{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T11:25:18Z","timestamp":1772105118042,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769558400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100021316","name":"AstraZeneca United States","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100021316","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5P50CA221747-08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5P50CA221747-08"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neurooncol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-026-05446-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T08:53:47Z","timestamp":1769590427000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A phase 2, open label, clinical trial of pre-surgical and adjuvant treatment of recurrent glioblastoma with tremelimumab and durvalumab alone and in combination"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"176","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0403-6054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karan S.","family":"Dixit","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Priya","family":"Kumthekar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rimas V.","family":"Lukas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew C.","family":"Tate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James P.","family":"Chandler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pouya","family":"Jamshidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Helenowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Orin","family":"Bloch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey J.","family":"Raizer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"5446_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(09)70025-7","volume":"10","author":"R Stupp","year":"2009","unstructured":"Stupp R et al (2009) Effects of radiotherapy with concomitant and adjuvant Temozolomide versus radiotherapy alone on survival in glioblastoma in a randomised phase III study: 5-year analysis of the EORTC-NCIC trial. Lancet Oncol 10(5):459\u2013466","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"issue":"23","key":"5446_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2306","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.18718","volume":"318","author":"R Stupp","year":"2017","unstructured":"Stupp R et al (2017) Effect of Tumor-Treating fields plus maintenance Temozolomide vs maintenance Temozolomide alone on survival in patients with glioblastoma: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA 318(23):2306\u20132316","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"5446_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(18)30675-2","volume":"20","author":"G Lombardi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lombardi G et al (2019) Regorafenib compared with lomustine in patients with relapsed glioblastoma (REGOMA): a multicentre, open-label, randomised, controlled, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol 20(1):110\u2013119","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"issue":"20","key":"5446_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1954","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1707358","volume":"377","author":"W Wick","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wick W et al (2017) Lomustine and bevacizumab in progressive glioblastoma. N Engl J Med 377(20):1954\u20131963","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"22","key":"5446_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5297","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.25462","volume":"116","author":"JJ Raizer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Raizer JJ et al (2010) A phase 2 trial of single-agent bevacizumab given in an every-3-week schedule for patients with recurrent high-grade gliomas. Cancer 116(22):5297\u20135305","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"4","key":"5446_CR6","first-page":"209","volume":"4","author":"RV Lukas","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lukas RV, Mrugala MM (2017) Pivotal therapeutic trials for infiltrating gliomas and how they affect clinical practice. Neurooncol Pract 4(4):209\u2013219","journal-title":"Neurooncol Pract"},{"issue":"9","key":"5446_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2015.139","volume":"11","author":"M Preusser","year":"2015","unstructured":"Preusser M et al (2015) Prospects of immune checkpoint modulators in the treatment of glioblastoma. Nat Rev Neurol 11(9):504\u2013514","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"5446_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(15)70076-8","volume":"16","author":"JS Weber","year":"2015","unstructured":"Weber JS et al (2015) Nivolumab versus chemotherapy in patients with advanced melanoma who progressed after anti-CTLA-4 treatment (CheckMate 037): a randomised, controlled, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 16(4):375\u2013384","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"issue":"8","key":"5446_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1805453","volume":"379","author":"HA Tawbi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tawbi HA et al (2018) Combined nivolumab and ipilimumab in melanoma metastatic to the brain. N Engl J Med 379(8):722\u2013730","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"5446_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1504627","volume":"373","author":"J Brahmer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brahmer J et al (2015) Nivolumab versus docetaxel in advanced Squamous-Cell Non-Small-Cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 373(2):123\u2013135","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"5446_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-15-0151","volume":"4","author":"DA Reardon","year":"2016","unstructured":"Reardon DA et al (2016) Glioblastoma eradication following immune checkpoint Blockade in an Orthotopic, immunocompetent model. Cancer Immunol Res 4(2):124\u2013135","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Res"},{"key":"5446_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baskaran AB et al (2024) Immune checkpoint inhibitors in glioblastoma IDHwt treatment: a systematic review. Cancers (Basel) 16(24)","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16244148"},{"issue":"7","key":"5446_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2020.1024","volume":"6","author":"DA Reardon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Reardon DA et al (2020) Effect of nivolumab vs bevacizumab in patients with recurrent glioblastoma: the checkmate 143 phase 3 randomized clinical trial. JAMA Oncol 6(7):1003\u20131010","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"issue":"Supplement5","key":"5446_CR14","first-page":"v65","volume":"25","author":"A Lassman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lassman A, et al. CTIM-18. NRG Oncology study BN007: randomized phase II\/III trial of ipilimumab (IPI) plus nivolumab (NIVO) vs. temozolomide (TMZ) in MGMT-unmethylated (UMGMT) newly diagnosed glioblastoma (NGBM). Neuro-Oncology. 