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This study investigated the prevalence of\n                      <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0colonization and its associated factors among HIV-negative adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) in South Africa. Furthermore, STIs associated with\n                      <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      colonization and\n                      <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                      deficiency were investigated.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Secondary data analysis was performed on 138 HIV-negative AGYW of Eastern Cape province, South Africa. Secondary data included cervico-vaginal detected\n                      <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                      species (\n                      <jats:italic>L. crispatus, L. gasseri<\/jats:italic>\n                      or\n                      <jats:italic>L. jensenii<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), bacterial vaginosis, human papillomavirus (HPV),\n                      <jats:italic>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      , herpes simplex virus type 1\/2 (HSV-1\/2), and\n                      <jats:italic>Mycoplasma genitalium<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and behavioural questionnaires. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were performed using GraphPad Prism Version 8.0.1.244.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A proportion of 27.58% were positive for\n                      <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and 84.06% tested positive for at least one investigated STI (73.91% for HPV, 31.16% for\n                      <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n                      , 12.32% for\n                      <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n                      , 10.87% for\n                      <jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      , 7.25% for HSV-1\/2, and 5.80% for\n                      <jats:italic>M. genitalium<\/jats:italic>\n                      ). Frequent sexual intercourse (more than two times within the past 30\u00a0days) was associated with higher odds of\n                      <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      (OR: 1.84, 95% CI 1.85\u20133.80,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.036), alcohol consumption (OR: 3.60, 95% CI 1.12\u201313.23,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.038) and recent vaginal discharge syndrome (OR: 2.67, 95% CI 1.06\u20136.63,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.005). Deficiency of Lactobacilli\n                      <jats:italic>among C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      -positive AGYW was associated with increased odds of\n                      <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n                      positivity (OR: 4.37, 95% CI 1.05\u201317.05,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.047).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      HIV-negative AGYW demonstrated a high burden of STIs, with\n                      <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      positivity associated with alcohol consumption, frequent sexual intercourse, and vaginal discharge syndrome. The absence of Lactobacilli was associated with increased odds of\n                      <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n                      positivity. Further research is recommended using longitudinal designs, larger sample sizes, and diverse populations to better understand these observations.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-026-01069-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T16:59:00Z","timestamp":1773680340000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Prevalence and Co-occurrence of Candida albicans and Sexually Transmitted Infections in Lactobacillus-Deficient HIV-Negative Adolescent Girls and Young women"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"191","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1400-5139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samkelisiwe","family":"Beje","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9073-4777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zizipho Z. 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