{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T07:48:42Z","timestamp":1782805722518,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2024M750593 (KY)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024M750593 (KY)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Youth Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["82503511 (KY)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82503511 (KY)"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021171","name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2025A1515012772 (KY)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025A1515012772 (KY)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021171","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"The Guangdong Provincial Key Area R&D Program","award":["2024B0101080001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024B0101080001"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program for the Prevention and Treatment of Cancer, Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Respiratory and Metabolic Diseases","award":["2024ZD0529400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024ZD0529400"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82573732"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82573732"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Major Joint Special Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China on Key Scientific Issues in Lung Cancer","award":["82241235"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82241235"]}]},{"name":"National High-Level Talent Special Support Program","award":["KA0120231004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KA0120231004"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory Construction Project","award":["2017B030314120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017B030314120"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neurooncol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-026-05557-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T07:47:53Z","timestamp":1780904873000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Survival outcomes and molecular predictors in small cell lung cancer with brain metastases receiving immunotherapy"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"178","author":[{"given":"Lin-Qiang","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen-Yang","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zi-Hao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xue-Ning","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hai-Yan","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Zhao","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"5557_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21834","volume":"74","author":"F Bray","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bray F, Laversanne M, Sung H et al (2024) Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin 74:229\u2013263. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3322\/caac.21834","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"5557_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc.2017.87","volume":"17","author":"AF Gazdar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gazdar AF, Bunn PA, Minna JD (2017) Small-cell lung cancer: what we know, what we need to know and the path forward. Nat Rev Cancer 17:725\u2013737. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrc.2017.87","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"5557_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21785","volume":"73","author":"Z Megyesfalvi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Megyesfalvi Z, Gay CM, Popper H et al (2023) Clinical insights into small cell lung cancer: Tumor heterogeneity, diagnosis, therapy, and future directions. CA Cancer J Clin 73:620\u2013652. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3322\/caac.21785","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"5557_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-01013-y","volume":"7","author":"M Yuan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yuan M, Zhao Y, Arkenau H-T et al (2022) Signal pathways and precision therapy of small-cell lung cancer. Signal Transduct Target Ther 7:187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41392-022-01013-y","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"5557_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-00235-0","volume":"7","author":"CM Rudin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rudin CM, Brambilla E, Faivre-Finn C, Sage J (2021) Small-cell lung cancer. Nat Rev Dis Primer 7:3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41572-020-00235-0","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primer"},{"key":"5557_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14664","volume":"524","author":"J George","year":"2015","unstructured":"George J, Lim JS, Jang SJ et al (2015) Comprehensive genomic profiles of small cell lung cancer. Nature 524:47\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature14664","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"5557_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07177-7","volume":"627","author":"J George","year":"2024","unstructured":"George J, Maas L, Abedpour N et al (2024) Evolutionary trajectories of small cell lung cancer under therapy. Nature 627:880\u2013889. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-024-07177-7","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"5557_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neo.2017.07.007","volume":"19","author":"B Oronsky","year":"2017","unstructured":"Oronsky B, Reid TR, Oronsky A, Carter CA (2017) What\u2019s new in SCLC? A review. Neoplasia 19:842\u2013847. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neo.2017.07.007","journal-title":"Neoplasia"},{"key":"5557_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32222-6","volume":"394","author":"L Paz-Ares","year":"2019","unstructured":"Paz-Ares L, Dvorkin M, Chen Y et al (2019) Durvalumab plus platinum\u2013etoposide versus platinum\u2013etoposide in first-line treatment of extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer (CASPIAN): A randomised, controlled, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet 394:1929\u20131939. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32222-6","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"5557_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2220","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1809064","volume":"379","author":"L Horn","year":"2018","unstructured":"Horn L, Mansfield AS, Szcz\u0119sna A et al (2018) First-line atezolizumab plus chemotherapy in extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 379:2220\u20132229. