{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T21:40:17Z","timestamp":1792532417040,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773100800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773100800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009980","name":"Medical University of Innsbruck","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["D-155110-017-016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D-155110-017-016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009980","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mycopathologia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Diagnosis of catheter-associated candiduria is limited by absent colony-forming unit (CFU) thresholds and heterogeneous laboratory workflows, complicating patient management. Within a quality-improvement (QI) initiative we aimed to (1) implement and evaluate a standardised quantitative culture (QM) workflow for catheter urine, (2) compare QM with routine semi-quantitative culture (SQM) for CFU detection and reproducibility, and (3) assess whether visible urine aggregates predict\n                    <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. presence. From February 2024 to February 2025, we analysed 222 yeast-positive urine samples from 74 catheterised patients. This pilot combined process standardisation, parallel SQM and QM testing, targeted microscopy of aggregate-containing samples, and species identification by CHROMID\u00ae\n                    <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>\n                    agar and MALDI-TOF. Agreement between methods, intra-patient CFU variability over three daily samples, and the predictive value of aggregates were assessed. Aggregates were present in 29\/222 samples (13.1%), of which 13 (44.8%) contained\n                    <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp., mainly\n                    <jats:italic>C. albicans.<\/jats:italic>\n                    No reliable macroscopic features distinguished\n                    <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>\n                    -positive from -negative aggregates. QM and SQM showed poor agreement (Bowker\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001, \u03ba\u2009=\u20090.17). QM detected growth in samples reported as \u201csterile\u201d by SQM and provided continuous CFU counts. Cohort-level median QM counts were stable, but 13 patients (17.6%) showed notable variability, with 5 (6.8%) fluctuating\u2009&gt;\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00a0CFU\/mL. Process data suggested batching and variable pre-analytics as contributors to discordance. A standardised QM workflow revealed substantial discordance with SQM and highlighted pre-analytical variability. Visible aggregates are unreliable indicators for\n                    <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. presence. Adoption of standardised quantitative culture, systematic microscopy, and structured lab-clinician communication may improve diagnostic consistency; prospective evaluation is warranted.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-026-01060-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T09:19:24Z","timestamp":1773134364000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Catheter-Associated Candiduria: Aggregates, Microscopy, and CFU Variability"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"191","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5140-509X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephan","family":"Steixner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2413-3425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelika","family":"Bauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5584-111X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa","family":"Bellmann-Weiler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2946-7785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cornelia","family":"Lass-Fl\u00f6rl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"1060_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jof11070483","author":"L Castellano-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2025","unstructured":"Castellano-S\u00e1nchez L, Rosales-Castillo A, Marcos-Rodr\u00edguez R, Olvera-Porcel MC, Navarro-Mar\u00ed JM, Guti\u00e9rrez-Fern\u00e1ndez J. Microbiological relevance of Candida in urine cultures. J Fungi (Basel). 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jof11070483.","journal-title":"J Fungi (Basel)"},{"key":"1060_CR2","volume-title":"Point prevalence survey of healthcare-associated infections and antimicrobial use in European acute care hospitals, 2022-2023","author":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control","year":"2024","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Point prevalence survey of healthcare-associated infections and antimicrobial use in European acute care hospitals, 2022-2023. Stockholm: ECDC; 2024."},{"key":"1060_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-025-10996-2","volume":"25","author":"J Sleziak","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sleziak J, B\u0142a\u017cejewska M, Duszy\u0144ska W. Catheter-associated urinary tract infections in the intensive care unit during and after the COVID- 19 pandemic. BMC Infect Dis. 2025;25:595. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-025-10996-2.