{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T18:39:10Z","timestamp":1793039950712,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771977600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771977600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services","award":["R01FD006368"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01FD006368"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neurooncol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-026-05480-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T17:11:43Z","timestamp":1772039503000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Clinical and translational progress in oncolytic virotherapy for pediatric CNS tumors"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"177","author":[{"given":"Amr","family":"Elgehiny","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron E.","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Frost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiasen","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sam E.","family":"Gary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana S.","family":"Osorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wafik","family":"Zaky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyung-Don","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Fueyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Candelaria","family":"Gomez-Manzano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric M.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua D.","family":"Bernstock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory K.","family":"Friedman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Supplement6","key":"5480_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"vi1","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noae145","volume":"26","author":"M Price","year":"2024","unstructured":"Price M, Ballard C, Benedetti J, Neff C, Cioffi G, Waite KA et al (2024) CBTRUS Statistical Report: Primary Brain and Other Central Nervous System Tumors Diagnosed in the United States in 2017\u20132021. Neuro Oncol 26(Supplement6):vi1\u2013vi85","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"5480_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2022.108193","volume":"239","author":"G Ghajar-Rahimi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ghajar-Rahimi G, Kang KD, Totsch SK, Gary S, Rocco A, Blitz S et al (2022) Clinical advances in oncolytic virotherapy for pediatric brain tumors. Pharmacol Ther 239:108193","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"5480_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1080\/17460441.2021.1850689","volume":"16","author":"S Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang S, Rabkin SD (2021) The discovery and development of oncolytic viruses: are they the future of cancer immunotherapy? Expert Opin Drug Discov 16(4):391\u2013410","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Discov"},{"issue":"8","key":"5480_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1630","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01897-x","volume":"28","author":"T Todo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Todo T, Ito H, Ino Y, Ohtsu H, Ota Y, Shibahara J et al (2022) Intratumoral oncolytic herpes virus G47\u2206 for residual or recurrent glioblastoma: a phase 2 trial. Nat Med 28(8):1630\u20131639","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"5480_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/onco5010001","volume":"5","author":"AY Mochizuki","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mochizuki AY, Hummel TR, Cripe T, Fouladi M, Pollack IF, Mitchell D et al (2024) Intratumoral\/Peritumoral Herpes Simplex Virus-1 Mutant HSV1716 in Pediatric Patients with Refractory or Recurrent High-Grade Gliomas: A Report of the Pediatric Brain Tumor Consortium. Onco 5(1):1","journal-title":"Onco"},{"issue":"17","key":"5480_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2024947","volume":"384","author":"GK Friedman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Friedman GK, Johnston JM, Bag AK, Bernstock JD, Li R, Aban I et al (2021) Oncolytic HSV-1 G207 Immunovirotherapy for Pediatric High-Grade Gliomas. N Engl J Med 384(17):1613\u20131622","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"5480_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2014.22","volume":"22","author":"JM Markert","year":"2014","unstructured":"Markert JM, Razdan SN, Kuo HC, Cantor A, Knoll A, Karrasch M et al (2014) A phase 1 trial of oncolytic HSV-1, G207, given in combination with radiation for recurrent GBM demonstrates safety and radiographic responses. Mol Ther 22(5):1048\u20131055","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"5480_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1089\/humc.2016.031","volume":"27","author":"DM Patel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Patel DM, Foreman PM, Nabors LB, Riley KO, Gillespie GY, Markert JM (2016) Design of a Phase I Clinical Trial to Evaluate M032, a Genetically Engineered HSV-1 Expressing IL-12, in Patients with Recurrent\/Progressive Glioblastoma Multiforme, Anaplastic Astrocytoma, or Gliosarcoma. Hum Gene Ther Clin Dev 27(2):69\u201378","journal-title":"Hum Gene Ther