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Higher sBM incidence proportions were observed in American Indian\/Alaska native patients for primary breast (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), colorectal (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.015), and esophageal cancers (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.024) as well as in Asian or Pacific islanders for primary stomach (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), thyroid (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.006), and lung\/bronchus cancers (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) yet higher proportions in White patients for malignant melanoma (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Compared to White patients, Black patients had higher sBM incidence likelihood in breast cancer (OR\u2009=\u20091.27,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.01) but lower likelihood in renal (OR\u2009=\u20090.46,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and esophageal cancers (OR\u2009=\u20090.31,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.005). American Indian\/Alaska native patients had a higher sBM likelihood (OR\u2009=\u20093.78,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.004) relative to White patients in esophageal cancer.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings reveal several comparative racial differences in sBM incidence arising from different primary cancer origins, underscoring a need for further research to explain these variations. Identifying the factors contributing to these disparities holds the potential to promote greater equity in oncological care according to cancer type.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-024-04748-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,19]],"date-time":"2024-06-19T06:02:59Z","timestamp":1718776979000},"page":"457-467","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Incidence of brain metastasis according to patient race and primary cancer origin: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"169","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3612-661X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Gomez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey J.","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Cheok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ishan","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holly","family":"Dicharry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Cote","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert G.","family":"Briggs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gage A.","family":"Guerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Racheal","family":"Peterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bodour","family":"Salhia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josh","family":"Neman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Attenello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frances","family":"Chow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erion K.","family":"Musabelliu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Zada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"4748_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nec.2020.06.001","volume":"31","author":"P Sacks","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sacks P, Rahman M (2020) Epidemiology of brain metastases. 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