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"1060_CR4","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Healthcare-associated infections acquired in intensive care units. In: ECDC. Annual epidemiological report for 2020. Stockholm: ECDC; 2024."},{"key":"1060_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0309755","volume":"19","author":"R Rabi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rabi R, Enaya A, Jomaa DM, Dweekat MZ, Raddad S, Saqfalhait ZT, et al. Catheter-associated urinary tract infections in critical care: understanding incidence, risk factors, and pathogenic causes in Palestine. PLoS ONE. 2024;19:e0309755. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0309755.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1060_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.16284","volume":"13","author":"MH Gad","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gad MH, AbdelAziz HH. Catheter-associated urinary tract infections in the adult patient group: a qualitative systematic review on the adopted preventative and interventional protocols from the literature. Cureus. 2021;13:e16284. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.16284.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"1060_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2013.09.004","volume":"28","author":"CA Kauffman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kauffman CA. Diagnosis and management of fungal urinary tract infection. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2014;28:61\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.idc.2013.09.004.","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"1060_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-003-1807-y","volume":"29","author":"F Alvarez-Lerma","year":"2003","unstructured":"Alvarez-Lerma F, Nolla-Salas J, Le\u00f3n C, Palomar M, Jord\u00e1 R, Carrasco N, et al. Candiduria in critically ill patients admitted to intensive care medical units. Intensive Care Med. 2003;29:1069\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00134-003-1807-y.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"1060_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10071-24932","volume":"29","author":"T Jha","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jha T, Khaparde M, Parkhe TS, Purandare B, Lavate R. Incidence risk factors and drug resistance patterns of bacterial isolates in patients with catheter-associated urinary tract infections. Indian J Crit Care Med. 2025;29:338\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5005\/jp-journals-10071-24932.","journal-title":"Indian J Crit Care Med"},{"key":"1060_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jof6040245","author":"JAT Poloni","year":"2020","unstructured":"Poloni JAT, Rotta LN. Urine sediment findings and the immune response to pathologies in fungal urinary tract infections caused by Candida spp. J Fungi. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jof6040245.","journal-title":"J Fungi"},{"key":"1060_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.28241","volume":"120","author":"J Allkja","year":"2023","unstructured":"Allkja J, Goeres DM, Azevedo AS, Azevedo NF. Interactions of microorganisms within a urinary catheter polymicrobial biofilm model. Biotechnol Bioeng. 2023;120:239\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bit.28241.","journal-title":"Biotechnol Bioeng"},{"key":"1060_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0507.2011.02040.x","volume":"54","author":"M Ruhnke","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ruhnke M, Rickerts V, Cornely OA, Buchheidt D, Gl\u00f6ckner A, Heinz W, et al. Diagnosis and therapy of Candida infections: joint recommendations of the German Speaking Mycological Society and the Paul-Ehrlich-Society for Chemotherapy. Mycoses. 2011;54:279\u2013310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1439-0507.2011.02040.x.","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"1060_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.89a.22008","volume":"89","author":"GT Werneburg","year":"2022","unstructured":"Werneburg GT, Rhoads DD. Diagnostic stewardship for urinary tract infection: a snapshot of the expert guidance. Cleve Clin J Med. 2022;89:581\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3949\/ccjm.89a.22008.","journal-title":"Cleve Clin J Med"},{"key":"1060_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e83","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy1121","volume":"68","author":"LE Nicolle","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nicolle LE, Gupta K, Bradley SF, Colgan R, DeMuri GP, Drekonja D, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the management of asymptomatic bacteriuria: 2019 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2019;68:e83\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciy1121.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"1060_CR15","unstructured":"Schubert S, Podschun R, Getermann S, F\u00fcnfst\u00fcck R, Naber KG, Schimanski F, Wagenlehner F. MiQ 2: Urinary tract infections. In: Podbielski A, Abele-Horn M, Becker K, Kniehl E, R\u00fcssmann H, Schubert S, Zimmermann S, editors. MiQ: Quality standards in microbiological and infectious disease diagnostics. 3rd ed. Munich: Urban & Fischer in Elsevier; 2020."