2023;25(Suppl 5):v65\u2013v65.","journal-title":"Neurooncology"},{"issue":"27","key":"5446_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3032","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO-25-00618","volume":"43","author":"AB Lassman","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lassman AB et al (2025) Dual immune check point Blockade in MGMT-Unmethylated newly diagnosed glioblastoma: NRG oncology BN007, a randomized phase II\/III clinical trial. J Clin Oncol 43(27):3032\u20133040","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"12","key":"5446_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-021-00260-2","volume":"2","author":"VA Arrieta","year":"2021","unstructured":"Arrieta VA et al (2021) ERK1\/2 phosphorylation predicts survival following anti-PD-1 immunotherapy in recurrent glioblastoma. Nat Cancer 2(12):1372\u20131386","journal-title":"Nat Cancer"},{"issue":"3","key":"5446_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0349-y","volume":"25","author":"J Zhao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhao J et al (2019) Immune and genomic correlates of response to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy in glioblastoma. Nat Med 25(3):462\u2013469","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"5446_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10757","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-54326-7","volume":"15","author":"JR McFaline-Figueroa","year":"2024","unstructured":"McFaline-Figueroa JR et al (2024) Neoadjuvant anti-PD1 immunotherapy for surgically accessible recurrent glioblastoma: clinical and molecular outcomes of a stage 2 single-arm expansion cohort. Nat Commun 15(1):10757","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"12","key":"5446_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2208","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noae177","volume":"26","author":"J Duerinck","year":"2024","unstructured":"Duerinck J et al (2024) Intracranial administration of anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 immune checkpoint-blocking monoclonal antibodies in patients with recurrent high-grade glioma. Neuro Oncol 26(12):2208\u20132221","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"issue":"5","key":"5446_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nox208","volume":"20","author":"A Omuro","year":"2018","unstructured":"Omuro A et al (2018) Nivolumab with or without ipilimumab in patients with recurrent glioblastoma: results from exploratory phase I cohorts of checkmate 143. Neuro Oncol 20(5):674\u2013686","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"issue":"3","key":"5446_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0337-7","volume":"25","author":"TF Cloughesy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cloughesy TF et al (2019) Neoadjuvant anti-PD-1 immunotherapy promotes a survival benefit with intratumoral and systemic immune responses in recurrent glioblastoma. Nat Med 25(3):477\u2013486","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"5446_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0339-5","volume":"25","author":"KA Schalper","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schalper KA et al (2019) Neoadjuvant nivolumab modifies the tumor immune microenvironment in resectable glioblastoma. Nat Med 25(3):470\u2013476","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"5446_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noz185","volume":"22","author":"J de Groot","year":"2020","unstructured":"de Groot J et al (2020) Window-of-opportunity clinical trial of pembrolizumab in patients with recurrent glioblastoma reveals predominance of immune-suppressive macrophages. Neuro Oncol 22(4):539\u2013549","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"issue":"16","key":"5446_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3792","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-18-0047","volume":"24","author":"KI Woroniecka","year":"2018","unstructured":"Woroniecka KI et al (2018) T-cell dysfunction in glioblastoma: applying a new framework. Clin Cancer Res 24(16):3792\u20133802","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"issue":"17","key":"5446_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4175","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-17-1846","volume":"24","author":"K Woroniecka","year":"2018","unstructured":"Woroniecka K et al (2018) T-Cell exhaustion signatures vary with tumor type and are severe in glioblastoma. Clin Cancer Res 24(17):4175\u20134186","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"5446_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-020-03439-2","volume":"151","author":"WJ Kelly","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kelly WJ, Gilbert MR (2021) Glucocorticoids and immune checkpoint inhibitors in glioblastoma. J Neurooncol 151(1):13\u201320","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neuro-Oncology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11060-026-05446-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11060-026-05446-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11060-026-05446-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T10:47:37Z","timestamp":1772102857000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11060-026-05446-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["5446"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11060-026-05446-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0167-594X","1573-7373"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0167-594X","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7373","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the Institutional Review Board of Northwestern University (STU00202283, granted on 1\/15\/2016).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Financial Interests: K.D. has received speaker honoraria from Servier and consultant\/advisory honoraria from ONO, SERB, Boston Scientific and Telix. P.K. has received consultant\/advisory honoraria from Novocure, Servier, Roche, Roche, Telix Pharmaceuticals, PlusTherapeutics, Belay Diagnostics, FYR Diagnostics, Autem Therapeutics, Imvax, and GSK. She is on data safety monitoring community for BPGBio and In8bio. She has received speaker honoraria from Servier. She is associated with Contract Research for Genentech, Novocure, Orbus Therapeutics, Servier.R.V.L. has received speaker and consultant\/advisory honoraria from Novocure, Merk, Servier, GT Technologies, and Telix. He has received and editing honoraria from EBSCO, Elsevier, and Medlink Neurology. P.J. serves as consultant for Novocure. J.J.R. is an employee of and holds stock in Takeda. A.W., M.C.T., J.P.C., I.H., H.Z. O.B. declare they have no financial interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"185"}}