{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T20:41:38Z","timestamp":1791578498547,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]],"date-time":"2021-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]],"date-time":"2021-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholarship Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["201808520089"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201808520089"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"TUBITAK 2214-A International Research Fellowship Programme","award":["1059B141801143"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1059B141801143"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mycopathologia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    A severe outbreak of highly virulent and multi-resistant dermatophytosis by species in the\n                    <jats:italic>Trichophyton mentagrophytes<\/jats:italic>\n                    \/\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>interdigitale<\/jats:italic>\n                    complex is ongoing in India. The correct identity of the etiologic agent is a much-debated issue. In order to define species limits, a taxonomic study was undertaken combining molecular, morphological, and physiological characteristics as evidence of classification. Molecular characteristics show that\n                    <jats:italic>T. mentagrophytes s. str<\/jats:italic>\n                    . and\n                    <jats:italic>T. interdigitale s. str<\/jats:italic>\n                    . can be distinguished with difficulty from each other, but are unambiguously different from the Indian genotype,\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>indotineae<\/jats:italic>\n                    by sequences of the HMG gene. The entities were confirmed by multilocus analysis using tanglegrams. Phenotypic characters of morphology and physiology are not diagnostic, but statistically significant differences are observed between the molecular siblings. These properties may be drivers of separate evolutionary trends.\n                    <jats:italic>Trichophyton mentagrophytes<\/jats:italic>\n                    represents the ancestral, homothallic cloud of genotypes with a probable geophilic lifestyle, while\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>indotineae<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>interdigitale<\/jats:italic>\n                    behave as anthropophilic, clonal offshoots. The origin of\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>indotineae<\/jats:italic>\n                    , which currently causes a significant public health problem, is zoonotic, and its emergence is likely due to widespread misuse of antifungals.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-021-00544-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,15]],"date-time":"2021-07-15T08:48:45Z","timestamp":1626338925000},"page":"315-326","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":193,"title":["Taxonomy of the Trichophyton mentagrophytes\/T. interdigitale Species Complex Harboring the Highly Virulent, Multiresistant Genotype T. indotineae"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"186","author":[{"given":"Chao","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xue","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah A.","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rameshwari","family":"Thakur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anuradha","family":"Chowdhary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pietro","family":"Nenoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silke","family":"Uhrlass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shyam B.","family":"Verma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacques F.","family":"Meis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hazal","family":"Kandemir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingqian","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. Sybren","family":"de Hoog","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"544_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165rv13","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3004404","volume":"4","author":"GD Brown","year":"2012","unstructured":"Brown GD, Denning DW, Gow NAR, Levitz SM, Netea MG, White TC. Hidden killers: human fungal infections. Sci Transl Med. 2012;4:165rv13-165rv13.","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"544_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0507.2008.01606.x","volume":"51","author":"B Havlickova","year":"2008","unstructured":"Havlickova B, Czaika VA, Friedrich M. Epidemiological trends in skin mycoses worldwide. Mycoses. 2008;51:2\u201315.","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"544_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S134","DOI":"10.4103\/0255-0857.150922","volume":"33","author":"A Lakshmanan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lakshmanan A, Ganeshkumar P, Raam Mohan S, Hemamalini M, Madhavan R. Epidemiological and clinical pattern of dermatomycoses in rural India. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2015;33:S134\u20136.","journal-title":"Indian J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"544_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12772","volume":"61","author":"A Singh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Singh A, Masih A, Khurana A, Singh PK, Gupta M, Hagen F, et al. High terbinafine resistance in Trichophyton interdigitale isolates in Delhi, India harbouring mutations in the squalene epoxidase gene. Mycoses. 2018;61:477\u201384.","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"544_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5154.265814","volume":"64","author":"M Vineetha","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vineetha M, Sheeja S, Celine M, Sadeep M, Palackal S, Shanimole P, et al. Profile of dermatophytosis in a tertiary care center. Indian J Dermatol. 2019;64:266.","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol"},{"key":"544_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30079-3","volume":"18","author":"A Bishnoi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bishnoi A, Vinay K, Dogra S. Emergence of recalcitrant dermatophytosis in India. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018;18:250\u20131.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"544_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.4103\/ijdvl.IJDVL_645_17","volume":"84","author":"S Pathania","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pathania S, Rudramurthy SM, Narang T, Saikia UN, Dogra S. A prospective study of the epidemiological and clinical patterns of recurrent dermatophytosis at a tertiary care hospital in India. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2018;84:678\u201384.","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol"},{"key":"544_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2015-052036","volume":"91","author":"I Luchsinger","year":"2015","unstructured":"Luchsinger I, Bosshard PP, Kasper RS, Reinhardt D, Lautenschlager S. Tinea genitalis: a new entity of sexually transmitted infection? case series and review of the literature. Sex Transm Infect. 2015;91:493\u20136.","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"544_CR9","first-page":"493","volume":"17","author":"C Kupsch","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kupsch C, Czaika VA, Deutsch C, Gr\u00e4ser Y. Trichophyton mentagrophytes\u2014a new genotype of zoophilic dermatophyte causes sexually transmitted infections. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges J Ger Soc Dermatol. 2019;17:493\u2013501.","journal-title":"J Dtsch Dermatol Ges J Ger Soc Dermatol"},{"key":"544_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12878","volume":"62","author":"P Nenoff","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nenoff P, Verma SB, Vasani R, Burmester A, Hipler UC, Wittig F, et al. The current indian epidemic of superficial dermatophytosis due to Trichophyton mentagrophytes\u2014a molecular study. Mycoses. 2019;62:336\u201356.","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"544_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2019.103266","volume":"133","author":"A Singh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Singh A, Masih A, Monroy-Nieto J, Singh PK, Bowers J, Travis J, et al. A unique multidrug-resistant clonal Trichophyton population distinct from Trichophyton mentagrophytes\/Trichop hyton interdigitale complex causing an ongoing alarming dermatophytosis outbreak in India: genomic insights and resistance profile. Fungal Genet Biol. 2019;133:103266.","journal-title":"Fungal Genet Biol"},{"key":"544_CR12","first-page":"161","volume":"5","author":"M Jegadeesan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jegadeesan M, Kuruvila S, Nair S. Clinico-etiological study of tinea corporis: emergence of Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Int J Sci Study. 2017;5:161\u20135.","journal-title":"Int J Sci Study"},{"key":"544_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12848","volume":"62","author":"P Nenoff","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nenoff P, Verma SB, Uhrla\u00df S, Burmester A, Gr\u00e4ser Y. A clarion call for preventing taxonomical errors of dermatophytes using the example of the novel Trichophyton mentagrophytes genotype VIII uniformly isolated in the Indian epidemic of superficial dermatophytosis. Mycoses. 2019;62:6\u201310.","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"544_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12865","volume":"62","author":"A Chowdhary","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chowdhary A, Singh A, Singh PK, Khurana A, Meis JF. Perspectives on misidentification of Trichophyton interdigitale\/Trichophyton mentagrophytes using internal transcribed spacer region sequencing: urgent need to update the sequence database. Mycoses. 2019;62:11\u20135.","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"544_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-016-0073-9","volume":"182","author":"GS de Hoog","year":"2017","unstructured":"de Hoog GS, Dukik K, Monod M, Packeu A, Stubbe D, Hendrickx M, et al. Toward a novel multilocus phylogenetic taxonomy for the dermatophytes. Mycopathologia. 2017;182:5\u201331.","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"544_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1991.52.04.602","volume":"52","author":"KA Moriello","year":"1991","unstructured":"Moriello KA, DeBoer DJ. Fungal flora of the coat of pet cats. Am J Vet Res. 1991;52:602\u20136.","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res."},{"key":"544_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00437092","volume":"133","author":"MFJ Caba\u00f1es","year":"1996","unstructured":"Caba\u00f1es MFJ, Abarca ML, Bragulat MR, Castell\u00e0 G. Seasonal study of the fungal biota of the fur of dogs. Mycopathologia. 1996;133:1\u20137.","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"544_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kano R, Kimura U, Kakurai M, Hiruma J, Kamata H, Suga Y, et al. Trichophyton indotineae sp. nov.: a new highly terbinafine-resistant anthropophilic dermatophyte species. Mycopathologia. 2020;1\u201312.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-020-00455-8"},{"key":"544_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i884","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty560","volume":"34","author":"S Chen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen S, Zhou Y, Chen Y, Gu J. fastp: an ultra-fast all-in-one fastq preprocessor. Bioinformatics. 2018;34:i884\u201390.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"544_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1089\/cmb.2012.0021","volume":"19","author":"A Bankevich","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bankevich A, Nurk S, Antipov D, Gurevich AA, Dvorkin M, Kulikov AS, et al. SPAdes: a new genome assembly algorithm and its applications to single-cell sequencing. J Comput Biol. 2012;19:455\u201377.","journal-title":"J Comput Biol"},{"key":"544_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02088-w","volume":"9","author":"C Jain","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jain C, Rodriguez-R LM, Phillippy AM, Konstantinidis KT, Aluru S. High throughput ANI analysis of 90K prokaryotic genomes reveals clear species boundaries. Nat Commun. 2018;9:1\u20138.