{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T10:59:34Z","timestamp":1781607574566,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756857600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756857600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["81970945"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81970945"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mycopathologia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-025-00990-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T11:15:39Z","timestamp":1756898139000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Chloroquine Alone and Combined with Antifungal Drug Against Candida albicans Biofilms In Vitro and In Vivo via Autophagy Inhibition"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"190","author":[{"given":"Xiao","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiaochu","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenyu","family":"Weng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuangbo","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yufei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiyu","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuening","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanjing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5446-2372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"990_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/11786337211026927","author":"FCN Kotey","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kotey FCN, Dayie NTKD, Tetteh-Uarcoo PB, Donkor ES. Candida bloodstream infections: changes in epidemiology and increase in drug resistance. Infect Dis (Auckl). 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/11786337211026927.","journal-title":"Infect Dis (Auckl)"},{"key":"990_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105418","author":"S Das","year":"2022","unstructured":"Das S, Goswami AM, Saha T. An insight into the role of protein kinases as virulent factors, regulating pathogenic attributes in Candida albicans. Microb Pathog. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105418.","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"990_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2022.102237","author":"J Kaur","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kaur J, Nobile CJ. Antifungal drug-resistance mechanisms in Candida biofilms. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mib.2022.102237.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Microbiol"},{"key":"990_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-020-01393-9","author":"A Mohr","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mohr A, Simon M, Joha T, Hanses F, Salzberger B, Hitzenbichler F. Epidemiology of candidemia and impact of infectious disease consultation on survival and care. Infection. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s15010-020-01393-9.","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"990_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo10030106","author":"J Hou\u0161\u0165","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hou\u0161\u0165 J, Sp\u00ed\u017eek J, Havl\u00ed\u010dek V. Antifungal drugs. Metabolites. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/metabo10030106.","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"990_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2015.02.008","author":"Q Yu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yu Q, Jia C, Dong Y, Zhang B, Xiao C, Chen Y, et al. Candida albicans autophagy, no longer a bystander: its role in tolerance to ER stress-related antifungal drugs. Fungal Genet Biol. 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fgb.2015.02.008.","journal-title":"Fungal Genet Biol"},{"key":"990_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00142-23","author":"E Puumala","year":"2024","unstructured":"Puumala E, Fallah S, Robbins N, Cowen LE. Advancements and challenges in antifungal therapeutic development. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/cmr.00142-23.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"990_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00121-24","author":"A Kane","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kane A, Dinh H, Campbell L, Cain AK, Hibbs D, Carter D. Spectrum of activity and mechanisms of azole-bisphosphonate synergy in pathogenic Candida. Microbiol Spectr. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/spectrum.00121-24.","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"990_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2023.106709","author":"Y Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang Y, Yan H, Li J, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Sun S. Antifungal activity and potential mechanism of action of caspofungin in combination with ribavirin against Candida albicans. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2023.106709.","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"990_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-025-00948-4","author":"IY Retore","year":"2025","unstructured":"Retore IY, Lucini F, Simionatto S, Rossato L. Synergistic antifungal activity of pentamidine and auranofin against multidrug-resistant Candida auris. Mycopathologia. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11046-025-00948-4.","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"990_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jobm.202400603","author":"Y Huang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Huang Y, Yu S, Liu S, Zhao X, Chen X, Wei X. Autophagy activated by Atg1 interacts with Atg9 promotes biofilm formation and resistance of Candida albicans. J Basic Microbiol. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jobm.202400603.","journal-title":"J Basic Microbiol"},{"key":"990_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14111472","author":"S Augello","year":"2024","unstructured":"Augello S, Cameli V, Montanari A, Tacconi S, Uccelletti D, Dini L, et al. The antifungal potential of ozonated extra-virgin olive oil against Candida albicans: mechanisms and efficacy. Biomolecules. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom14111472.","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"990_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-023-03824-1","author":"K Sharma","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sharma K, Parmanu PK, Sharma M. Mechanisms of antifungal resistance and developments in alternative strategies to combat Candida albicans infection. Arch Microbiol. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00203-023-03824-1.","journal-title":"Arch Microbiol"},{"key":"990_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108781","author":"S Hossain","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hossain S, Lash E, Veri AO, Cowen LE. Functional connections between cell cycle and proteostasis in the regulation of Candida albicans morphogenesis. Cell Rep. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108781.","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"990_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22083965","author":"M Ito","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ito M, Yurube T, Kanda Y, Kakiuchi Y, Takeoka Y, Takada T, et al. Inhibition of autophagy at different stages by ATG5 knockdown and chloroquine supplementation enhances consistent human disc cellular apoptosis and senescence induction rather than extracellular matrix catabolism. Int J Mol Sci. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22083965.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"990_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12223-023-01040-4","author":"X Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang X, Long X, Jia S, Zhu J, Zhou Z, Ahmed S, et al. In vitro and in vivo synergistic effects of hydroxychloroquine and itraconazole on Cryptococcus neoformans. Folia Microbiol (Praha). 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12223-023-01040-4.","journal-title":"Folia Microbiol (Praha)"},{"key":"990_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2021.07.028","author":"RCMC Silva","year":"2021","unstructured":"Silva RCMC, Tan L, Rodrigues DA, Prestes EB, Gomes CP, Gama AM, et al. Chloroquine inhibits pro-inflammatory effects of heme on macrophages and invivo. Free Radic Biol Med. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2021.07.028.","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"990_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11082015","author":"J Shen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shen J, Ma M, Duan W, Huang Y, Shi B, Wu Q, et al. Autophagy alters the susceptibility of Candida albicans biofilms to antifungal agents. Microorganisms. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms11082015.","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"990_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41368-023-00245-0","author":"X Liang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liang X, Chen D, Wang J, Liao B, Shen J, Ye X, et al. Artemisinins inhibit oral candidiasis caused by Candida albicans through the repression on its hyphal development. Int J Oral Sci. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41368-023-00245-0.","journal-title":"Int J Oral Sci"},{"key":"990_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/pr060656c","author":"L Yan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Yan L, Zhang JD, Cao YB, Gao PH, Jiang YY. Proteomic analysis reveals a metabolism shift in a laboratory fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans strain. J Proteome Res. 2007. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/pr060656c.","journal-title":"J Proteome Res"},{"key":"990_CR21","volume-title":"Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of yeasts","author":"CLSI","year":"2017","unstructured":"CLSI. Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of yeasts. 4th ed. Wayne: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2017.","edition":"4"},{"key":"990_CR22","volume-title":"Performance standards for antifungal susceptibility testing of yeasts","author":"CLSI","year":"2017","unstructured":"CLSI. Performance standards for antifungal susceptibility testing of yeasts. 1st ed. Wayne: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2017.","edition":"1"},{"key":"990_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08927014.2022.2153332","author":"S Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu S, Jiang L, Miao H, Lv Y, Zhang Q, Ma M, et al. Autophagy regulation of ATG13 and ATG27 on biofilm formation and antifungal resistance in Candida albicans. Biofouling. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08927014.2022.2153332.","journal-title":"Biofouling"},{"key":"990_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-018-8959-8","author":"Y Zhou","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhou Y, Yang H, Zhou X, Luo H, Tang F, Yang J, et al. Lovastatin synergizes with itraconazole against planktonic cells and biofilms of Candida albicans through the regulation on ergosterol biosynthesis pathway. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00253-018-8959-8.","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"990_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8090967","author":"J Meletiadis","year":"2022","unstructured":"Meletiadis J, Andes DR, Lockhart SR, Ghannoum MA, Knapp CC, Ostrosky-Zeichner L, et al. Multicenter collaborative study of the interaction of antifungal combinations against Candida spp. by Loewe additivity and Bliss independence-based response surface analysis. J Fungi (Basel). 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jof8090967.","journal-title":"J Fungi (Basel)"},{"key":"990_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08927014.2017.1295304","author":"J Xia","year":"2017","unstructured":"Xia J, Qian F, Xu W, Zhang Z, Wei X. In vitro inhibitory effects of farnesol and interactions between farnesol and antifungals against biofilms of Candida albicans resistant strains. Biofouling. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08927014.2017.1295304.","journal-title":"Biofouling"},{"key":"990_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.71150\/jm.2411008","author":"X Zhao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhao X, Wang Y, Zhang Q, Huang Y, Wei X, Wu D. Antifungal effects of metformin against Candida albicans by autophagy regulation. J Microbiol. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.71150\/jm.2411008.","journal-title":"J Microbiol"},{"key":"990_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.47.1.106-117.2003","author":"J Meletiadis","year":"2002","unstructured":"Meletiadis J, Mouton JW, Meis JFGM, Verweij PE. In vitro drug interaction modeling of combinations of azoles with terbinafine against clinical Scedosporium prolificans isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2002. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.47.1.106-117.2003.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"990_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.37.3.540","author":"MN Prichard","year":"1993","unstructured":"Prichard MN, Prichard LE, Shipman CJ. Strategic design and three-dimensional analysis of antiviral drug combinations. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1993. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.37.3.540.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"990_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08927014.2020.1777401","author":"L Jiang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jiang L, Zheng L, Sun K, Zhou P, Xu R, Gu J, et al. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of the antifungal activity of fluoxetine combined with antifungals against Candida albicans biofilms and oral candidiasis. Biofouling. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08927014.2020.1777401.","journal-title":"Biofouling"},{"key":"990_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.826123","author":"BNAS Pimentel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pimentel BNAS, Marin-Dett FH, Assis M, Barbugli PA, Longo E, Vergani CE. Antifungal activity and biocompatibility of \u03b1-AgVO3, \u03b1-Ag2WO4, and \u03b2-Ag2MoO4 using a three-dimensional coculture model of the oral Mucosa. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbioe.2022.826123.","journal-title":"Front Bioeng Biotechnol"},{"key":"990_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-016-0859-4","author":"AI Gonz\u00e1lez-Ram\u00edrez","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Ram\u00edrez AI, Ram\u00edrez-Granillo A, Medina-Canales MG, Rodr\u00edguez-Tovar AV, Mart\u00ednez-Rivera MA. Analysis and description of the stages of Aspergillus fumigatus biofilm formation using scanning electron microscopy. BMC Microbiol. 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12866-016-0859-4.","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"990_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2023.106820","author":"S Yang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang S, Peng X, Ren B, Luo Y, Xu X. Small molecule II-6s synergises with fluconazole against Candida albicans. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2023.106820.","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"990_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2024.107172","author":"XR Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen XR, Zhou T, Zhou ZD, Fang ZH, Wang KB, Zhang C, et al. The discovery of an anti-Candida xanthone with selective inhibition of Candida albicans GAPDH. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2024.107172.","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"990_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0891-5849(99)00107-0","author":"H Wang","year":"1999","unstructured":"Wang H, Joseph JA. Quantifying cellular oxidative stress by dichlorofluorescein assay using microplate reader. Free Radic Biol Med. 1999. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0891-5849(99)00107-0.","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"990_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.2411.11060","author":"Y Huang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Huang Y, Miao H, Lv Y, Wang Y, Yu S, Xin W. Aspirin combined with antifungal drugs suppresses Candida albicans biofilm by activating autophagy. J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4014\/jmb.2411.11060.","journal-title":"J Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"990_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2003.tb03403.x","author":"N Takakura","year":"2003","unstructured":"Takakura N, Sato Y, Ishibashi H, Oshima H, Uchida K, Yamaguchi H, et al. A novel murine model of oral candidiasis with local symptoms characteristic of oral thrush. Microbiol Immunol. 2003. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2003.tb03403.x.","journal-title":"Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"990_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2021.105346","author":"Z Song","year":"2021","unstructured":"Song Z, Liu Y, Xie C, Tong X, Wang X, Zhou Y, et al. Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of choroquine derivatives bearing long aminated side chains as antivirus and anti-inflammatory agents. Bioorg Chem. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bioorg.2021.105346.","journal-title":"Bioorg Chem"},{"key":"990_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2017.263","author":"SAA Rahim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rahim SAA, Dirkse A, Oudin A, Schuster A, Bohler J, Barthelemy V, et al. Regulation of hypoxia-induced autophagy in glioblastoma involves ATG9A. Br J Cancer. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/bjc.2017.263.","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"990_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2017.1356976","author":"NJ Palmisano","year":"2017","unstructured":"Palmisano NJ, Rosario N, Wysocki M, Hong M, Grant B, Mel\u00e9ndez A. The recycling endosome protein RAB-10 promotes autophagic flux and localization of the transmembrane protein ATG-9. Autophagy. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15548627.2017.1356976.","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"990_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.576093","author":"S Kamat","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kamat S, Kumari M. Repurposing chloroquine against multiple diseases with special attention to SARS-CoV-2 and associated toxicity. Front Pharmacol. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2021.576093.","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"990_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s42358-020-00134-8","author":"ETR Neto","year":"2020","unstructured":"Neto ETR, Kakehasi AM, Pinheiro MM, Ferreira GA, Marques CDL, Mota LMH, et al. Revisiting hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine for patients with chronic immunity-mediated inflammatory rheumatic diseases. Adv Rheumatol. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s42358-020-00134-8.","journal-title":"Adv Rheumatol"},{"key":"990_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa546","author":"S Grassin-Delyle","year":"2020","unstructured":"Grassin-Delyle S, Salvator H, Brollo M, Catherinot E, Sage E, Couderc LJ, et al. Chloroquine inhibits the release of inflammatory cytokines by human lung explants. Clin Infect Dis. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciaa546.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"990_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kei282","author":"CH Jang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Jang CH, Choi JH, Byun MS, Jue DM. Chloroquine inhibits production of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IL-6 from lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human monocytes\/macrophages by different modes. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2006. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/rheumatology\/kei282.","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"990_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-020-00891-1","author":"C Smit","year":"2020","unstructured":"Smit C, Peeters MYM, Anker JN, Knibbe CAJ. Chloroquine for SARS-CoV-2: implications of its unique pharmacokinetic and safety properties. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40262-020-00891-1.","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"990_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03667-22","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Kepiro I, Ryadnov MG, Pagliara S. Single cell killing kinetics differentiate phenotypic bacterial responses to different antibacterial classes. Microbiol Spectr. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/spectrum.03667-22.","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"990_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2312651120","author":"A Bren","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bren A, Glass DS, Kohanim YK, Mayo A, Alon U. Tradeoffs in bacterial physiology determine the efficiency of antibiotic killing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2312651120.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"990_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/319259","author":"SM Weber","year":"2001","unstructured":"Weber SM, Levitz SM. Chloroquine antagonizes the proinflammatory cytokine response to opportunistic fungi by alkalizing the fungal phagolysosome. J Infect Dis. 2001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/319259.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"990_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.860146","author":"J Jeong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jeong J, Choi YJ, Lee HK. The role of autophagy in the function of CD4(+) T cells and the development of chronic inflammatory diseases. Front Pharmacol. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2022.860146.","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"990_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit103","author":"SSV Henriet","year":"2013","unstructured":"Henriet SSV, Jans J, Simonetti E, Kwon-Chung KJ, Rijs AJMM, Hermans PWM, et al. Chloroquine modulates the fungal immune response in phagocytic cells from patients with chronic granulomatous disease. J Infect Dis. 2013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jit103.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"990_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes13070670","author":"SS Efimova","year":"2023","unstructured":"Efimova SS, Malykhina AI, Ostroumova OS. Triggering the amphotericin B pore-forming activity by phytochemicals. Membranes. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/membranes13070670.","journal-title":"Membranes"},{"key":"990_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06710-4","author":"A Maji","year":"2023","unstructured":"Maji A, Soutar CP, Zhang J, Lewandowska A, Uno BE, Yan S, et al. Tuning sterol extraction kinetics yields a renal-sparing polyene antifungal. Nature. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-023-06710-4.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"990_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-020-00382-7","author":"FB Cavassin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cavassin FB, Ba\u00fa-Carneiro JL, Vilas-Boas RR, Queiroz-Telles F. Sixty years of Amphotericin B: an overview of the main antifungal agent used to treat invasive fungal infections. Infect Dis Ther. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40121-020-00382-7.","journal-title":"Infect Dis Ther"},{"key":"990_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2018.1474314","author":"M Mauthe","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mauthe M, Orhon I, Rocchi C, Zhou X, Luhr M, Hijlkema KJ, et al. Chloroquine inhibits autophagic flux by decreasing autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Autophagy. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15548627.2018.1474314.","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"990_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13133227","author":"MY Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen MY, Yadav VK, Chu YC, Ong JR, Huang TY, Lee KF, et al. Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) modulates autophagy and oxidative DNA damage stress in hepatocellular carcinoma to overcome sorafenib resistance via TLR9\/SOD1\/hsa-miR-30a-5p\/Beclin-1 axis. Cancers (Basel). 