Clin Dev"},{"issue":"26","key":"5480_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2471","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2202028","volume":"386","author":"J G\u00e1llego P\u00e9rez-Larraya","year":"2022","unstructured":"G\u00e1llego P\u00e9rez-Larraya J, Garcia-Moure M, Labiano S, Pati\u00f1o-Garc\u00eda A, Dobbs J, Gonzalez-Huarriz M et al (2022) Oncolytic DNX-2401 Virus for Pediatric Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma. N Engl J Med 386(26):2471\u20132481","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"5480_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2020.01.019","volume":"28","author":"D Ruano","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ruano D, L\u00f3pez-Mart\u00edn JA, Moreno L, Lassaletta \u00c1, Bautista F, Andi\u00f3n M et al (2020) First-in-Human, First-in-Child Trial of Autologous MSCs Carrying the Oncolytic Virus Icovir-5 in Patients with Advanced Tumors. Mol Ther 28(4):1033\u20131042","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"5480_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.122254","volume":"336","author":"S Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li S, Guo Y, Ning W, Chen Y, Xu J, Zhao C et al (2024) Oncolytic virus Ad-TD-nsIL-12 inhibits glioma growth and reprograms the tumor immune microenvironment. Life Sci 336:122254","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"5480_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu B, Kline C, Hoare O, Jung J, Knowles T, Ranavaya A et al (2025) Measles oncolytic virus as an immunotherapy for recurrent\/refractory pediatric medulloblastoma and atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor: results from PNOC005. Clin Cancer Res","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.c.7981490"},{"key":"5480_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thompson EM, Landi D, Brown MC, Friedman HS, McLendon R, Herndon JE 2 et al (2023) Recombinant polio-rhinovirus immunotherapy for recurrent paediatric high-grade glioma: a phase 1b trial. Lancet Child Adolesc Health 7(7):471\u2013478","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(23)00031-7"},{"issue":"5","key":"5480_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.25464","volume":"62","author":"EA Kolb","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kolb EA, Sampson V, Stabley D, Walter A, Sol-Church K, Cripe T et al (2015) A phase I trial and viral clearance study of reovirus (Reolysin) in children with relapsed or refractory extra-cranial solid tumors: a Children\u2019s Oncology Group Phase I Consortium report. Pediatr Blood Cancer 62(5):751\u2013758","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"5480_CR15","first-page":"vdac085","volume":"4","author":"MR Schuelke","year":"2022","unstructured":"Schuelke MR, Gundelach JH, Coffey M, West E, Scott K, Johnson DR et al (2022) Phase I trial of sargramostim\/pelareorep therapy in pediatric patients with recurrent or refractory high-grade brain tumors. Neurooncol Adv 4(1):vdac085","journal-title":"Neurooncol Adv"},{"issue":"1","key":"5480_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s43556-024-00199-7","volume":"5","author":"L Bai","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bai L, Xu J, Zeng L, Zhang L, Zhou F (2024) A review of HSV pathogenesis, vaccine development, and advanced applications. Mol Biomed 5(1):35","journal-title":"Mol Biomed"},{"issue":"3","key":"5480_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e001875","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2019-001875","volume":"5","author":"KJ Looker","year":"2020","unstructured":"Looker KJ, Johnston C, Welton NJ, James C, Vickerman P, Turner KME et al (2020) The global and regional burden of genital ulcer disease due to herpes simplex virus: a natural history modelling study. BMJ Glob Health 5(3):e001875","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"issue":"34","key":"5480_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6159","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-019-0870-y","volume":"38","author":"SK Totsch","year":"2019","unstructured":"Totsch SK, Schlappi C, Kang KD, Ishizuka AS, Lynn GM, Fox B et al (2019) Oncolytic herpes simplex virus immunotherapy for brain tumors: current pitfalls and emerging strategies to overcome therapeutic resistance. Oncogene 38(34):6159\u20136171","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"issue":"10","key":"5480_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gt.3301205","volume":"7","author":"JM Markert","year":"2000","unstructured":"Markert JM, Medlock MD, Rabkin SD, Gillespie GY, Todo T, Hunter WD et al (2000) Conditionally replicating herpes simplex virus mutant, G207 for the treatment of malignant glioma: results of a phase I trial. Gene Ther 7(10):867\u2013874","journal-title":"Gene Ther"},{"issue":"10","key":"5480_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gt.3301184","volume":"7","author":"R Rampling","year":"2000","unstructured":"Rampling R, Cruickshank G, Papanastassiou V, Nicoll J, Hadley D, Brennan D et al (2000) Toxicity evaluation of replication-competent herpes simplex virus (ICP 34.5 null mutant 1716) in patients with recurrent malignant glioma. Gene Ther 7(10):859\u2013866","journal-title":"Gene