"AH Parlak","year":"2006","unstructured":"Parlak AH, Goksugur N, Karabay O. A case of melanonychia due to Candida albicans. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2006;31:398\u2013400. doi: 10.1111\/j.1365-2230.2006.02115.x .","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"9212_CR33","first-page":"1113","volume":"63","author":"PG Rockwell","year":"2001","unstructured":"Rockwell PG. Acute and chronic paronychia. Am Fam Physician. 2001;63:1113\u20136.","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"9212_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.1998.02449.x","volume":"139","author":"R Baran","year":"1998","unstructured":"Baran R, Hay RJ, Tosti A, Haneke E. A new classification of onychomycosis. Br J Dermatol. 1998;139:567\u201371. doi: 10.1046\/j.1365-2133.1998.02449.x .","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"9212_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2003.05242.x","volume":"148","author":"DT Roberts","year":"2003","unstructured":"Roberts DT, Taylor WD, Boyle J. Guidelines for treatment of onychomycosis. Br J Dermatol. 2003;148:402\u201310. doi: 10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2003.05242.x .","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"9212_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0507.2006.01224.x","volume":"49","author":"F El Sayed","year":"2006","unstructured":"El Sayed F, Ammoury A, Haybe RF, Dhaybi R. Onychomycosis in Lebanon: a mycological survey of 772 patients. Mycoses. 2006;49:216\u20139. doi: 10.1111\/j.1439-0507.2006.01224.x .","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"9212_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2003.335","volume":"49","author":"J Liu","year":"2003","unstructured":"Liu J, Lei P. Histopathologic and scanning electron microscope examination of the nail and hair in chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003;49:154\u20136. doi: 10.1067\/mjd.2003.335 .","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"9212_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.3314\/jjmm.46.81","volume":"46","author":"R Ungpakorn","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ungpakorn R. Mycoses in Thailand: current concerns. Nippon Ishinkin Gakkai Zasshi. 2005;46:81\u20136.","journal-title":"Nippon Ishinkin Gakkai Zasshi"},{"key":"9212_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2004.02117.x","volume":"44","author":"EM Warshaw","year":"2005","unstructured":"Warshaw EM, Nelson D, Carver SM, Zielke GR, Webster N, Lederle FA, et al. A pilot evaluation of pulse itraconazole vs. terbinafine for treatment of Candida toenail onychomycosis. Int J Dermatol. 2005;44:785\u20138. doi: 10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2004.02117.x .","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"}],"container-title":["Mycopathologia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11046-009-9212-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11046-009-9212-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11046-009-9212-x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,18]],"date-time":"2020-05-18T23:06:20Z","timestamp":1589843180000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11046-009-9212-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,31]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,10]]}},"alternative-id":["9212"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11046-009-9212-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0301-486X","1573-0832"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0301-486X","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-0832","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,31]]}}}