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers13133227.","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"990_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.2411","author":"A Haghi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Haghi A, Salemi M, Fakhimahmadi A, Kian MM, Yousefi H, Rahmati M, et al. Effects of different autophagy inhibitors on sensitizing KG-1 and HL-60 leukemia cells to chemotherapy. IUBMB Life. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/iub.2411.","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"key":"990_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12222655","author":"KM Czajka","year":"2023","unstructured":"Czajka KM, Venkataraman K, Brabant-Kirwan D, Santi SA, Verschoor C, Appanna VD, et al. Molecular mechanisms associated with antifungal resistance in pathogenic Candida species. Cells. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells12222655.","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"990_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-022-04074-2","author":"F Xu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xu F, Tautenhahn HM, Dirsch O, Dahmen U. Blocking autophagy with chloroquine aggravates lipid accumulation and reduces intracellular energy synthesis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells, both contributing to its anti-proliferative effect. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00432-022-04074-2.","journal-title":"J Cancer Res Clin Oncol"},{"key":"990_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00478-13","author":"F Islahudin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Islahudin F, Khozoie C, Bates S, Ting KN, Pleass RJ, Avery SV. Cell wall perturbation sensitizes fungi to the antimalarial drug chloroquine. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AAC.00478-13.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"990_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2021.151490","author":"JC P\u00e9rez","year":"2021","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez JC. Fungi of the human gut microbiota: roles and significance. Int J Med Microbiol. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijmm.2021.151490.","journal-title":"Int J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"990_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajd.14115","author":"XQ Koh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Koh XQ, Pan JY. Recalcitrant cutaneous fungal infections-a growing problem. Australas J Dermatol. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ajd.14115.","journal-title":"Australas J Dermatol"},{"key":"990_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/ccid.S127841","author":"A Metin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Metin A, Dilek N, Bilgili SG. Recurrent candidal intertrigo: challenges and solutions. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/ccid.S127841.","journal-title":"Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol"},{"key":"990_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23123349","author":"C L\u00f3pez-Castillo","year":"2018","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Castillo C, Rodr\u00edguez-Fern\u00e1ndez C, C\u00f3rdoba M, Torrado JJ. Permeability characteristics of a new antifungal topical amphotericin B formulation with \u03b3-cyclodextrins. Molecules. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules23123349.","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"990_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/ccid.S440308","author":"M Wei","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wei M, Yang H, Shao Z, Wan H, Wang Y, Chen W. Effect of chloroquine on type 2 inflammatory response in MC903-induced atopic dermatitis mice. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/ccid.S440308.","journal-title":"Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol"},{"key":"990_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v30.i48.5212","author":"S Patnaik","year":"2024","unstructured":"Patnaik S, Durairajan SSK, Singh AK, Krishnamoorthi S, Iyaswamy A, Mandavi SP, et al. Role of Candida species in pathogenesis, immune regulation, and prognostic tools for managing ulcerative colitis and Crohn\u2019s disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v30.i48.5212.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"990_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11101375","author":"S Carradori","year":"2022","unstructured":"Carradori S, Ammazzalorso A, De Filippis B, \u015eahin AF, Akdemir A, Orekhova A, et al. Azole-based compounds that are active against Candida biofilm. In vitro, in vivo and in silico studies. Antibiotics. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics11101375.","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"990_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00485","author":"SK Dash","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dash SK, Benival D, Jindal AB. Formulation strategies to overcome Amphotericin B induced toxicity. Mol Pharm. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00485.","journal-title":"Mol Pharm"}],"container-title":["Mycopathologia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11046-025-00990-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11046-025-00990-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11046-025-00990-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T12:06:02Z","timestamp":1758974762000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11046-025-00990-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["990"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11046-025-00990-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0301-486X","1573-0832"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0301-486X","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-0832","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 September 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"All animal experiments of this study were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of Nanjing Medical University (Approval No. IACUC-2209004).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}}],"article-number":"82"}}