Ther"},{"key":"5480_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Estevez-Ordonez D, Stein J, Maleknia P, Gallegos C, Atchley T, Laskay N et al (2023) Phase I Clinical Trial of Oncolytic Hsv-1 M032, a Second-Generation Virus Armed to Expressed Il-12, for the Treatment of Adult Patients with Recurrent or Progressive Malignant Glioma. Neurooncology 25","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noad179.0253"},{"key":"5480_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omto.2017.02.001","volume":"5","author":"KA Cassady","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cassady KA, Bauer DF, Roth J, Chambers MR, Shoeb T, Coleman J et al (2017) Pre-clinical Assessment of C134, a Chimeric Oncolytic Herpes Simplex Virus, in Mice and Non-human Primates. Mol Ther Oncolytics 5:1\u201310","journal-title":"Mol Ther Oncolytics"},{"issue":"7985","key":"5480_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06623-2","volume":"623","author":"AL Ling","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ling AL, Solomon IH, Landivar AM, Nakashima H, Woods JK, Santos A et al (2023) Clinical trial links oncolytic immunoactivation to survival in glioblastoma. Nature 623(7985):157\u2013166","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"5480_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang B, Huang J, Tang J, Hu S, Luo S, Luo Z et al (2021) Intratumoral OH2, an oncolytic herpes simplex virus 2, in patients with advanced solid tumors: a multicenter, phase I\/II clinical trial. J Immunother Cancer 9(4)","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2020-002224"},{"issue":"8","key":"5480_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1038\/35087061","volume":"3","author":"F Farassati","year":"2001","unstructured":"Farassati F, Yang AD, Lee PW (2001) Oncogenes in Ras signalling pathway dictate host-cell permissiveness to herpes simplex virus 1. Nat Cell Biol 3(8):745\u2013750","journal-title":"Nat Cell Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5480_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13930","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-32353-x","volume":"8","author":"GK Friedman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Friedman GK, Bernstock JD, Chen D, Nan L, Moore BP, Kelly VM et al (2018) Enhanced Sensitivity of Patient-Derived Pediatric High-Grade Brain Tumor Xenografts to Oncolytic HSV-1 Virotherapy Correlates with Nectin-1 Expression. Sci Rep 8(1):13930","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"9","key":"5480_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0995-938","volume":"1","author":"T Mineta","year":"1995","unstructured":"Mineta T, Rabkin SD, Yazaki T, Hunter WD, Martuza RL (1995) Attenuated multi-mutated herpes simplex virus-1 for the treatment of malignant gliomas. Nat Med 1(9):938\u2013943","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"5480_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2008.228","volume":"17","author":"JM Markert","year":"2009","unstructured":"Markert JM, Liechty PG, Wang W, Gaston S, Braz E, Karrasch M et al (2009) Phase Ib trial of mutant herpes simplex virus G207 inoculated pre-and post-tumor resection for recurrent GBM. Mol Ther 17(1):199\u2013207","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"issue":"11","key":"5480_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1038\/gt.2011.61","volume":"18","author":"SJ Advani","year":"2011","unstructured":"Advani SJ, Markert JM, Sood RF, Samuel S, Gillespie GY, Shao MY et al (2011) Increased oncolytic efficacy for high-grade gliomas by optimal integration of ionizing radiation into the replicative cycle of HSV-1. Gene Ther 18(11):1098\u20131102","journal-title":"Gene Ther"},{"key":"5480_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noae064.134","volume":"26","author":"A Lassaletta","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lassaletta A, Vazquez-Gomez F, Rubio A, Moreno-Carrasco JL, Sansegundo CG, Gonzalez-Murillo A et al (2024) DIPG-81. Phase Ib Clinical Trial Assessing Safety, Tolerability, And Preliminary Efficacy Of Alocelyvir (Allogeneic Mesenchymal Cells + Oncolytic Adenovirus) Combined With Radiotherapy In Pediatric Patients With Newly Diagnosed Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma (Dipg). Neuro Oncol 26:1522\u20138517 (Print))","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"issue":"10","key":"5480_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/now038","volume":"18","author":"RI Jakacki","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jakacki RI, Cohen KJ, Buxton A, Krailo MD, Burger PC, Rosenblum MK et al (2016) Phase 2 study of concurrent radiotherapy and temozolomide followed by temozolomide and lomustine in the treatment of children with high-grade glioma: a report of the Children\u2019s Oncology Group ACNS0423 study. Neuro Oncol 18(10):1442\u20131450","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5480_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-017-2701-8","volume":"137","author":"C Kline","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kline C, Felton E, Allen IE, Tahir P, Mueller S (2018) Survival outcomes in pediatric recurrent high-grade glioma: results of a 20-year systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurooncol 137(1):103\u2013110","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"issue":"12","key":"5480_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1678921","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2019.1678921","volume":"8","author":"JD Bernstock","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bernstock JD, Vicario N, Rong L, Valdes PA, Choi BD, Chen JA et al (2019) A novel in situ multiplex immunofluorescence panel for the assessment of tumor immunopathology and response to virotherapy in pediatric glioblastoma reveals a role for checkpoint protein inhibition. Oncoimmunology 8(12):e1678921","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"issue":"4","key":"5480_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2007.04.065","volume":"151","author":"F Xu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Xu F, Lee FK, Morrow RA, Sternberg MR, Luther KE, Dubin G et al (2007) Seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus type 1 in children in the United States. J Pediatr 151(4):374\u2013377","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"19\u201320","key":"5480_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1089\/hum.2020.101","volume":"31","author":"JD Bernstock","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bernstock JD, Bag AK, Fiveash J, Kachurak K, Elsayed G, Chagoya G et al (2020) Design and Rationale for First-in-Human Phase 1 Immunovirotherapy Clinical Trial of Oncolytic HSV G207 to Treat Malignant Pediatric Cerebellar Brain Tumors. Hum Gene Ther 31(19\u201320):1132\u20131139","journal-title":"Hum Gene Ther"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"5480_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1038\/s41417-019-0091-0","volume":"27","author":"JD Bernstock","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bernstock JD, Vicario N, Li R, Nan L, Totsch SK, Schlappi C et al (2020) Safety and efficacy of oncolytic HSV-1 G207 inoculated into the cerebellum of mice. Cancer Gene Ther 27(3\u20134):246\u2013255","journal-title":"Cancer Gene Ther"},{"key":"5480_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranon.2024.101875","volume":"40","author":"EM Thompson","year":"2024","unstructured":"Thompson EM, Kang KD, Stevenson K, Zhang H, Gromeier M, Ashley D et al (2024) Elucidating cellular response to treatment with viral immunotherapies in pediatric high-grade glioma and medulloblastoma. Transl Oncol 40:101875","journal-title":"Transl Oncol"},{"issue":"9","key":"5480_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5304","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.06998-11","volume":"86","author":"JM Markert","year":"2012","unstructured":"Markert JM, Cody JJ, Parker JN, Coleman JM, Price KH, Kern ER et al (2012) Preclinical evaluation of a genetically engineered herpes simplex virus expressing interleukin-12. J Virol 86(9):5304\u20135313","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"11","key":"5480_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noae160","volume":"26","author":"M Garcia-Moure","year":"2024","unstructured":"Garcia-Moure M, Laspidea V, Gupta S, Gillard AG, Khatua S, Parthasarathy A et al (2024) The emerging field of viroimmunotherapy for pediatric brain tumors. Neuro Oncol 26(11):1981\u20131993","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"issue":"6","key":"5480_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2004.11.012","volume":"6","author":"CC O\u2019Shea","year":"2004","unstructured":"O\u2019Shea CC, Johnson L, Bagus B, Choi S, Nicholas C, Shen A et al (2004) Late viral RNA export, rather than p53 inactivation, determines ONYX-015 tumor selectivity. Cancer Cell 6(6):611\u2013623","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"issue":"5","key":"5480_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2004.07.021","volume":"10","author":"EA Chiocca","year":"2004","unstructured":"Chiocca EA, Abbed KM, Tatter S, Louis DN, Hochberg FH, Barker F et al (2004) A phase I open-label, dose-escalation, multi-institutional trial of injection with an E1B-Attenuated adenovirus, ONYX-015, into the peritumoral region of recurrent malignant gliomas, in the adjuvant setting. Mol Ther 10(5):958\u2013966","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"5480_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E6","DOI":"10.3171\/2020.11.FOCUS20853","volume":"50","author":"CI Ene","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ene CI, Fueyo J, Lang FF (2021) Delta-24 adenoviral therapy for glioblastoma: evolution from the bench to bedside and future considerations. Neurosurg Focus 50(2):E6","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"issue":"1","key":"5480_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2235","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10043-0","volume":"10","author":"N Mart\u00ednez-V\u00e9lez","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-V\u00e9lez N, Garcia-Moure M, Marigil M, Gonz\u00e1lez-Huarriz M, Puigdelloses M, Gallego P\u00e9rez-Larraya J et al (2019) The oncolytic virus Delta-24-RGD elicits an antitumor effect in pediatric glioma and DIPG mouse models. Nat Commun 10(1):2235","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"5480_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-019-0714-6","volume":"7","author":"N