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"544_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780802108458","volume":"46","author":"A Ates","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ates A, Ozcan K, Ilkit M. Diagnostic value of morphological, physiological and biochemical tests in distinguishing Trichophyton rubrum from Trichophyton mentagrophytes complex. Med Mycol. 2008;46:811\u201322.","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"544_CR23","first-page":"1","volume":"57","author":"H Su","year":"2019","unstructured":"Su H, Packeu A, Ahmed SA, Al-Hatmi AMS, Blechert O, Ilkit M, et al. Species distinction in the Trichophyton rubrum complex. J Clin Microbiol. 2019;57:1\u201314.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"544_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02821327","volume":"34","author":"M Hejtm\u00e1nek","year":"1989","unstructured":"Hejtm\u00e1nek M, Hejtm\u00e1nkov\u00e1 N. Hybridization and sexual stimulation in Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Folia Microbiol. 1989;34:77\u20139.","journal-title":"Folia Microbiol"},{"key":"544_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2009.09494.x","volume":"162","author":"S Heidemann","year":"2010","unstructured":"Heidemann S, Monod M, Gr\u00e4ser Y. Signature polymorphisms in the internal transcribed spacer region relevant for the differentiation of zoophilic and anthropophilic strains of Trichophyton interdigitale and other species of T. mentagrophytes sensu lato. Br J Dermatol. 2010;162:282\u201395.","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"544_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myu033","volume":"52","author":"A Rezaei-Matehkolaei","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rezaei-Matehkolaei A, Mirhendi H, Makimura K, de Hoog GS, Satoh K, Najafzadeh MJ, et al. Nucleotide sequence analysis of beta tubulin gene in a wide range of dermatophytes. Med Mycol. 2014;52:674\u201388.","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"544_CR27","first-page":"113","volume":"185","author":"H Kandemir","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kandemir H, Dukik K, Hagen F, Ilkit M, Gr\u00e4ser Y, de Hoog GS. Polyphasic discrimination of Trichophyton tonsurans and T. equinum from humans and horses. Mycopathologia. 2020;185:113\u201322.","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"544_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1099\/00222615-13-1-155","volume":"13","author":"L Hellgren","year":"1980","unstructured":"Hellgren L, Vincent J. Lipolytic activity of some dermatophytes. J Med Microbiol. 1980;13:155\u20137.","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"544_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.8.2.240","volume":"8","author":"I Weitzman","year":"1995","unstructured":"Weitzman I, Summerbell RC. The dermatophytes. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1995;8:240\u201359.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"544_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.3390\/jof6030161","volume":"6","author":"M Berlin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Berlin M, Kupsch C, Ritter L, Stoelcker B, Heusinger A, Gr\u00e4ser Y. Germany-wide analysis of the prevalence and the propagation factors of the zoonotic dermatophyte Trichophyton benhamiae. J Fungi. 2020;6:161.","journal-title":"J Fungi"},{"key":"544_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2010.06.001","volume":"301","author":"F Symoens","year":"2011","unstructured":"Symoens F, Jousson O, Planard C, Fratti M, Staib P, Mignon B, et al. Molecular analysis and mating behaviour of the Trichophyton mentagrophytes species complex. Int J Med Microbiol. 2011;301:260\u20136.","journal-title":"Int J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"544_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780600606810","volume":"44","author":"Y Gr\u00e4ser","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gr\u00e4ser Y, de Hoog S, Summerbell RC. Dermatophytes: recognizing species of clonal fungi. Med Mycol. 2006;44:199\u2013209.","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"544_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"00100","DOI":"10.15406\/jdvar.2016.03.00100","volume":"3","author":"S Hossain","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hossain S. Prevalence of dermatophytosis in rabbits at SAQTVH, Chittagong, Bangladesh. J Dairy Vet Anim Res. 2016;3:00100.","journal-title":"J Dairy Vet Anim Res"},{"key":"544_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1991.198.09.1625","volume":"198","author":"CL Franklin","year":"1991","unstructured":"Franklin CL, Gibson SV, Caffrey CJ, Wagner JE, Steffen EK. Treatment of Trichophyton mentagrophytes infection in rabbits. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1991;198:1625\u201330.","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"544_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mmcr.2019.09.007","volume":"26","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Luo W, Tang C, de Hoog GS, Lu H, Jiang Y. Possible rabbit breeders\u2019 Trichophyton mentagrophytes infection characterized by Majocchi\u2019s granuloma in immunocompetent host: case report. Med Mycol Case Rep. 2019;26:19\u201322.","journal-title":"Med Mycol Case Rep"}],"container-title":["Mycopathologia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11046-021-00544-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11046-021-00544-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11046-021-00544-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]],"date-time":"2024-09-04T02:26:20Z","timestamp":1725416780000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11046-021-00544-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["544"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11046-021-00544-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0301-486X","1573-0832"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0301-486X","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-0832","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 December 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 March 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 April 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}