{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:27:03Z","timestamp":1792024023500,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741219200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741219200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neurooncol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-025-04977-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T21:46:32Z","timestamp":1741383992000},"page":"193-204","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Extra-central nervous system metastasis from high-grade glioma: a single-institution experience"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"173","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6441-4291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina Abi","family":"Faraj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian E.","family":"McCutcheon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria A.","family":"Gubbiotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Subha","family":"Perni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria K.","family":"Gule-Monroe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kadir","family":"Akdemir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria E.","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evan D.","family":"Bander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica E.","family":"Loghin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sujit S.","family":"Prabhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederick F.","family":"Lang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5587-6673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey S.","family":"Weinberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"4977_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-011-0575-8","volume":"105","author":"M Lun","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lun M et al (2011) The natural history of extracranial metastasis from glioblastoma multiforme. J Neurooncol 105(2):261\u2013273","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4977_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19800101)45:1<112::AID-CNCR2820450121>3.0.CO;2-9","volume":"45","author":"B Pasquier","year":"1980","unstructured":"Pasquier B et al (1980) Extraneural metastases of astrocytomas and glioblastomas: clinicopathological study of two cases and review of literature. Cancer 45(1):112\u2013125","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"3","key":"4977_CR3","first-page":"325","volume":"8","author":"EK Noch","year":"2021","unstructured":"Noch EK et al (2021) A case series of extraneural metastatic glioblastoma at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. Neurooncol Pract 8(3):325\u2013336","journal-title":"Neurooncol Pract"},{"key":"4977_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijscr.2023.108895","volume":"111","author":"P Gu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gu P et al (2023) Extracranial metastasis of glioblastoma: a case report and literature review. Int J Surg Case Rep 111:108895","journal-title":"Int J Surg Case Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"4977_CR5","first-page":"8","volume":"87","author":"L Davis","year":"1928","unstructured":"Davis L (1928) Spongioblastoma Multiforme of the brain. Ann Surg 87(1):8\u201314","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"4977_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(79)80051-9","volume":"10","author":"BH Liwnicz","year":"1979","unstructured":"Liwnicz BH, Rubinstein LJ (1979) The pathways of extraneural spread in metastasizing gliomas: a report of three cases and critical review of the literature. Hum Pathol 10(4):453\u2013467","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4977_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.3892\/mco.2015.494","volume":"3","author":"A Ray","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ray A et al (2015) Extracranial metastasis of gliobastoma: three illustrative cases and current review of the molecular pathology and management strategies. Mol Clin Oncol 3(3):479\u2013486","journal-title":"Mol Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4977_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1177\/030089160809400109","volume":"94","author":"M Piccirilli","year":"2008","unstructured":"Piccirilli M et al (2008) Extra central nervous system metastases from cerebral glioblastoma multiforme in elderly patients. Clinico-pathological remarks on our series of seven cases and critical review of the literature. Tumori 94(1):40\u201351","journal-title":"Tumori"},{"issue":"3","key":"4977_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(197603)37:3<1577::AID-CNCR2820370348>3.0.CO;2-0","volume":"37","author":"S Hulbanni","year":"1976","unstructured":"Hulbanni S, Goodman PA (1976) Glioblastoma multiforme with extraneural metastases in the absence of previous surgery. Cancer 37(3):1577\u20131583","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"7560","key":"4977_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14432","volume":"523","author":"A Louveau","year":"2015","unstructured":"Louveau A et al (2015) Structural and functional features of central nervous system lymphatic vessels. Nature 523(7560):337\u2013341","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"10","key":"4977_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0227-9","volume":"21","author":"A Louveau","year":"2018","unstructured":"Louveau A et al (2018) CNS lymphatic drainage and neuroinflammation are regulated by meningeal lymphatic vasculature. Nat Neurosci 21(10):1380\u20131391","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"7","key":"4977_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20142290","volume":"212","author":"A Aspelund","year":"2015","unstructured":"Aspelund A et al (2015) A dural lymphatic vascular system that drains brain interstitial fluid and macromolecules. J Exp Med 212(7):991\u2013999","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"4977_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-019-0224-7","volume":"20","author":"JH Sampson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sampson JH et al (2020) Brain immunology and immunotherapy in brain tumours. Nat Rev Cancer 20(1):12\u201325","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"issue":"7","key":"4977_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2020.04.003","volume":"43","author":"H Mestre","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mestre H, Mori Y, Nedergaard M (2020) The Brain\u2019s Glymphatic System: current controversies. Trends Neurosci 43(7):458\u2013466","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"issue":"11","key":"4977_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0000000000001762","volume":"45","author":"X Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang X et al (2021) TP53 mutation and Extraneural Metastasis of Glioblastoma: insights from an Institutional Experience and Comprehensive Literature Review. Am J Surg Pathol 45(11):1516\u20131526","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"issue":"12","key":"4977_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/59.12.1044","volume":"59","author":"CC Park","year":"2000","unstructured":"Park CC et al (2000) Systemic metastasis in glioblastoma may represent the emergence of neoplastic subclones. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 59(12):1044\u20131050","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4977_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1369\/0022155417749174","volume":"66","author":"VVV Hira","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hira VVV et al (2018) Periarteriolar Glioblastoma Stem Cell Niches Express Bone Marrow hematopoietic stem cell niche proteins. J Histochem Cytochem 66(3):155\u2013173","journal-title":"J Histochem Cytochem"},{"key":"4977_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.11.061","volume":"89","author":"CR Goodwin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Goodwin CR et al (2016) Extraneural Glioblastoma Multiforme Vertebral Metastasis. World Neurosurg 89:578\u2013582e3","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"issue":"2","key":"4977_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-004-3346-y","volume":"72","author":"V Rajagopalan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rajagopalan V et al (2005) Bone marrow metastases from glioblastoma multiforme\u2013A case report and review of the literature. J Neurooncol 72(2):157\u2013161","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4977_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1159\/000492111","volume":"11","author":"J Rosen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rosen J et al (2018) Extracranial metastases of a cerebral glioblastoma: a Case Report and Review of the literature. Case Rep Oncol 11(2):591\u2013600","journal-title":"Case Rep Oncol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4977_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2006.06.8213","volume":"25","author":"A Broniscer","year":"2007","unstructured":"Broniscer A et al (2007) Clinical and molecular characteristics of malignant transformation of low-grade glioma in children. J Clin Oncol 25(6):682\u2013689","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"247","key":"4977_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247ra101","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3009095","volume":"6","author":"C Muller","year":"2014","unstructured":"Muller C et al (2014) Hematogenous dissemination of glioblastoma multiforme. Sci Transl Med 6(247):247ra101","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"4977_CR23","first-page":"111","volume":"23","author":"BJ Brew","year":"1987","unstructured":"Brew BJ, Garrick R (1987) Gliomas presenting outside the central nervous system. Clin Exp Neurol 23:111\u2013117","journal-title":"Clin Exp Neurol"},{"key":"4977_CR24","first-page":"p8190950","volume":"2016","author":"MD Johansen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Johansen MD et al (2016) Presentation of two cases with early extracranial metastases from Glioblastoma and Review of the literature. Case Rep Oncol Med 2016:p8190950","journal-title":"Case Rep Oncol Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"4977_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.neo.7900102","volume":"2","author":"JL Rubenstein","year":"2000","unstructured":"Rubenstein JL et al (2000) Anti-VEGF antibody treatment of glioblastoma prolongs survival but results in increased vascular cooption. Neoplasia 2(4):306\u2013314","journal-title":"Neoplasia"},{"issue":"4","key":"4977_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-198910000-00005","volume":"25","author":"K Onda","year":"1989","unstructured":"Onda K et al (1989) Cerebral glioblastoma with cerebrospinal fluid dissemination: a clinicopathological study of 14 cases examined by complete autopsy. Neurosurgery 25(4):533\u2013540","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"1","key":"4977_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/s13000-016-0506-2","volume":"11","author":"F Behling","year":"2016","unstructured":"Behling F et al (2016) Frequency of BRAF V600E mutations in 969 central nervous system neoplasms. Diagn Pathol 11(1):55","journal-title":"Diagn Pathol"},{"key":"4977_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1067252","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.1067252","volume":"12","author":"V Di Nunno","year":"2022","unstructured":"Di Nunno V et al (2022) Implications of BRAF V600E mutation in gliomas: molecular considerations, prognostic value and treatment evolution. Front Oncol 12:1067252","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4977_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-011-0802-6","volume":"121","author":"G Schindler","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schindler G et al (2011) Analysis of BRAF V600E mutation in 1,320 nervous system tumors reveals high mutation frequencies in pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, ganglioglioma and extra-cerebellar pilocytic astrocytoma. Acta Neuropathol 121(3):397\u2013405","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"4977_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798018","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.798018","volume":"12","author":"Y Yan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yan Y, Dai W, Mei Q (2022) Multicentric glioma: an Ideal Model to reveal the mechanism of Glioma. Front Oncol 12:798018","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4977_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-024-04810-3","volume":"170","author":"H Krenzlin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Krenzlin H et al (2024) Multimodal treatment of glioblastoma with multiple lesions - a multi-center retrospective analysis. J Neurooncol 170(3):555\u2013566","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4977_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.2778","volume":"6","author":"JL Munoz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Munoz JL et al (2015) Temozolomide resistance in glioblastoma occurs by miRNA-9-targeted PTCH1, independent of sonic hedgehog level. Oncotarget 6(2):1190\u20131201","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"issue":"10","key":"4977_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa043331","volume":"352","author":"ME Hegi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hegi ME et al (2005) MGMT gene silencing and benefit from temozolomide in glioblastoma. N Engl J Med 352(10):997\u20131003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"46","key":"4977_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75839","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.12419","volume":"7","author":"S Grossauer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Grossauer S et al (2016) Concurrent MEK targeted therapy prevents MAPK pathway reactivation during BRAFV600E targeted inhibition in a novel syngeneic murine glioma model. Oncotarget 7(46):75839\u201375853","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"issue":"1","key":"4977_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-024-02027-6","volume":"23","author":"M Zuckermann","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zuckermann M et al (2024) Capmatinib is an effective treatment for MET-fusion driven pediatric high-grade glioma and synergizes with radiotherapy. Mol Cancer 23(1):123","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"issue":"36","key":"4977_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5524","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.23.00493","volume":"41","author":"R Rahman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rahman R et al (2023) Inaugural results of the individualized screening trial of innovative glioblastoma therapy: a phase II platform trial for newly diagnosed Glioblastoma using bayesian adaptive randomization. J Clin Oncol 41(36):5524\u20135535","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neuro-Oncology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11060-025-04977-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11060-025-04977-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11060-025-04977-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T08:29:56Z","timestamp":1745915396000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11060-025-04977-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["4977"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11060-025-04977-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["0167-594X","1573-7373"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0167-594X","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7373","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 January 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 February 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 March 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}