Martinez-Velez","year":"2019","unstructured":"Martinez-Velez N, Marigil M, Garc\u00eda-Moure M, Gonzalez-Huarriz M, Aristu JJ, Ramos-Garc\u00eda LI et al (2019) Delta-24-RGD combined with radiotherapy exerts a potent antitumor effect in diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma and pediatric high grade glioma models. Acta Neuropathol Commun 7(1):64","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun"},{"issue":"4","key":"5480_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2017.08.017","volume":"32","author":"A Mackay","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mackay A, Burford A, Carvalho D, Izquierdo E, Fazal-Salom J, Taylor KR et al (2017) Integrated Molecular Meta-Analysis of 1,000 Pediatric High-Grade and Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma. Cancer Cell 32(4):520\u201337e5","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"5480_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6934","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-62260-5","volume":"16","author":"X Qian","year":"2025","unstructured":"Qian X, Ning W, Yang J, Dunmall LC, Pandha HS, Shang G et al (2025) The oncolytic adenovirus Ad-TD-nsIL12 in primary or progressive pediatric IDH wild-type diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma results of two phase I clinical trials. Nat Commun 16(1):6934","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"4","key":"5480_CR47","first-page":"459","volume":"14","author":"AW Studebaker","year":"2012","unstructured":"Studebaker AW, Hutzen B, Pierson CR, Russell SJ, Galanis E, Raffel C (2012) Oncolytic measles virus prolongs survival in a murine model of cerebral spinal fluid\u2013disseminated medulloblastoma. Neurooncology 14(4):459\u2013470","journal-title":"Neurooncology"},{"issue":"12","key":"5480_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nov058","volume":"17","author":"AW Studebaker","year":"2015","unstructured":"Studebaker AW, Hutzen B, Pierson CR, Shaffer TA, Raffel C, Jackson EM (2015) Oncolytic measles virus efficacy in murine xenograft models of atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumors. Neuro Oncol 17(12):1568\u20131577","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"issue":"12","key":"5480_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noy089","volume":"20","author":"S Lal","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lal S, Carrera D, Phillips JJ, Weiss WA, Raffel C (2018) An oncolytic measles virus-sensitive Group 3 medulloblastoma model in immune-competent mice. Neuro Oncol 20(12):1606\u20131615","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"issue":"3","key":"5480_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1215\/S1152851703000577","volume":"6","author":"MK Merrill","year":"2004","unstructured":"Merrill MK, Bernhardt G, Sampson JH, Wikstrand CJ, Bigner DD, Gromeier M (2004) Poliovirus receptor CD155-targeted oncolysis of glioma. Neuro Oncol 6(3):208\u2013217","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"issue":"8","key":"5480_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/nly045","volume":"77","author":"EM Thompson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Thompson EM, Brown M, Dobrikova E, Ramaswamy V, Taylor MD, McLendon R et al (2018) Poliovirus Receptor (CD155) Expression in Pediatric Brain Tumors Mediates Oncolysis of Medulloblastoma and Pleomorphic Xanthoastrocytoma. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 77(8):696\u2013702","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"5480_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1007\/s12094-022-02975-9","volume":"25","author":"S Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li S, McLendon R, Sankey E, Kornahrens R, Lyne AM, Cavalli FMG et al (2023) CD155 is a putative therapeutic target in medulloblastoma. Clin Transl Oncol 25(3):696\u2013705","journal-title":"Clin Transl Oncol"},{"key":"5480_CR53","unstructured":"Dighe OR, Korde P, Bisen YT, Iratwar S, Kesharwani A, Vardhan S et al Emerg recombinant oncolytic poliovirus therapy against malignant glioma: Rev. (2168\u20138184 (Print))."},{"key":"5480_CR54","unstructured":"Dobrikova EY, Broadt T, Fau - Poiley-Nelson J, Poiley-Nelson J, Fau - Yang X, Yang X, Fau - Soman G, Soman G, Fau - Giardina S, Giardina S, Fau - Harris R et al Recombinant oncolytic poliovirus eliminates glioma in vivo without genetic adaptation to a pathogenic phenotype. (1525-0024 (Electronic))."},{"issue":"2","key":"5480_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1716435","volume":"379","author":"A Desjardins","year":"2018","unstructured":"Desjardins A, Gromeier M, Herndon JE, Beaubier N, Bolognesi DP, Friedman AH et al (2018) Recurrent glioblastoma treated with recombinant poliovirus. N Engl J Med 379(2):150\u2013161","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"5480_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2014.118","volume":"22","author":"E Ilett","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ilett E, Kottke T, Donnelly O, Thompson J, Willmon C, Diaz R et al (2014) Cytokine conditioning enhances systemic delivery and therapy of an oncolytic virus. Mol Ther 22(10):1851\u20131863","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"5480_CR57","first-page":"ii35","volume":"22","author":"J