},{"key":"1060_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00278-12","volume":"12","author":"CJ Heilmann","year":"2013","unstructured":"Heilmann CJ, Sorgo AG, Mohammadi S, Sosinska GJ, de Koster CG, Brul S, et al. Surface stress induces a conserved cell wall stress response in the pathogenic fungus Candida albicans. Eukaryot Cell. 2013;12:254\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/EC.00278-12.","journal-title":"Eukaryot Cell"},{"key":"1060_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1309\/AJCP4KVGQZEG1YDM","volume":"137","author":"JH Kwon","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kwon JH, Fausone MK, Du H, Robicsek A, Peterson LR. Impact of laboratory-reported urine culture colony counts on the diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract infection for hospitalized patients. Am J Clin Pathol. 2012;137:778\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1309\/AJCP4KVGQZEG1YDM.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"1060_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202203291","volume":"9","author":"Y Su","year":"2022","unstructured":"Su Y, Yrastorza JT, Matis M, Cusick J, Zhao S, Wang G, et al. Biofilms: formation, research models, potential targets, and methods for prevention and treatment. Adv Sci. 2022;9:e2203291. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/advs.202203291.","journal-title":"Adv Sci"},{"key":"1060_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1980-220X-REEUSP-2021-0552","volume":"56","author":"MF Sousa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sousa MF, Reis LGO, Da Baracho VS, de Oliveira SL, Gomes GdF, Lucas TC. Microbiological and microstructural analysis of indwelling bladder catheters and urinary tract infection prevention. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2022;56:e20210552. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/1980-220X-REEUSP-2021-0552.","journal-title":"Rev Esc Enferm USP"},{"key":"1060_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.3390\/siuj5030034","volume":"5","author":"KKY Chew","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chew KKY, Kas M, Mancuso P. Urinary tract obstruction secondary to fungal balls: a systematic review. Soc Int Urol J. 2024;5:227\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/siuj5030034.","journal-title":"Soc Int Urol J"},{"key":"1060_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2307\/2529310","volume":"33","author":"JR Landis","year":"1977","unstructured":"Landis JR, Koch GG. The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics. 1977;33:159\u201374.","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"1060_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18502\/ijph.v48i1.804","author":"A Fazeli","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fazeli A, Kordbacheh P, Nazari A, Daie Ghazvini R, Mirhendi H, Safara M, et al. Candiduria in hospitalized patients and identification of isolated Candida species by morphological and molecular methods in Ilam. Iran ijph. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18502\/ijph.v48i1.804.","journal-title":"Iran ijph"},{"key":"1060_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.5173\/ceju.2019.1909","volume":"72","author":"M Gajd\u00e1cs","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gajd\u00e1cs M, D\u00f3czi I, \u00c1br\u00f3k M, L\u00e1z\u00e1r A, Buri\u00e1n K. Epidemiology of candiduria and Candida urinary tract infections in inpatients and outpatients: results from a 10-year retrospective survey. Cent European J Urol. 2019;72:209\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5173\/ceju.2019.1909.","journal-title":"Cent European J Urol"},{"key":"1060_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.70073","volume":"68","author":"S Ahmad","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ahmad S, Boekhout T, Al-Hatmi AMS, Al-Harrasi A, Khateb AM, Al Dhaheri F, et al. Epidemiology of candidemia, candiduria and emerging Candidozyma (Candida) auris across Gulf Cooperative Council Countries and Yemen in the Arabian Peninsula. Mycoses. 2025;68:e70073. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/myc.70073.","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"1060_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-55523-x","volume":"9","author":"AAH Gadalla","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gadalla AAH, Friberg IM, Kift-Morgan A, Zhang J, Eberl M, Topley N, et al. Identification of clinical and urine biomarkers for uncomplicated urinary tract infection using machine learning algorithms. Sci Rep. 2019;9:19694. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-55523-x.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1060_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.106.5.e60","volume":"106","author":"B Bulloch","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bulloch B, Bausher JC, Pomerantz WJ, Connors JM, Mahabee-Gittens M, Dowd MD. Can urine clarity exclude the diagnosis of urinary tract infection? Pediatrics. 2000;106:E60. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.106.5.e60.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"1060_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-000-0056-2","volume":"2","author":"JF Fisher","year":"2000","unstructured":"Fisher JF. Candiduria: when and how to treat it. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2000;2:523\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11908-000-0056-2.","journal-title":"Curr Infect Dis Rep"},{"key":"1060_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ933","volume":"62","author":"PG Pappas","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pappas PG, Kauffman CA, Andes DR, Clancy CJ, Marr KA, Ostrosky-Zeichner L, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the management of candidiasis: 2016 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;62:e1-50. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/civ933.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"Suppl 7","key":"1060_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12039","volume":"18","author":"OA Cornely","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cornely OA, Bassetti M, Calandra T, Garbino J, Kullberg BJ, Lortholary O, et al. ESCMID* guideline for the diagnosis and management of Candida diseases 2012: non-neutropenic adult patients. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012;18(Suppl 7):19\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1469-0691.12039.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"1060_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-020-00149-5","volume":"6","author":"MJ Dunn","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dunn MJ, Fillinger RJ, Anderson LM, Anderson MZ. Automated quantification of Candida albicans biofilm-related phenotypes reveals additive contributions to biofilm production. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes. 2020;6:36. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41522-020-00149-5.","journal-title":"NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"key":"1060_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.953168","volume":"12","author":"MB Atiencia-Carrera","year":"2022","unstructured":"Atiencia-Carrera MB, Cabezas-Mera FS, Vizuete K, Debut A, Tejera E, Machado A. Evaluation of the biofilm life cycle between Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2022;12:953168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2022.953168.","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"1060_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02577-15","volume":"54","author":"C Quiblier","year":"2016","unstructured":"Quiblier C, Jetter M, Rominski M, Mouttet F, B\u00f6ttger EC, Keller PM, et al. Performance of Copan WASP for routine urine microbiology. J Clin Microbiol. 2016;54:585\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JCM.02577-15.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"1060_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1007\/s100960100577","volume":"20","author":"S Brun","year":"2001","unstructured":"Brun S, Bouchara JP, Bocquel A, Basile AM, Contet-Audonneau N, Chabasse D. Evaluation of five commercial Sabouraud gentamicin-chloramphenicol agar media. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2001;20:718\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s100960100577.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"1060_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1023\/b:myco.0000012223.38967.7d","volume":"157","author":"JO Silva","year":"2004","unstructured":"Silva JO, Franceschini SA, Lavrador MAS, Candido RC. Performance of selective and differential media in the primary isolation of yeasts from different biological samples. Mycopathologia. 2004;157:29\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/b:myco.0000012223.38967.7d.","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"1060_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.3.6.640-642.1976","volume":"3","author":"MD Brashear","year":"1976","unstructured":"Brashear MD, Wong J, Hines P, Smith RF. Comparative isolation of vaginal yeasts on selective and nonselective media. J Clin Microbiol. 1976;3:640\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jcm.3.6.640-642.1976.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"1060_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-15111-8","volume":"15","author":"Y Kawamoto","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kawamoto Y, Kaku N, Akamatsu N, Mitsumoto-Kaseida F, Takazono T, Kosai K, et al. Evaluation of automated streaking patterns in urine culture for clinical workflow optimization. Sci Rep. 2025;15:30175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-15111-8.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"}],"container-title":["Mycopathologia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11046-026-01060-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11046-026-01060-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11046-026-01060-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T09:07:19Z","timestamp":1777280839000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11046-026-01060-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["1060"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11046-026-01060-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0301-486X","1573-0832"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0301-486X","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-0832","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in this study, specifically for analysing white aggregates in UTC. For the investigation of the CFU variability, residual samples from routine diagnostics were used.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of the Medical University of Innsbruck.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}}],"article-number":"40"}}