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Here we studied infiltrating immune cell subsets and microvessel density (MVD) in paired intracerebral and extracerebral melanoma metastases.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Paired intracerebral and extracerebral tumor tissue was obtained from 37 patients with metastatic melanoma who underwent craniotomy between 1997 and 2014. A tissue microarray was constructed to quantify subsets of tumor-infiltrating T-cell, B-cell, and macrophage content, PD-L1 expression, and MVD using quantitative immunofluorescence.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>MBM had lower CD3+\u2009(p\u2009=\u20090.01) and CD4+\u2009(p\u2009=\u20090.003) T-cell content, lower MVD (p\u2009=\u20090.006), and a trend for lower CD8+\u2009(p\u2009=\u20090.17) T-cell content compared to matched extracerebral metastases. There were no significant differences in CD20+\u2009B-cell or CD68+\u2009macrophage content, or tumor or stroma PD-L1 expression. Low MVD (p\u2009=\u20090.008) and high CD68+\u2009macrophage density (p\u2009=\u20090.04) in intracerebral metastases were associated with improved 1-year survival from time of first MBM diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Although responses to immune-modulating drugs in the body and the brain tend to be concordant, differences were found in MVD and T-cell content between these sites. Studies of these markers should be incorporated into prospective therapeutic clinical trials to determine their prognostic and predictive value.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-020-03619-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,24]],"date-time":"2020-09-24T19:02:36Z","timestamp":1600974156000},"page":"15-25","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Melanoma brain metastases have lower T-cell content and microvessel density compared to matched extracranial metastases"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"152","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1106-7089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah A.","family":"Weiss","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Zito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thuy","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuki","family":"Heishima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronique","family":"Neumeister","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"McGuire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adebowale","family":"Adeniran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harriet","family":"Kluger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia B.","family":"Jilaveanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"13","key":"3619_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2785","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.31551","volume":"124","author":"KA Cronin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cronin KA, Lake AJ, Scott S, Sherman RL, Noone AM, Howlader N et al (2018) Annual Report to the Nation on the Status of Cancer, part I: national cancer statistics. 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HK has received consulting fees from Alexion, Corvus, Nektar, Biodesix, Roche-Genentech, Pfizer, Iovance, Immunocore, Celldex, and Array Biopharma. SW has received consulting fees from Array Biopharma and MagellanRx.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Yale University Human Investigations Committee (Institutional Review Board, Yale HIC# 0609001869).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}},{"value":"No individual patient data is reported in this study.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}]}}