{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T23:47:05Z","timestamp":1790725625302,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781740800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Fapesp","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2021\/11120-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\/11120-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JR21\/00061"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JR21\/00061"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005278","name":"University of Antioquia","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005278","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mycopathologia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Candidozyma auris<\/jats:italic>\n                      (formerly\n                      <jats:italic>Candida auris<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) is an emerging yeast that causes bloodstream infections, especially in immunocompromised patients, and presents high resistance and virulence rates. To date, six clades have been established worldwide and the number of outbreaks caused by this microorganism has been increasing every year, causing concern in the medical community. Therefore, this study investigated the heterogeneity among clades of\n                      <jats:italic>C. auris<\/jats:italic>\n                      by evaluating the virulence profile and mechanism of infection using an\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      model of\n                      <jats:italic>Galleria mellonella.<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      G\n                      <jats:italic>. mellonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      was infected with different clades (I, II, III and IV) of\n                      <jats:italic>C. auris, C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      ATCC 5341 and\n                      <jats:italic>C. parapsilosis<\/jats:italic>\n                      ATCC 22019 for virulence and histopathologic evaluation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Aggregative strains of\n                      <jats:italic>C. auris<\/jats:italic>\n                      InP13 (I) and VEN C6 (IV) had a greater rate of melanization and larval mortality among the\n                      <jats:italic>C. auris<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates, therefore, being the most aggressive strains.\n                      <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      caused the most melanization among all strains at the highest inoculum concentration (10\n                      <jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\n                      cells\/mL). Histopathologic examination showed a greater number of granulomas in the lower and upper extremities of\n                      <jats:italic>G. mellonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      . The granulomas ranged from 0.07\u20130.11\u00a0nm in diameter. All strains showed biofilms adhering to larval tissue, which was more evident for InP13, VEN C6 and\n                      <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Infiltration of tissues by yeasts, pseudohyphae and chlamydospores (a resistance structure formed by\n                      <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      in stress environments) morphotypes were observed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The aggregative strains were more virulent and had a greater ability to form biofilms and granulomas, showing heterogeneity among the different\n                      <jats:italic>C. auris<\/jats:italic>\n                      clades.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-026-01082-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T02:34:34Z","timestamp":1781750074000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Infection by Different Clades of Candidozyma auris in a Galleria mellonella Model: Determining Virulence Levels"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"191","author":[{"given":"Gabriel Davi","family":"Marena","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela Corr\u00eaa","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Pem\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose Manuel","family":"Perez-Royo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Garcia-Bustos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7052-7938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1ngel","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula Mu\u00f1oz","family":"Brell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Dolores P\u00e9rez","family":"Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lara Zaragoza","family":"Macian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen Vicente","family":"Saez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonia Avalos","family":"Mansilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tais Maria","family":"Bauab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marlus","family":"Chorilli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alba","family":"Ruiz-Gait\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"1082_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9040807","author":"S Ahmad","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ahmad S, Alfouzan W. Candida auris: epidemiology, diagnosis, pathogenesis, antifungal susceptibility, and infection control measures to combat the spread of infections in healthcare facilities. Microorganisms. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms9040807.","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"1082_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2022.103566","volume":"74","author":"GD Marena","year":"2022","unstructured":"Marena GD, dos Ramos MA, S, Carvalho GC, et al. Development and characterization of an amphotericin B - loaded nanoemulsion applied to Candida auris biofilms control. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol. 2022;74:103566.","journal-title":"J Drug Deliv Sci Technol"},{"key":"1082_CR3","unstructured":"Centre for Disease Prevention E. Survey on the epidemiological situation, laboratory capacity and preparedness for Candidozyma (Candida) auris, 2024."