{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T11:36:36Z","timestamp":1788953796047,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,29]],"date-time":"2023-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687996800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,29]],"date-time":"2023-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687996800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Blue Earth Diagnostics"},{"name":"Telix Pharmaceuticals"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012681","name":"Universit\u00e4tsklinikum K\u00f6ln","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012681","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neurooncol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The expression level of the programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) appears to be a predictor for response to immunotherapy using checkpoint inhibitors in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). As differences in terms of PD-L1 expression levels in the extracranial primary tumor and the brain metastases may occur, a reliable method for the non-invasive assessment of the intracranial PD-L1 expression is, therefore of clinical value. Here, we evaluated the potential of radiomics for a non-invasive prediction of PD-L1 expression in patients with brain metastases secondary to NSCLC.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Patients and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fifty-three  NSCLC patients with brain metastases from two academic neuro-oncological centers (group 1, n\u2009=\u200936 patients; group 2, n\u2009=\u200917 patients) underwent tumor resection with a subsequent immunohistochemical evaluation of the PD-L1 expression. Brain metastases were manually segmented on preoperative T1-weighted contrast-enhanced MRI. Group 1 was used for model training and validation, group 2 for model testing. After image pre-processing and radiomics feature extraction, a test-retest analysis was performed to identify robust features prior to feature selection. The radiomics model was trained and validated using random stratified cross-validation. Finally, the best-performing radiomics model was applied to the test data. Diagnostic performance was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An intracranial PD-L1 expression (i.e., staining of at least 1% or more of tumor cells) was present in 18 of 36 patients (50%) in group 1, and 7 of 17 patients (41%) in group 2. Univariate analysis identified the contrast-enhancing tumor volume as a significant predictor for PD-L1 expression (area under the ROC curve (AUC), 0.77). A random forest classifier using a four-parameter radiomics signature, including tumor volume, yielded an AUC of 0.83\u2009\u00b1\u20090.18 in the training data (group 1), and an AUC of 0.84 in the external test data (group 2).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The developed radiomics classifiers allows for a non-invasive assessment of the intracranial PD-L1 expression in patients with brain metastases secondary to NSCLC with high accuracy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-023-04367-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,29]],"date-time":"2023-06-29T10:02:18Z","timestamp":1688032938000},"page":"597-605","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Radiomics for the non-invasive prediction of PD-L1 expression in patients with brain metastases secondary to non-small cell lung cancer\u00a0"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"163","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4150-7265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna-Katharina","family":"Mei\u00dfner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin","family":"Gutsche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norbert","family":"Galldiks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Kocher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie T.","family":"J\u00fcnger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie-Lisa","family":"Eich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Nogova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tommaso","family":"Araceli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nils Ole","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maximilian I.","family":"Ruge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roland","family":"Goldbrunner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Proescholdt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Grau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Lohmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"4367_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2021.07.016","volume":"32","author":"E Rhun","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rhun E, Le, Guckenberger M, Smits M et al (2021) EANO-ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of patients with brain metastasis from solid tumours. 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