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1809064","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"5557_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2369","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.20.00793","volume":"38","author":"CM Rudin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rudin CM, Awad MM, Navarro A et al (2020) Pembrolizumab or Placebo Plus Etoposide and Platinum as First-Line Therapy for Extensive-Stage Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Randomized, Double-Blind, Phase III KEYNOTE-604 Study. J Clin Oncol 38:2369\u20132379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/JCO.20.00793","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"5557_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4539","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.04.4859","volume":"24","author":"R Govindan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Govindan R, Page N, Morgensztern D et al (2006) Changing epidemiology of small-cell lung cancer in the United States over the last 30 years: analysis of the surveillance, epidemiologic, and end results database. J Clin Oncol 24:4539\u20134544. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/JCO.2005.04.4859","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"5557_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"v52","DOI":"10.1093\/noajnl\/vdab106","volume":"3","author":"NJ Myall","year":"2021","unstructured":"Myall NJ, Yu H, Soltys SG et al (2021) Management of brain metastases in lung cancer: evolving roles for radiation and systemic treatment in the era of targeted and immune therapies. Neuro-Oncol Adv 3:v52\u2013v62. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/noajnl\/vdab106","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncol Adv"},{"key":"5557_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noab101","volume":"23","author":"N Lamba","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lamba N, Wen PY, Aizer AA (2021) Epidemiology of brain metastases and leptomeningeal disease. Neuro-Oncol 23:1447\u20131456. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/neuonc\/noab101","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncol"},{"key":"5557_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.20.01055","volume":"39","author":"SV Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu SV, Reck M, Mansfield AS et al (2021) Updated Overall Survival and PD-L1 Subgroup Analysis of Patients With Extensive-Stage Small-Cell Lung Cancer Treated With Atezolizumab, Carboplatin, and Etoposide (IMpower133). J Clin Oncol 39:619\u2013630. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/JCO.20.01055","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"5557_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-023-05124-2","volume":"6","author":"Q Song","year":"2023","unstructured":"Song Q, Ruiz J, Xing F et al (2023) Single-cell sequencing reveals the landscape of the human brain metastatic microenvironment. Commun Biol 6:760. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s42003-023-05124-2","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"5557_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61085-0","volume":"385","author":"BJ Slotman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Slotman BJ, van Tinteren H, Praag JO et al (2015) Use of thoracic radiotherapy for extensive stage small-cell lung cancer: a phase 3 randomised controlled trial. Lancet 385:36\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61085-0","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"5557_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(17)30230-9","volume":"18","author":"T Takahashi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Takahashi T, Yamanaka T, Seto T et al (2017) Prophylactic cranial irradiation versus observation in patients with extensive-disease small-cell lung cancer: a multicentre, randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 18:663\u2013671. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1470-2045(17)30230-9","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"5557_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4114","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-020-07514-0","volume":"31","author":"PH Kim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kim PH, Suh CH, Kim HS et al (2021) Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy may increase the incidence of treatment-related necrosis after stereotactic radiosurgery for brain metastases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Radiol 31:4114\u20134129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00330-020-07514-0","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"5557_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s11864-025-01292-x","volume":"26","author":"Y Shen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shen Y, Liu Z, Chen Y et al (2025) Candidate biomarker of response to immunotherapy in small cell lung cancer. Curr Treat Options Oncol 26:73\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11864-025-01292-x","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Oncol"},{"key":"5557_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2020.12.014","volume":"39","author":"CM Gay","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gay CM, Stewart CA, Park EM et al (2021) Patterns of transcription factor programs and immune pathway activation define four major subtypes of SCLC with distinct therapeutic vulnerabilities. Cancer Cell 39:346\u2013360e7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ccell.2020.12.014","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"5557_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-024-02014-x","volume":"23","author":"M Xie","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xie M, Vuko M, Rodriguez-Canales J et al (2024) Molecular classification and biomarkers of outcome with immunotherapy in extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer: analyses of the CASPIAN phase 3 study. Mol Cancer 23:115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12943-024-02014-x","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"5557_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8503","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2023.41.16_suppl.8503","volume":"41","author":"CM Rudin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rudin CM, Kim HR, Navarro A et al (2023) Exploratory biomarker analysis of the phase 3 KEYNOTE-604 study of pembrolizumab plus etoposide for extensive-stage SCLC. J Clin Oncol 41:8503\u20138503. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/JCO.2023.41.16_suppl.8503","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"19980315","key":"5557_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142","volume":"82","author":"K Fizazi","year":"1998","unstructured":"Fizazi K, Cojean I, Pignon J-P et al (1998) Normal serum neuron specific enolase (NSE) value after the first cycle of chemotherapy. Cancer 82(19980315):1049\u20131055. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142. 