{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T14:44:33Z","timestamp":1787841873191,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,5]],"date-time":"2024-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707091200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neurooncol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Adverse radiation effect (ARE) following stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for brain metastases is challenging to distinguish from tumor progression. This study characterizes the clinical implications of radiologic uncertainty (RU).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Cases reviewed retrospectively at a single-institutional, multi-disciplinary SRS Tumor Board between 2015\u20132022 for RU following SRS were identified. Treatment history, diagnostic or therapeutic interventions performed upon RU resolution, and development of neurologic deficits surrounding intervention were obtained from the medical record. Differences in lesion volume and maximum diameter at RU onset versus resolution were compared with paired t-tests. Median time from RU onset to resolution was estimated using the Kaplan\u2013Meier method. Univariate and multivariate associations between clinical characteristics and time to RU resolution were assessed with Cox proportional-hazards regression.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Among 128 lesions with RU, 23.5% had undergone\u2009\u2265\u20092 courses of radiation. Median maximum diameter (20 vs. 16\u00a0mm, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and volume (2.7 vs. 1.5\u00a0cc, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) were larger upon RU resolution versus onset. RU resolution took\u2009&gt;\u20096 and\u2009&gt;\u200912\u00a0months in 25% and 7% of cases, respectively. Higher total EQD2 prior to RU onset (HR\u2009=\u20090.45, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.03) and use of MR perfusion (HR\u2009=\u20090.56, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.001) correlated with shorter time to resolution; larger volume (HR\u2009=\u20091.05, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.006) portended longer time to resolution. Most lesions (57%) were diagnosed as ARE. Most patients (58%) underwent an intervention upon RU resolution; of these, 38% developed a neurologic deficit surrounding intervention.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>RU resolution took\u2009&gt;\u20096\u00a0months in\u2009&gt;\u200925% of cases. RU may lead to suboptimal outcomes and symptom burden. Improved characterization of post-SRS RU is needed.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-024-04578-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,5]],"date-time":"2024-02-05T17:02:15Z","timestamp":1707152535000},"page":"535-546","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Adverse radiation effect versus tumor progression following stereotactic radiosurgery for brain metastases: Implications of radiologic uncertainty"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"166","author":[{"given":"Mia","family":"Salans","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Morin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Ziemer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dante P. I.","family":"Capaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David R.","family":"Raleigh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harish N.","family":"Vasudevan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Chew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Penny K.","family":"Sneed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Boreta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier E.","family":"Villanueva-Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Theodosopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steve","family":"Braunstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"4578_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prro.2022.02.003","volume":"12","author":"V Gondi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gondi V, Bauman G, Bradfield L et al (2022) Radiation Therapy for Brain Metastases: An ASTRO Clinical Practice Guideline. Pract Radiat Oncol 12(4):265\u2013282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.prro.2022.02.003","journal-title":"Pract Radiat Oncol"},{"key":"4578_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMct0806951","volume":"362","author":"JH Suh","year":"2010","unstructured":"Suh JH (2010) Stereotactic radiosurgery for the treatment of brain metastases. N Engl J Med 362:1119\u20131127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMct0806951","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"4578_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.9839","volume":"316","author":"PD Brown","year":"2016","unstructured":"Brown PD, Jaeckle K, Ballman KV et al (2016) Effect of radiosurgery alone vs radiosurgery with whole brain radiation therapy on cognitive function in patients with 1 to 3 brain metastases a randomized clinical trial. JAMA - J Am Med Assoc 316(4):401\u2013409. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2016.9839","journal-title":"JAMA - J Am Med Assoc"},{"issue":"11","key":"4578_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(09)70263-3","volume":"10","author":"EL Chang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chang EL, Wefel JS, Hess KR et al (2009) Neurocognition in patients with brain metastases treated with radiosurgery or radiosurgery plus whole-brain irradiation: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol 10(11):1037\u20131044. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1470-2045(09)70263-3","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"issue":"21","key":"4578_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2483","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.295.21.2483","volume":"295","author":"H Aoyama","year":"2006","unstructured":"Aoyama H, Shirato H, Tago M et al (2006) Stereotactic radiosurgery plus whole-brain radiation therapy vs stereotactic radiosurgery alone for treatment of brain metastases: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA - J Am Med Assoc 295(21):2483\u20132491. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.295.21.2483","journal-title":"JAMA - J Am Med Assoc"},{"issue":"4","key":"4578_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(14)70061-0","volume":"15","author":"M Yamamoto","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yamamoto M, Serizawa T, Shuto T et al (2014) Stereotactic radiosurgery for patients with multiple brain metastases (JLGK0901): a multi-institutional prospective observational study. Lancet Oncol 15(4):387\u2013395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1470-2045(14)70061-0","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"issue":"61","key":"4578_CR7","first-page":"225","volume":"1","author":"S Eisele","year":"2015","unstructured":"Eisele S, Dietrich J (2015) Cerebral radiation necrosis: diagnostic challenge and clinical management. Rev Neurol 1(61):225\u2013232","journal-title":"Rev Neurol"},{"issue":"10","key":"4578_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noac118","volume":"24","author":"AA Aizer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Aizer AA, Lamba N, Ahluwalia MS et al (2022) Brain metastases: A Society for Neuro-Oncology (SNO) consensus review on current management and future directions. Neuro Oncol 24(10):1613\u20131646. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/neuonc\/noac118","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"4578_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"\u00a0Minniti, G., Clarke, E., Lanzetta, G. et al\u00a0 (2021) Stereotactic radiosurgery for brain metastases: analysisof outcome and risk of brain radionecrosis. Radiat Oncol 6:48 . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1748-717X-6-48","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-717X-6-48"},{"issue":"2","key":"4578_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.10.JNS141610","volume":"123","author":"PK Sneed","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sneed PK, Mendez J, Vemer-Van Den Hoek JGM et al (2015) Adverse radiation effect after stereotactic radiosurgery for brain metastases: Incidence, time course, and risk factors. J Neurosurg. 123(2):373\u2013386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2014.10.JNS141610","journal-title":"J Neurosurg."},{"issue":"3","key":"4578_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000360391.35749.A5","volume":"66","author":"H Kano","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kano H, Kondziolka D, Lobato-Polo J, Zorro O, Flickinger JC, Lunsford LD (2010) T1\/T2 matching to differentiate tumor growth from radiation effects after stereotactic radiosurgery. Neurosurgery 66(3):486\u2013491. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1227\/01.NEU.0000360391.35749.A5","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"1","key":"4578_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-009-0106-z","volume":"99","author":"K Mitsuya","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mitsuya K, Nakasu Y, Horiguchi S et al (2010) Perfusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish the recurrence of metastatic brain tumors from radiation necrosis after stereotactic radiosurgery. J Neurooncol 99(1):81\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11060-009-0106-z","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"4578_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.37.250","volume":"37","author":"K Kamada","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kamada K, Houkin K, Abe H, Sawamura Y, Kashiwaba T (1997) Differentiation of cerebral radiation necrosis from tumor recurrence by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Neurol Med Chir 37:250\u2013256","journal-title":"Neurol Med Chir"},{"issue":"2","key":"4578_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A5472","volume":"39","author":"H Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li H, Deng L, Bai HX et al (2018) Diagnostic Accuracy of Amino Acid and FDG-PET in Differentiating Brain Metastasis Recurrence from Radionecrosis after Radiotherapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Am J Neuroradiol 39(2):280\u2013288. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3174\/ajnr.A5472","journal-title":"Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4578_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e270","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(15)70057-4","volume":"16","author":"NU Lin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lin NU, Lee EQ, Aoyama H et al (2015) Response assessment criteria for brain metastases: Proposal from the RANO group. Lancet Oncol 16(6):e270\u2013e278. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1470-2045(15)70057-4","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"issue":"9","key":"4578_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noz048","volume":"21","author":"SF Winter","year":"2019","unstructured":"Winter SF, Loebel F, Loeffler J et al (2019) Treatment-induced brain tissue necrosis: A clinical challenge in neuro-oncology. Neuro Oncol 21(9):1118\u20131130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/neuonc\/noz048","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4578_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-017-2442-8","volume":"133","author":"JM Kim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kim JM, Miller JA, Kotecha R et al (2017) The risk of radiation necrosis following stereotactic radiosurgery with concurrent systemic therapies. J Neurooncol 133(2):357\u2013368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11060-017-2442-8","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"issue":"10","key":"4578_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A2668","volume":"32","author":"TR Patel","year":"2011","unstructured":"Patel TR, McHugh BJ, Bi WL, Minja FJ, Knisely JPS, Chiang VL (2011) A comprehensive review of MR imaging changes following radiosurgery to 500 brain metastases. Am J Neuroradiol 32(10):1885\u20131892. