{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T15:29:48Z","timestamp":1772119788252,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764288000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764288000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2023-246346"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-246346"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002573","name":"Yonsei University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025-32-0033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025-32-0033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002573","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neurooncol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-025-05345-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T08:53:39Z","timestamp":1764320019000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Neoadjuvant gamma knife surgery for metastatic brain tumor: clinical use and impact on leptomeningeal seeding"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"176","author":[{"given":"Jihwan","family":"Yoo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"In-Ho","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Won Seok","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyun Ho","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hun Ho","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ju Hyung","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eui Hyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seok-Gu","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1509-9800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jong Hee","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"5345_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/now127","volume":"18","author":"ND Arvold","year":"2016","unstructured":"Arvold ND, Lee EQ, Mehta MP et al (2016) Updates in the management of brain metastases. Neuro Oncol 18(8):1043\u20131065. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/neuonc\/now127","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5345_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nec.2010.08.007","volume":"22","author":"BD Fox","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fox BD, Cheung VJ, Patel AJ, Suki D, Rao G (2011) Epidemiology of metastatic brain tumors. Neurosurg Clin N Am 22(1):1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nec.2010.08.007","journal-title":"Neurosurg Clin N Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"5345_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-018-1013-6","volume":"43","author":"MA Hatiboglu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hatiboglu MA, Akdur K, Sawaya R (2020) Neurosurgical management of patients with brain metastasis. Neurosurg Rev 43(2):483\u2013495. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10143-018-1013-6","journal-title":"Neurosurg Rev"},{"issue":"17","key":"5345_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.280.17.1485","volume":"280","author":"RA Patchell","year":"1998","unstructured":"Patchell RA, Tibbs PA, Regine WF, Dempsey RJ, Mohiuddin M, Kryscio RJ, Markesbery WR, Foon KA, Young B (1998) Postoperative radiotherapy in the treatment of single metastases to the brain: a randomized trial. JAMA 280(17):1485\u20131489. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.280.17.1485","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"2","key":"5345_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2010.30.1655","volume":"29","author":"M Kocher","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kocher M, Soffietti R, Abacioglu U et al (2011) Adjuvant whole-brain radiotherapy versus observation after radiosurgery or surgical resection of one to three cerebral metastases: results of the EORTC 22952\u201326001 study. J Clin Oncol 29(2):134\u2013141. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/JCO.2010.30.1655","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"11","key":"5345_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(09)70263-3","volume":"10","author":"EL Chang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chang EL, Wefel JS, Hess KR et al (2009) Neurocognition in patients with brain metastases treated with radiosurgery or radiosurgery plus whole-brain irradiation: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol 10(11):1037\u20131044. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1470-2045(09)70263-3","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"issue":"21","key":"5345_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2483","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.295.21.2483","volume":"295","author":"H Aoyama","year":"2006","unstructured":"Aoyama H, Shirato H, Tago M et al (2006) Stereotactic radiosurgery plus whole-brain radiation therapy vs stereotactic radiosurgery alone for treatment of brain metastases: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 295(21):2483\u20132491. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.295.21.2483","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"8","key":"5345_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(17)30441-2","volume":"18","author":"PD Brown","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brown PD, Ballman KV, Cerhan JH et al (2017) Postoperative stereotactic radiosurgery compared with whole brain radiotherapy for resected metastatic brain disease (NCCTG N107C\/CEC.3): a multicentre, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 18(8):1049\u20131060. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1470-2045(17)30441-2","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"issue":"4","key":"5345_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1227\/ONS.0000000000000101","volume":"22","author":"C Udovicich","year":"2022","unstructured":"Udovicich C, Ng SP, Tange D, Bailey N, Haghighi N (2022) From postoperative to preoperative: A case series of hypofractionated and Single-Fraction neoadjuvant stereotactic radiosurgery for brain metastases. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown) 22(4):208\u2013214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1227\/ONS.0000000000000101","journal-title":"Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown)"},{"key":"5345_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yoo J, Cha YJ, Park HH, Park M, Joo B, Suh SH, Ahn SJ (2022) The extent of necrosis in brain metastases may predict subtypes of primary cancer and overall survival in patients receiving craniotomy. Cancers (Basel) 14(7). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers14071694","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14071694"},{"key":"5345_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ho DE, Imai K, King G, Stuart EA (2011) MatchIt: nonparametric preprocessing for parametric causal inference. J Stat Softw 42(8)","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v042.i08"},{"issue":"2","key":"5345_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-022-04073-w","volume":"159","author":"JD Palmer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Palmer JD, Perlow HK, Matsui JK et al (2022) Fractionated pre-operative stereotactic radiotherapy for patients with brain metastases: a multi-institutional analysis. J Neurooncol 159(2):389\u2013395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11060-022-04073-w","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"issue":"4","key":"5345_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1227\/ONS.0000000000000101","volume":"22","author":"C Udovicich","year":"2022","unstructured":"Udovicich C, Ng SP, Tange D, Bailey N, Haghighi N (2022) From postoperative to preoperative: A case series of hypofractionated and Single-Fraction neoadjuvant stereotactic radiosurgery for brain metastases. Oper Neurosurg 22(4):208\u2013214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1227\/ONS.0000000000000101","journal-title":"Oper Neurosurg"},{"issue":"3","key":"5345_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.17305\/bb.2025.12890","volume":"26","author":"AN Ucgul","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ucgul