82:6%253C1049::AID-CNCR6%253E3.0.CO;2-9","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"5557_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5002(00)00205-1","volume":"32","author":"T Shibayama","year":"2001","unstructured":"Shibayama T, Ueoka H, Nishii K et al (2001) Complementary roles of pro-gastrin-releasing peptide (ProGRP) and neuron specific enolase (NSE) in diagnosis and prognosis of small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). Lung Cancer 32:61\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0169-5002(00)00205-1","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"key":"5557_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01306456","volume":"19","author":"M van de Pol","year":"1994","unstructured":"van de Pol M, Twijnstra A, ten Velde GPM, Menheere PPCA (1994) Neuron-specific enolase as a marker of brain metastasis in patients with small-cell lung carcinoma. J Neurooncol 19:149\u2013154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF01306456","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"5557_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2021.03.207","volume":"32","author":"A-MC Dingemans","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dingemans A-MC, Fr\u00fch M, Ardizzoni A et al (2021) Small-cell lung cancer: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up\u2606. Ann Oncol 32:839\u2013853. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.annonc.2021.03.207","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"5557_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2011.11.012","volume":"76","author":"M Grunnet","year":"2012","unstructured":"Grunnet M, Sorensen JB (2012) Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) as tumor marker in lung cancer. Lung Cancer 76:138\u2013143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lungcan.2011.11.012","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"key":"5557_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(20)30539-8","volume":"22","author":"JW Goldman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Goldman JW, Dvorkin M, Chen Y et al (2021) Durvalumab, with or without tremelimumab, plus platinum\u2013etoposide versus platinum\u2013etoposide alone in first-line treatment of extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer (CASPIAN): updated results from a randomised, controlled, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 22:51\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1470-2045(20)30539-8","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"5557_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2022.215719","volume":"541","author":"Y Tian","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tian Y, Ma J, Jing X et al (2022) Radiation therapy for extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer in the era of immunotherapy. Cancer Lett 541:215719. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.canlet.2022.215719","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"key":"5557_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.1007\/s12094-024-03387-7","volume":"26","author":"H Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen H, Ma X, Liu J et al (2024) Real-world evaluation of first-line treatment of extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer with atezolizumab plus platinum\/etoposide: a focus on patients with brain metastasis. Clin Transl Oncol 26:1664\u20131673. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12094-024-03387-7","journal-title":"Clin Transl Oncol"},{"key":"5557_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.21147\/j.issn.1000-9604.2022.04.04","volume":"34","author":"H Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen H, Ma X, Liu J et al (2022) Clinical outcomes of atezolizumab in combination with etoposide\/platinum for treatment of extensive-stage small cell lung cancer: A real-world, multicenter, retrospective, controlled study in China. Chin J Cancer Res 34:353\u2013364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21147\/j.issn.1000-9604.2022.04.04","journal-title":"Chin J Cancer Res"},{"key":"5557_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01462-z","volume":"8","author":"S Guo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Guo S, Yao Y, Tang Y et al (2023) Radiation-induced tumor immune microenvironments and potential targets for combination therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 8:205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41392-023-01462-z","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"5557_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-13-0115","volume":"1","author":"EB Golden","year":"2013","unstructured":"Golden EB, Demaria S, Schiff PB et al (2013) An abscopal response to radiation and ipilimumab in a patient with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Immunol Res 1:365\u2013372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-13-0115","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Res"},{"key":"5557_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1676","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-025-01018-w","volume":"6","author":"J Huang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Huang J, Theelen WSME, Belcaid Z et al (2025) Combination of pembrolizumab and radiotherapy induces systemic antitumor immune responses in immunologically cold non-small cell lung cancer. Nat Cancer 6:1676\u20131692. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s43018-025-01018-w","journal-title":"Nat Cancer"},{"key":"5557_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2019.06.005","volume":"36","author":"NG Balanis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Balanis NG, Sheu KM, Esedebe FN et al (2019) Pan-cancer convergence to a small-cell neuroendocrine phenotype that shares susceptibilities with hematological malignancies. Cancer Cell 36:17\u201334e7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ccell.2019.06.005","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"5557_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105062","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2024.105062","volume":"102","author":"S Park","year":"2024","unstructured":"Park S, Hong TH, Hwang S et al (2024) Comprehensive analysis of transcription factor-based molecular subtypes and their correlation to clinical outcomes in small-cell lung cancer. Ebiomedicine 102:105062. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ebiom.2024.105062","journal-title":"Ebiomedicine"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neuro-Oncology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11060-026-05557-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11060-026-05557-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11060-026-05557-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T07:38:14Z","timestamp":1782805094000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11060-026-05557-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["5557"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11060-026-05557-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["0167-594X","1573-7373"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0167-594X","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7373","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This retrospective study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Guangdong Provincial People\u2019s Hospital, affiliated with Southern Medical University (Approval No. KY2025-166-01) and complies with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Given the retrospective nature of this study, the requirement for informed consent was waived.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"51"}}