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3174\/ajnr.A2668","journal-title":"Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4578_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1667\/0033-7587(2000)153[0357:TROTCN]2.0.CO;2","volume":"153","author":"PJ Tofilon","year":"2000","unstructured":"Tofilon PJ, Fike JR (2000) The radioresponse of the central nervous system: A dynamic process. Radiat Res 153(4):357\u2013370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1667\/0033-7587(2000)153[0357:TROTCN]2.0.CO;2","journal-title":"Radiat Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"4578_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2009.06.006","volume":"77","author":"BJ Blonigen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Blonigen BJ, Steinmetz RD, Levin L, Lamba MA, Warnick RE, Breneman JC (2010) Irradiated Volume as a Predictor of Brain Radionecrosis After Linear Accelerator Stereotactic Radiosurgery. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 77(4):996\u20131001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2009.06.006","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"issue":"5","key":"4578_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2016.08.039","volume":"96","author":"JA Miller","year":"2016","unstructured":"Miller JA, Bennett EE, Xiao R et al (2016) Association Between Radiation Necrosis and Tumor Biology After Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Brain Metastasis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 96(5):1060\u20131069. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2016.08.039","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"issue":"19","key":"4578_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13194736","volume":"13","author":"J Kerschbaumer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kerschbaumer J, Demetz M, Krigers A, Nevinny-Stickel M, Thom\u00e9 C, Freyschlag CF (2021) Risk factors for radiation necrosis in patients undergoing cranial stereotactic radiosurgery. Cancers (Basel) 13(19):1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers13194736","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"issue":"13","key":"4578_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20133212","volume":"20","author":"M Jarosz-Biej","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jarosz-Biej M, Smolarczyk R, Cicho\u0144 T, Ku\u0142ach N (2019) Tumor microenvironment as a \u201cgame changer\u201d in cancer radiotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 20(13):18\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms20133212","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"4578_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8140(02)00076-2","volume":"64","author":"GP Raaphorst","year":"2002","unstructured":"Raaphorst GP, Malone S, Alsbeih G, Souhani L, Szumacher E, Girard A (2002) Skin fibroblasts in vitro radiosensitivity can predict for late complications following AVM radiosurgery. Radiother Oncol 64(2):153\u2013156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0167-8140(02)00076-2","journal-title":"Radiother Oncol"},{"issue":"12","key":"4578_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1200\/JOP.18.00488","volume":"14","author":"J Wen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wen J, Tan AP, Yong HRC, Wong YLJ (2018) Delayed radiation necrosis and evolution of its imaging features over time: An illustrative case report. J Oncol Pract 14(12):754\u2013756. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/JOP.18.00488","journal-title":"J Oncol Pract"},{"issue":"5","key":"4578_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000333263.31870.31","volume":"63","author":"IM Dequesada","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dequesada IM, Quisling RG, Yachnis A, Friedman WA (2008) Can standard magnetic resonance imaging reliably distinguish recurrent tumor from radiation necrosis after radiosurgery for brain metastases? A radiographic-pathological study. Neurosurgery 63(5):898\u2013903. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1227\/01.NEU.0000333263.31870.31","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"8","key":"4578_CR27","first-page":"1967","volume":"26","author":"ME Mullins","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mullins ME, Barest GD, Schaefer PW, Hochberg FH, Gonzalez RG, Lev MH (2005) Radiation necrosis versus glioma recurrence: Conventional MR imaging clues to diagnosis. Am J Neuroradiol 26(8):1967\u20131972","journal-title":"Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4578_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A1362","volume":"30","author":"RF Barajas","year":"2009","unstructured":"Barajas RF, Chang JS, Sneed PK, Segal MR, McDermott MW, Cha S (2009) Distinguishing recurrent intra-axial metastatic tumor from radiation necrosis following gamma knife radiosurgery using dynamic susceptibility- weighted contrast-enhanced perfusion MR imaging. Am J Neuroradiol 30(2):367\u2013372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3174\/ajnr.A1362","journal-title":"Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4578_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-014-1391-8","volume":"117","author":"K Tye","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tye K, Engelhard HH, Slavin KV et al (2014) An analysis of radiation necrosis of the central nervous system treated with bevacizumab. J Neurooncol 117(2):321\u2013327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11060-014-1391-8","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4578_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2012.09.011","volume":"20","author":"G Rahmathulla","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rahmathulla G, Marko NF, Weil RJ (2013) Cerebral radiation necrosis: A review of the pathobiology, diagnosis and management considerations. J Clin Neurosci 20(4):485\u2013502. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jocn.2012.09.011","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"4578_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1093\/jrr\/rru017","volume":"55","author":"E Yoritsune","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yoritsune E, Furuse M, Kuwabara H et al (2014) Inflammation as well as angiogenesis may participate in the pathophysiology of brain radiation necrosis. J Radiat Res 55(4):803\u2013811. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jrr\/rru017","journal-title":"J Radiat Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"4578_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/noajnl\/vdaa038","volume":"2","author":"AS Berghoff","year":"2020","unstructured":"Berghoff AS, Breckwoldt MO, Riedemann L et al (2020) Bevacizumab-based treatment as salvage therapy in patients with recurrent symptomatic brain metastases. Neuro-Oncology Adv 2(1):1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/noajnl\/vdaa038","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncology Adv"},{"issue":"6","key":"4578_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.9.FOCUS15339","volume":"39","author":"P Ferroli","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ferroli P, Broggi M, Schiavolin S et al (2015) Predicting functional impairment in brain tumor surgery: The Big Five and the Milan Complexity Scale. Neurosurg Focus 39(6):1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2015.9.FOCUS15339","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"issue":"1","key":"4578_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1023\/B:NEON.0000024744.16031.e9","volume":"68","author":"CM McPherson","year":"2004","unstructured":"McPherson CM, Warnick RE (2004) Results of contemporary surgical management of radiation necrosis using frameless stereotaxis and intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging. J Neurooncol 68(1):41\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/B:NEON.0000024744.16031.e9","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4578_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-022-04225-y","volume":"161","author":"ZS Mayo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mayo ZS, Halima A, Broughman JR et al (2023) Radiation necrosis or tumor progression? A review of the radiographic modalities used in the diagnosis of cerebral radiation necrosis. J Neurooncol 161(1):23\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11060-022-04225-y","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4578_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/noajnl\/vdz035","volume":"2","author":"KG Holste","year":"2020","unstructured":"Holste KG, Orringer DA (2020) Laser interstitial thermal therapy. Neuro-Oncology Adv 2(1):1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/noajnl\/vdz035","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncology Adv"},{"issue":"3","key":"4578_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-020-03570-0","volume":"148","author":"N Sujijantarat","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sujijantarat N, Hong CS, Owusu KA et al (2020) Laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT) vs. bevacizumab for radiation necrosis in previously irradiated brain metastases. J Neurooncol. 148(3):641\u2013649. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11060-020-03570-0","journal-title":"J Neurooncol."},{"key":"4578_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chan M, Tatter S, Chiang V et al (2023) Neuro-Oncology Advances proven radiation necrosis in radiographically recurrent 5(March):1-12","DOI":"10.1093\/noajnl\/vdad031"},{"issue":"2","key":"4578_CR39","first-page":"201","volume":"25","author":"PA Hein","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hein PA, Eskey CJ, Dunn JF, Hug EB (2004) Diffusion-Weighted Imaging in the Follow-up of Treated High-Grade Gliomas: Tumor Recurrence versus Radiation Injury. Am J Neuroradiol 25(2):201\u2013209","journal-title":"Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4578_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/now193","volume":"19","author":"S Wagner","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wagner S, Lanfermann H, Eichner G, Gufler H (2017) Radiation injury versus malignancy after stereotactic radiosurgery for brain metastases: Impact of time-dependent changes in lesion morphology on MRI. Neuro Oncol 19(4):586\u2013594. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/neuonc\/now193","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"issue":"8","key":"4578_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A1580","volume":"30","author":"PC Sundgren","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sundgren PC (2009) MR spectroscopy in radiation injury. Am J Neuroradiol 30(8):1469\u20131476. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3174\/ajnr.A1580","journal-title":"Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"4578_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000119328.56431.A7","volume":"54","author":"JP Rock","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rock JP, Scarpace L, Hearshen D et al (2004) Associations among Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Apparent Diffusion Coefficients, and Image-guided Histopathology with Special Attention to Radiation Necrosis. Neurosurgery 54(5):1111\u20131119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1227\/01.NEU.0000119328.56431.A7","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"2","key":"4578_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2019182391","volume":"291","author":"ZJ Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang ZJ, Ohliger MA, Larson PEZ et al (2019) Hyperpolarized 13C MRI: State of the art and future directions. Radiology 291(2):273\u2013284. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiol.2019182391","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"4578_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13014-019-1228-x","volume":"14","author":"M Furuse","year":"2019","unstructured":"Furuse M, Nonoguchi N, Yamada K et al (2019) Radiological diagnosis of brain radiation necrosis after cranial irradiation for brain tumor: A systematic review. Radiat Oncol 14(1):1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13014-019-1228-x","journal-title":"Radiat Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4578_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-014-2886-4","volume":"42","author":"F Cicone","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cicone F, Minniti G, Romano A et al (2015) Accuracy of F-DOPA PET and perfusion-MRI for differentiating radionecrotic from progressive brain metastases after radiosurgery. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 42(1):103\u2013111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00259-014-2886-4","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"issue":"8","key":"4578_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A5252","volume":"38","author":"N Tomura","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tomura N, Kokubun M, Saginoya T, Mizuno Y, Kikuchi Y (2017) Differentiation between Treatment-Induced Necrosis and Recurrent Tumors in Patients with Metastatic Brain Tumors: Comparison among 11C-Methionine-PET, FDG-PET, MR Permeability Imaging, and MRI-ADC - Preliminary Results. Am J Neuroradiol 38(8):1520\u20131527","journal-title":"Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"4578_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noz003","volume":"21","author":"N Galldiks","year":"2019","unstructured":"Galldiks N, Langen KJ, Albert NL et al (2019) PET imaging in patients with brain metastasis\u2014report of the RANO\/PET group. Neuro Oncol 21(5):584\u2013595. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/neuonc\/noz003","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"issue":"9","key":"4578_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/now310","volume":"19","author":"A Heinzel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Heinzel A, M\u00fcller D, Yekta-Michael SS et al (2017) O-(2\u201318F-fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine PET for evaluation of brain metastasis recurrence after radiotherapy: An effectiveness and cost-effectiveness analysis. Neuro Oncol 19(9):1271\u20131278. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/neuonc\/now310","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4578_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/noajnl\/vdac141","volume":"4","author":"A Nowakowski","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nowakowski A, Lahijanian Z, Panet-Raymond V et al (2022) Radiomics as an emerging tool in the management of brain metastases. Neuro-Oncology Adv 4(1):1\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/noajnl\/vdac141","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncology Adv"},{"issue":"5","key":"4578_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1667\/RR15517.1","volume":"193","author":"L Hettal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hettal L, Stefani A, Salleron J et al (2020) Radiomics method for the differential diagnosis of radionecrosis versus progression after fractionated stereotactic body radiotherapy for brain oligometastasis. Radiat Res 193(5):471\u2013480. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1667\/RR15517.1","journal-title":"Radiat Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"4578_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2018.05.041","volume":"102","author":"L Peng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Peng L, Parekh V, Huang P et al (2018) Distinguishing true progression from radionecrosis after stereotactic radiation therapy for brain metastases with machine learning and radiomics. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 102(4):1236\u20131243. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2018.05.041","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neuro-Oncology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11060-024-04578-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11060-024-04578-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11060-024-04578-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,19]],"date-time":"2024-02-19T09:12:16Z","timestamp":1708333936000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11060-024-04578-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["4578"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11060-024-04578-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0167-594X","1573-7373"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0167-594X","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7373","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 December 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 January 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 February 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the UCSF IRB, No. 18\u201326489.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}