},{"issue":"1","key":"1082_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.5943\/mycosphere\/13\/1\/10","volume":"13","author":"GD Marena","year":"2022","unstructured":"Marena GD, Carvalho GC, Monazzi LCS, et al. Infection caused by Candida auris: state of the art. Mycosphere. 2022;13(1):820\u201361.","journal-title":"Mycosphere"},{"key":"1082_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suphavilai C, Ko KKK, Lim KM, et al. Detection and characterisation of a sixth Candida auris clade in Singapore: a genomic and phenotypic study. Lancet Microbe. 2024;5(9).","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(24)00101-0"},{"key":"1082_CR6","unstructured":"Center of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2018) Infection Prevention and Control for Candida auris|Candida auris|Fungal Diseases|CDC"},{"key":"1082_CR7","volume-title":"Candida auris: a review of the literature","author":"A Jeffery-Smith","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jeffery-Smith A, Taori SK, Schelenz S, et al. Candida auris: a review of the literature. American society for microbiology; 2018."},{"key":"1082_CR8","volume-title":"Candida auris: an overview of the emerging drug-resistant fungal infection","author":"A Sanyaolu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sanyaolu A, Okorie C, Marinkovic A, et al. Candida auris: an overview of the emerging drug-resistant fungal infection. Korean society of infectious diseases, korean society for antimicrobial therapy, Korean society for AIDS; 2022."},{"issue":"5","key":"1082_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2019.02.005","volume":"53","author":"AC Ruiz-Gait\u00e1n","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ruiz-Gait\u00e1n AC, Cant\u00f3n E, Fern\u00e1ndez-Rivero ME, Ram\u00edrez P, Pem\u00e1n J. Outbreak of Candida auris in Spain: a comparison of antifungal activity by three methods with published data. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2019;53(5):541\u20136.","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"issue":"3","key":"1082_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2015.1135289","volume":"7","author":"CJY Tsai","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tsai CJY, Loh JMS, Proft T. Galleria mellonella infection models for the study of bacterial diseases and for antimicrobial drug testing. Virulence. 2016;7(3):214\u201329.","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"issue":"9","key":"1082_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftaa057","volume":"78","author":"I Wojda","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wojda I, Staniec B, Su\u0142ek M, Kordaczuk J. The greater wax moth Galleria mellonella: biology and use in immune studies. Pathog Dis. 2020;78(9):1\u201315.","journal-title":"Pathog Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"1082_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b13-00270","volume":"36","author":"DD Li","year":"2013","unstructured":"Li DD, Deng L, Hu GH, et al. Using Galleria mellonella-Candida albicans infection model to evaluate antifungal agents. Biol Pharm Bull. 2013;36(9):1482\u20137.","journal-title":"Biol Pharm Bull"},{"issue":"5","key":"1082_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftab021","volume":"79","author":"JC Junqueira","year":"2021","unstructured":"Junqueira JC, Mylonakis E, Borghi E. Galleria mellonella experimental model: advances and future directions. Pathog Dis. 2021;79(5):1\u20132.","journal-title":"Pathog Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"1082_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-022-04340-6","volume":"5","author":"DFQ Smith","year":"2022","unstructured":"Smith DFQ, Dragotakes Q, Kulkarni M, Hardwick JM, Casadevall A. Galleria mellonella immune melanization is fungicidal during infection. Commun Biol. 2022;5(1):1364.","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1082_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.3109\/13693786.2012.737031","volume":"51","author":"AC Mesa-Arango","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mesa-Arango AC, Forastiero A, Bernal-Mart\u00ednez L, Cuenca-Estrella M, Mellado E, Zaragoza O. The non-mammalian host Galleria mellonella can be used to study the virulence of the fungal pathogen Candida tropicalis and the efficacy of antifungal drugs during infection by this pathogenic yeast. Med Mycol. 2013;51(5):461\u201372.","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"1082_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/Spectrum.00013-21","volume":"9","author":"V Garcia-bustos","year":"2021","unstructured":"Garcia-bustos V, Ruiz-saur\u00ed A, Ruiz-gait\u00e1n A, Sigona-giangreco IA. Characterization of the differential pathogenicity of Candida auris in a Galleria mellonella infection model. Microbiol Spectr. 2021;9:1\u201313.","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"issue":"1","key":"1082_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2021.1908765","volume":"12","author":"A Hernando-Ortiz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hernando-Ortiz A, Mateo E, Perez-Rodriguez A, de Groot PWJ, Quind\u00f3s G, Eraso E. Virulence of Candida auris from different clinical origins in Caenorhabditis elegans and Galleria mellonella host models. Virulence. 2021;12(1):1063\u201375.","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"issue":"2","key":"1082_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2302.161320","volume":"23","author":"L Sherry","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sherry L, Ramage G, Kean R, Borman A, Johnson EM, Richardson MD. Biofilm-forming capability of highly virulent, multidrug-resistant Candida auris. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23(2):328\u201331.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"1082_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.3390\/jof11060406","volume":"11","author":"J Alvarruiz","year":"2025","unstructured":"Alvarruiz J, Ruiz-Gait\u00e1n AC, Cabanero-Navalon MD, et al. Phenotypic impact and multivariable assessment of antifungal susceptibility in Candida auris survival using a Galleria mellonella model. J Fungi. 