Kendall","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kendall J, Chalmers A, McBain C, Melcher A, Samson A, Phillip R et al (2020) CTIM-14. pelareorep and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) with standard chemoradiotherapy\/adjuvant temozolomide for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) patients: Reoglio Phase I Trial results. Neurooncology 22(Suppl 2):ii35","journal-title":"Neurooncology"},{"key":"5480_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu J, Wang Y, Su S, Cheng G, Zhao H, Sun J et al (2025) Oncolytic viruses in glioblastoma: clinical progress, mechanistic insights, and future therapeutic directions. Cancers (Basel) 17(24)","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17243948"},{"key":"5480_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu Y, Yao X, Wang Q, Yang M, Li R, Qin J et al (2026) T Cell Exhaustion in Cancer Immunotherapy: Heterogeneity, Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Opportunities. Adv Sci (Weinh) e20634","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202520634"},{"key":"5480_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu J, Xia Z, Wang S, Xia Q (2025) Resistance to oncolytic virotherapy: Multidimensional mechanisms and therapeutic breakthroughs (Review). Int J Mol Med 56(5)","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2025.5612"},{"key":"5480_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omto.2019.10.007","volume":"15","author":"M Zheng","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zheng M, Huang J, Tong A, Yang H (2019) Oncolytic viruses for cancer therapy: barriers and recent advances. Mol Therapy-Oncolytics 15:234\u2013247","journal-title":"Mol Therapy-Oncolytics"},{"key":"5480_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00866","volume":"9","author":"G Marelli","year":"2018","unstructured":"Marelli G, Howells A, Lemoine NR, Wang Y (2018) Oncolytic Viral Therapy and the Immune System: A Double-Edged Sword Against Cancer. Front Immunol 9:866","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"5480_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103362","volume":"86","author":"P Lau","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lau P, Liang L, Chen X, Zhang J, Liu H (2025) Comparative safety and efficacy of oncolytic virotherapy for the treatment of individuals with malignancies: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and Bayesian network meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine 86:103362","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"5480_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peters CWD, Nigim F (2021) Immunomodulatory arming factors-the current paradigm for oncolytic vectors relies on immune stimulating molecules. Int J Mol Sci 22(16)","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22169051"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neuro-Oncology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11060-026-05480-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11060-026-05480-z","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11060-026-05480-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T10:07:42Z","timestamp":1776074862000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11060-026-05480-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["5480"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11060-026-05480-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["0167-594X","1573-7373"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0167-594X","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7373","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"JDB has an equity position in Treovir Inc., an oHSV clinical stage company and UpFront Diagnostics. JDB is also on the Centile Bioscience, QV Bioelectronics and NeuroX1 boards of scientific advisors and has equity positions in Barinthus Biotherapeutics. JMM has the following relationships which may pose or be perceived as posing a financial conflict of interest; he is a board and equity holding member, in Aettis, Inc. and may receive royalties. The company holds frozen oncolytic viral stocks. Mustang Bio Tech is licensing the Intellectual Property (IP) of C134 an oncolytic viral Therapy. Markert is blinded to the conditions for the C134 clinical trials. He is a shareholder for a privately held Small Business Innovation Research LLC, Treovir, Inc., concerning G207 oncolytic viral therapy now in clinical trial. Merck, Inc. provides industry grant support by providing Keytruda (pembrolizumab) for a clinical trial of M032 oncolytic virotherapy now in clinical trial. Additionally, JMM is a listee on IP- (1) related to a cancer immunotherapy system, and (2) to a novel immuno-virotherapeutic strategy targeting the glioma secretome. This IP has been filed by in8Bio (formerly Incysus, Ltd.) and has royalty earning potential. GKF holds an equity interest in Synaptive Medical, Inc. and a patent for methods and formulations related to the intrathecal delivery of oncolytic virus He received prior funding to his institution from Pfizer, Eisai, and E.R. Squibb & Sons for research unrelated to the content of this manuscript.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"17"}}