AN, Tugcu AO, Erpolat OP (2025) Neoadjuvant stereotactic radiosurgery for brain metastases: current evidence and clinical perspectives. Biomol Biomed 26(3):377\u2013382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17305\/bb.2025.12890","journal-title":"Biomol Biomed"},{"issue":"1","key":"5345_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyy146","volume":"84","author":"RS Prabhu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Prabhu RS, Patel KR, Press RH, Soltys SG, Brown PD, Mehta MP, Asher AL, Burri SH (2019) Preoperative vs postoperative radiosurgery for resected brain metastases: A review. Neurosurgery 84(1):19\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/neuros\/nyy146","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"5345_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"972727","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2022.972727","volume":"9","author":"EJ Lehrer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lehrer EJ, Kowalchuk RO, Ruiz-Garcia H, Merrell KW, Brown PD, Palmer JD, Burri SH, Sheehan JP, Quninoes-Hinojosa A, Trifiletti DM (2022) Preoperative stereotactic radiosurgery in the management of brain metastases and gliomas. Front Surg 9:972727. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fsurg.2022.972727","journal-title":"Front Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"5345_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2013.12.013","volume":"88","author":"AL Asher","year":"2014","unstructured":"Asher AL, Burri SH, Wiggins WF, Kelly RP, Boltes MO, Mehrlich M, Norton HJ, Fraser RW (2014) A new treatment paradigm: neoadjuvant radiosurgery before surgical resection of brain metastases with analysis of local tumor recurrence. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 88(4):899\u2013906. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2013.12.013","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"issue":"2","key":"5345_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyz442","volume":"87","author":"H Takami","year":"2020","unstructured":"Takami H, Nassiri F, Moraes FY et al (2020) A phase II study of neoadjuvant stereotactic radiosurgery for large brain metastases: clinical trial protocol. Neurosurgery 87(2):403\u2013407. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/neuros\/nyz442","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"1","key":"5345_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s40880-019-0416-2","volume":"39","author":"CD Diehl","year":"2019","unstructured":"Diehl CD, Shiban E, Straube C et al (2019) Neoadjuvant stereotactic radiosurgery for intracerebral metastases of solid tumors (NepoMUC): a phase I dose escalation trial. Cancer Commun (Lond) 39(1):73. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40880-019-0416-2","journal-title":"Cancer Commun (Lond)"},{"issue":"5","key":"5345_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E8","DOI":"10.3171\/2022.8.FOCUS22367","volume":"53","author":"YD Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li YD, Coxon AT, Huang J et al (2022) Neoadjuvant stereotactic radiosurgery for brain metastases: a new paradigm. Neurosurg Focus 53(5):E8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2022.8.FOCUS22367","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"issue":"2","key":"5345_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0000000000001096","volume":"79","author":"KR Patel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Patel KR, Burri SH, Asher AL et al (2016) Comparing preoperative with postoperative stereotactic radiosurgery for resectable brain metastases: A Multi-institutional analysis. Neurosurgery 79(2):279\u2013285. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1227\/NEU.0000000000001096","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"3","key":"5345_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-016-2334-3","volume":"131","author":"KR Patel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Patel KR, Burri SH, Boselli D et al (2017) Comparing pre-operative stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) to post-operative whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT) for resectable brain metastases: a multi-institutional analysis. J Neurooncol 131(3):611\u2013618. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11060-016-2334-3","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"5345_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.08.107","volume":"120","author":"AR Patel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Patel AR, Nedzi L, Lau S et al (2018) Neoadjuvant stereotactic radiosurgery before surgical resection of cerebral metastases. World Neurosurg 120:E480\u2013E487. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.08.107","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"issue":"5","key":"5345_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(20)30111-X","volume":"21","author":"SB Goldberg","year":"2020","unstructured":"Goldberg SB, Schalper KA, Gettinger SN et al (2020) Pembrolizumab for management of patients with NSCLC and brain metastases: long-term results and biomarker analysis from a non-randomised, open-label, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol 21(5):655\u2013663. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1470-2045(20)30111-X","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"issue":"8","key":"5345_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1805453","volume":"379","author":"HA Tawbi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tawbi HA, Forsyth PA, Algazi A et al (2018) Combined nivolumab and ipilimumab in melanoma metastatic to the brain. N Engl J Med 379(8):722\u2013730. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1805453","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"5345_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Palmisciano P, Ferini G, Khan R, Bin-Alamer O, Umana GE, Yu K, Cohen-Gadol AA, El Ahmadieh TY, Haider AS (2022) Neoadjuvant stereotactic radiotherapy for brain metastases: systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature and ongoing clinical trials. Cancers (Basel) 14(17). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers14174328","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14174328"},{"key":"5345_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00959","volume":"9","author":"DM Routman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Routman DM, Yan E, Vora S et al (2018) Preoperative stereotactic radiosurgery for brain metastases. Front Neurol 9:959. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2018.00959","journal-title":"Front Neurol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neuro-Oncology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11060-025-05345-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11060-025-05345-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11060-025-05345-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T12:34:46Z","timestamp":1767702886000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11060-025-05345-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["5345"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11060-025-05345-x","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-7977372\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0167-594X","1573-7373"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0167-594X","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7373","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the Institutional Review Board of Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine (IRB 4-2023-0105). Patient information was anonymized and de-identified before the analysis.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Consent from participants was waived due to the retrospective nature of the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Consent to publish was waived as this was a retrospective study with all patients anonymized.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to publish"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"100"}}