2025;11(6):406.","journal-title":"J Fungi"},{"key":"1082_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02396-16","volume":"61","author":"E Larkin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Larkin E, Hager C, Chandra J, Mukherjee PK. The emerging pathogen Candida auris: growth phenotype, virulence factors, activity of antifungals, and effect of SCY-078, a novel glucan synthesis inhibitor, on growth morphology and biofilm formation. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017;61:e02396-16.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"1082_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2024.127797","volume-title":"Uniqueness of Candida auris cell wall in morphogenesis, virulence, resistance, and immune evasion","author":"S Dakalbab","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dakalbab S, Hamdy R, Holigov\u00e1 P, et al. Uniqueness of Candida auris cell wall in morphogenesis, virulence, resistance, and immune evasion. Elsevier GmbH; 2024."},{"key":"1082_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(24)00135-6","volume-title":"The diverse genomes of Candida auris","author":"H Gifford","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gifford H, Rhodes J, Farrer RA. The diverse genomes of Candida auris. Elsevier Ltd; 2024."},{"key":"1082_CR23","volume-title":"Intra-clade heterogeneity in Candida auris: risk of management","author":"B Fayed","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fayed B, Lazreg IK, AlHumaidi RB, et al. Intra-clade heterogeneity in Candida auris: risk of management. Springer; 2023."},{"issue":"1","key":"1082_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/hvae185","volume":"71","author":"MC Smithgall","year":"2025","unstructured":"Smithgall MC, Kilic A, Weidmann M, et al. Genetic and phenotypic intra-clade variation in Candida auris isolated from critically ill patients in a New York city tertiary care center. Clin Chem. 2025;71(1):185\u201391.","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"issue":"9","key":"1082_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftaa067","volume":"78","author":"D Romera","year":"2020","unstructured":"Romera D, Aguilera-Correa JJ, Garci\u00e1-Coca M, et al. The Galleria mellonella infection model as a system to investigate the virulence of Candida auris strains. Pathog Dis. 2020;78(9):1\u20137.","journal-title":"Pathog Dis"},{"key":"1082_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2016.04.007","volume-title":"Skin immunity to Candida albicans","author":"SW Kashem","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kashem SW, Kaplan DH. Skin immunity to Candida albicans. Elsevier Ltd; 2016."},{"key":"1082_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jof4040128","author":"TC Pereira","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pereira TC, de Barros PP, de Oliveira Fugisaki LR, et al. Recent advances in the use of Galleria mellonella model to study immune responses against human pathogens. J Fungi. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jof4040128.","journal-title":"J Fungi"},{"key":"1082_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02942-23","author":"MdR Anower","year":"2025","unstructured":"Anower MdR, Dennis E, Chaturvedi S, Chaturvedi V. Candida auris isolates from New York outbreak are highly pathogenic with measurable experimental disease in Galleria mellonella. Microbiol Spectr. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/spectrum.02942-23.","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"issue":"3","key":"1082_CR29","first-page":"1","volume":"79","author":"DFQ Smith","year":"2021","unstructured":"Smith DFQ, Casadevall A. Fungal immunity and pathogenesis in mammals versus the invertebrate model organism Galleria mellonella. Pathog Dis. 2021;79(3):1\u201325.","journal-title":"Pathog Dis"},{"key":"1082_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1385863","author":"AK Wro\u0144ska","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wro\u0144ska AK, Kaczmarek A, Sobich J, Bogu\u015b MI. The effect of infection with the entomopathogenic fungus Conidiobolus coronatus (Entomopthorales) on eighteen cytokine-like proteins in Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera) larvae. Front Immunol. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1385863.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"10","key":"1082_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.06.005","volume":"34","author":"P Mak","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mak P, Zdybicka-Barabas A, Cytry\u0144ska M. A different repertoire of Galleria mellonella antimicrobial peptides in larvae challenged with bacteria and fungi. Dev Comp Immunol. 2010;34(10):1129\u201336.","journal-title":"Dev Comp Immunol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1082_CR32","first-page":"1","volume":"9","author":"R Vazquez-Munoz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vazquez-Munoz R, Lopez FD, Lopez-Ribot JL. Bismuth nanoantibiotics display anticandidal activity and disrupt the biofilm and cell morphology of the emergent pathogenic yeast Candida auris. Antibiotics Basel. 2020;9(8):1\u201315.","journal-title":"Antibiotics Basel"},{"key":"1082_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00151-20","author":"G Bravo Ruiz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bravo Ruiz G, Ross ZK, Gow NAR, Lorenz A. Pseudohyphal growth of the emerging pathogen Candida auris is triggered by genotoxic stress through the S phase checkpoint. mSphere. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mSphere.00151-20.","journal-title":"mSphere"}],"container-title":["Mycopathologia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11046-026-01082-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11046-026-01082-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11046-026-01082-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T06:02:13Z","timestamp":1785564133000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11046-026-01082-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["1082"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11046-026-01082-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0301-486X","1573-0832"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0301-486X","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-0832","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflicts of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"63"}}