{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T08:10:19Z","timestamp":1778227819305,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775865600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":10,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Society for the Relief of Disabled Children"},{"name":"Li Shu Pui Foundation Grant"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neurooncol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Survival rates for children with brain tumors improve, highlighting the importance of understanding the long-term neurobehavioral outcomes because of its impact on children\u2019s well-being and quality of life. This study investigated the prevalence of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and emotional\/behavioral difficulties in pediatric brain tumor survivors (PBTS), and identified the risks and protective factors on mental well-being.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A territory-wide retrospective cohort included 274 PBTS registered in the Hong Kong Paediatric Haematology and Oncology Study Group Registry. In addition, a cross-sectional follow-up survey on mental well-being was completed by 107 PBTS during survivorship follow-up. Emotional\/behavioral difficulties, health-related quality of life, parental stress, and sleep variables were assessed by the survey and benchmarked against previously published Hong Kong-based reference\/community cohorts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 274 PBTS, 10.6% had ADHD and 6.9% had ASD, which are significantly higher than the general pediatric population prevalence. They had more emotional\/behavioral symptoms, higher parental stress, and poorer quality of life. Younger age at diagnosis, seizure history, and supratentorial tumors were linked to more difficulties. Radiotherapy was associated with reduced quality of life. Better sleep correlated with fewer ADHD and emotional symptoms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PBTS had increased risk of ADHD and ASD, and are more vulnerable to peer-relationship difficulties, poorer mental health, and quality of life. Improving sleep could be key to reducing neurobehavioral challenges. Implementing routine neurobehavioral monitoring, including sleep assessments, is crucial for enhancing survivorship care and overall well-being.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-026-05558-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T14:49:18Z","timestamp":1775918958000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Neurobehavioral outcomes and associated risk factors in pediatric brain tumor survivors"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"177","author":[{"given":"Yuliang","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wing Lam","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiaoyang","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yin Ting","family":"Cheung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric Tsz Him","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oscar Lok Kan","family":"Leung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shiting","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dennis Tak Loi","family":"Ku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew Ming Kong","family":"Shing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric Chun Ho","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey Ping Wa","family":"Yau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anselm Chi Wai","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Evelyn Ruoyun","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alex Wing Kwan","family":"Leung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frankie Wai Tsoi","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wilson Wai Shing","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zeng","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ye","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephenie Ka Yee","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Tsang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ada Nga Yee","family":"Yuen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tatia Mei Chun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Godfrey Chi Fung","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anthony Pak Yin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Winnie Wan Yee","family":"Tso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"5558_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Board PDQPTE Childhood Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors Summary Index (PDQ(R))\u2013Health Professional Version. 2023\/12\/19 2023","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-14732-6_2"},{"issue":"3","key":"5558_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","volume":"71","author":"H Sung","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL et al (2021) Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries. Cancer J Clin 71(3):209\u2013249. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3322\/caac.21660","journal-title":"Cancer J Clin"},{"issue":"12","key":"5558_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(25)00223-8","volume":"9","author":"WW Tso","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tso WW, Hudson MM, Lam CS et al (Dec 2025) Navigating the challenges in and identifying the priorities for childhood cancer survivorship in Asia. Lancet Child Adolesc Health 9(12):880\u2013890. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2352-4642(25)00223-8","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health Dec"},{"issue":"Supplement5","key":"5558_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"v1","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noac202","volume":"24","author":"QT Ostrom","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ostrom QT, Cioffi G, Waite K, Kruchko C, Barnholtz-Sloan JS (2022) CBTRUS Statistical Report: Primary Brain and Other Central Nervous System Tumors Diagnosed in the United States in 2015\u20132019. Neurooncology 24(Supplement5):v1\u2013v95. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/neuonc\/noac202","journal-title":"Neurooncology"},{"issue":"9","key":"5558_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noaa042","volume":"29","author":"BR Eaton","year":"2020","unstructured":"Eaton BR, Goldberg S, Tarbell NJ et al (Sep 2020) Long-term health-related quality of life in pediatric brain tumor survivors receiving proton radiotherapy at <\u20094 years of age. Neuro Oncol 29(9):1379\u20131387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/neuonc\/noaa042","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol Sep"},{"key":"5558_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2024.08.014","volume":"161","author":"I Paltin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Paltin I, Sy M, Lundy SM et al (Dec 2024) Neuropsychological Late Effects and Quality-of-Life Outcomes in Pediatric Brain Tumor Survivors: Role of Pediatric Neurologists in Monitoring and Management. Pediatr Neurol 161:149\u2013157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2024.08.014","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol Dec"},{"issue":"6","key":"5558_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e26976","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.26976","volume":"65","author":"LF Quast","year":"2018","unstructured":"Quast LF, Phillips PC, Li Y, Kazak AE, Barakat LP, Hocking MC (Jun 2018) A prospective study of family predictors of health-related quality of life in pediatric brain tumor survivors. Pediatr Blood Cancer 65(6):e26976. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pbc.26976","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer Jun"},{"issue":"1","key":"5558_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1080\/87565641.2018.1540007","volume":"44","author":"A Puhr","year":"2019","unstructured":"Puhr A, Ruud E, Anderson V et al (Jan-Feb 2019) Self-Reported Executive Dysfunction, Fatigue, and Psychological and Emotional Symptoms in Physically Well-Functioning Long-Term Survivors of Pediatric Brain Tumor. Dev Neuropsychol 44(1):88\u2013103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/87565641.2018.1540007","journal-title":"Dev Neuropsychol Jan-Feb"},{"issue":"8","key":"5558_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(23)00079-2","volume":"7","author":"E Igoshina","year":"2023","unstructured":"Igoshina E, Wu LC, Moxon-Emre I, Mabbott DJ (Aug 2023) Social affective outcomes and brain injury in children and adolescents treated for brain tumours. Lancet Child Adolesc Health 7(8):577\u2013587. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2352-4642(23)00079-2","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health Aug"},{"key":"5558_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang Y, Liu APY, Lee TM et al (Jul 2022) Neurobehavioral impairment in pediatric brain tumor survivors: a meta-analysis. Cancers (Basel) 4(13). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers14133269","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14133269"},{"key":"5558_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Aldeeva IA, Glebova EV, Sarkisyan RA et al (May 2025) Long-term neurocognitive sequelae in pediatric medulloblastoma survivors treated according to the HIT protocol. J Neurooncol 16. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11060-025-05070-5","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-025-05070-5"},{"key":"5558_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2024.103678","volume":"44","author":"NZ Al Dahhan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Al Dahhan NZ, Powanwe AS, Ismail M et al (2024) Network connectivity underlying information processing speed in children: Application of a pediatric brain tumor survivor injury model. Neuroimage Clin 44:103678. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nicl.2024.103678","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"issue":"10","key":"5558_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2012.182","volume":"8","author":"L Padovani","year":"2012","unstructured":"Padovani L, Andre N, Constine LS, Muracciole X (Oct 2012) Neurocognitive function after radiotherapy for paediatric brain tumours. Nat Rev Neurol 8(10):578\u2013588. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrneurol.2012.182","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol Oct"},{"issue":"1","key":"5558_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-023-04472-7","volume":"165","author":"ST Grob","year":"2023","unstructured":"Grob ST, Miller KR, Sanford B et al (Oct 2023) Genetic predictors of neurocognitive outcomes in survivors of pediatric brain tumors. J Neurooncol 165(1):161\u2013169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11060-023-04472-7","journal-title":"J Neurooncol Oct"},{"issue":"9","key":"5558_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noae077","volume":"5","author":"A Lastra Romero","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lastra Romero A, Seitz T, Zisiadis GA, Jeffery H, Osman AM (Sep 2024) EDA2R reflects the acute brain response to cranial irradiation in liquid biopsies. Neuro Oncol 5(9):1617\u20131627. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/neuonc\/noae077","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol Sep"},{"issue":"2","key":"5558_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.10.2.176","volume":"1998\/06","author":"MM Antony","year":"1998","unstructured":"Antony MM, Bieling PJ, Cox BJ, Enns MW, Swinson RP (1998) Psychometric properties of the 42-item and 21-item versions of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales in clinical groups and a community sample. Psychol Assess 1998\/06(2):176\u2013181. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1040-3590.10.2.176","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"issue":"3","key":"5558_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1177\/0265407595123009","volume":"12","author":"JO Berry","year":"1995","unstructured":"Berry JO, Jones WH (1995) The Parental Stress Scale: Initial Psychometric Evidence. J Social Personal Relationships 12(3):463\u2013472. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0265407595123009","journal-title":"J Social Personal Relationships"},{"issue":"1","key":"5558_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1080\/00223890903379209","volume":"92","author":"C Leung","year":"2010","unstructured":"Leung C, Tsang SKM (2010) The Chinese parental stress scale: Psychometric evidence using Rasch modeling on clinical and nonclinical samples. J Pers Assess 92(1):26\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00223890903379209","journal-title":"J Pers Assess"},{"issue":"1","key":"5558_CR19","first-page":"51","volume":"10","author":"JM Swanson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Swanson JM, Schuck S, Porter MM et al (2012) Categorical and Dimensional Definitions and Evaluations of Symptoms of ADHD: History of the SNAP and the SWAN Rating Scales. Int J Educational Psychol Assess 10(1):51\u201370","journal-title":"Int J Educational Psychol Assess"},{"issue":"13","key":"5558_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1177\/10870547251340028","volume":"29","author":"R Alhajji","year":"2025","unstructured":"Alhajji R, Walsh E, Pike KC, Liu FF, Oxford M, Stein MA (2025) The Strengths and Weaknesses of Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Symptoms and Normal Behaviors Scale (SWAN): Diagnostic Accuracy and Clinical Utility. J Atten Disord 29(13):1151\u20131162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10870547251340028","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"5558_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005653411471","volume":"31","author":"S Baron-Cohen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Baron-Cohen S, Wheelwright S, Skinner R, Martin J, Clubley E (2001) The Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ): Evidence from Asperger Syndrome\/High-Functioning Autism, males and females, scientists and mathematicians. J Autism Dev Disord 31(1):5\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1005653411471","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"5558_CR22","unstructured":"Chan RWS, Liu WS (2008) The Adult Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ), Ages 16+ (Chinese Version). https:\/\/docs.autismresearchcentre.com\/tests\/AQ_Chinese.pdf"},{"issue":"5","key":"5558_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01545.x","volume":"38","author":"R Goodman","year":"1997","unstructured":"Goodman R (1997) The strengths and difficulties questionnaire: a research note. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 38(5):581\u2013586. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01545.x","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"5558_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2090","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.10428","volume":"94","author":"JW Varni","year":"2002","unstructured":"Varni JW, Burwinkle TM, Katz ER, Meeske K, Dickinson P (2002) The pedsQL\u2122 in pediatric cancer: reliability and validity of the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory\u2122 Generic Core Scales, Multidimensional Fatigue Scale, and Cancer Module. Cancer 94(7):2090\u20132106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cncr.10428","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"5558_CR25","unstructured":"National Heart L, Blood i how much sleep is enough? Updated 2022-03-24. https:\/\/www.nhlbi.nih.gov\/health\/sleep\/how-much-sleep"},{"key":"5558_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tso WWY, Wong RS, Tung KTS et al (2022) Vulnerability and resilience in children during the COVID-19 pandemic. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 31(1):161\u2013176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-020-01680-8","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-020-01680-8"},{"issue":"1","key":"5558_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-024-05913-9","volume":"2024\/12\/13","author":"WWY Tso","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tso WWY, Wang Y, Fong DYT et al (2024) Development and validation of the Post-COVID Symptom Scale for Children\/Youth (PCSS-C\/Y). Eur J Pediatrics 184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00431-024-05913-9","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"5558_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-024-05913-9","volume":"13","author":"WWY Tso","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tso WWY, Wang Y, Fong DYT et al (Dec 2024) Development and validation of the Post-COVID Symptom Scale for Children\/Youth (PCSS-C\/Y). Eur J Pediatr 184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00431-024-05913-9","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr Dec"},{"issue":"8","key":"5558_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e28935","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.28935","volume":"68","author":"KX Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu KX, Sethi RV, Pulsifer MB et al (2021) Clinical outcomes of pediatric patients with autism spectrum disorder and other neurodevelopmental disorders and intracranial germ cell tumors. Pediatr Blood Cancer 68(8):e28935","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"issue":"5","key":"5558_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nox174","volume":"9","author":"KK Hardy","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hardy KK, Willard VW, Gioia A, Sharkey C, Walsh KS (Apr 2018) Attention-mediated neurocognitive profiles in survivors of pediatric brain tumors: comparison to children with neurodevelopmental ADHD. Neuro Oncol, 9(5):705\u2013715. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/neuonc\/nox174","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol Apr"},{"issue":"3","key":"5558_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2016.01.001","volume":"32","author":"JN Crawley","year":"2016","unstructured":"Crawley JN, Heyer WD, LaSalle JM (Mar 2016) Autism and cancer share risk genes, pathways, and drug targets. Trends Genet, 32(3):139\u2013146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tig.2016.01.001","journal-title":"Trends Genet Mar"},{"issue":"2","key":"5558_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1097\/MPH.0000000000002821","volume":"1","author":"SA Toll","year":"2024","unstructured":"Toll SA, Flore LA, Gorsi HS et al (Mar 2024) Intracranial Germinoma in Two Caucasian American Siblings With Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol, 1(2):106\u2013111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MPH.0000000000002821","journal-title":"J Pediatr Hematol Oncol Mar"},{"issue":"5","key":"5558_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noad230","volume":"3","author":"H Suresh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Suresh H, Morgan BR, Mithani K et al (May 2024) Postoperative cerebellar mutism syndrome is an acquired autism-like network disturbance. Neuro Oncol 3(5):950\u2013964. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/neuonc\/noad230","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol May"},{"issue":"2","key":"5558_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-019-03165-4","volume":"143","author":"EK Shabason","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shabason EK, Brodsky C, Baran J et al (Jun 2019) Clinical diagnosis of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in survivors of pediatric brain tumors. J Neurooncol 143(2):305\u2013312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11060-019-03165-4","journal-title":"J Neurooncol Jun"},{"issue":"13","key":"5558_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3269","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14133269","volume":"14","author":"Y Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang Y, Liu APY, Lee TM-C et al (2022) Neurobehavioral impairment in pediatric brain tumor survivors: a meta-analysis. Cancers 14(13):3269","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"issue":"5","key":"5558_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.12020","volume":"55","author":"MA de Ruiter","year":"2013","unstructured":"de Ruiter MA, van Mourik R, Schouten-van Meeteren AY, Grootenhuis MA, Oosterlaan J (May 2013) Neurocognitive consequences of a paediatric brain tumour and its treatment: a meta-analysis. Dev Med Child Neurol 55(5):408\u2013417. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dmcn.12020","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol May"},{"key":"5558_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mulhern RK, Merchant TE, Gajjar A, Reddick WE, Kun LE (2004) Late neurocognitive sequelae in survivors of brain tumours in childhood. The Lancet Oncol 5(7):399\u2013408. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1470-2045(04)01507-4","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(04)01507-4"},{"key":"5558_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Castellino SM, Ullrich NJ, Whelen MJ, Lange BJ (2014) Developing interventions for cancer-related cognitive dysfunction in childhood cancer survivors. JNCI: J Natl Cancer Inst 106(8). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jnci\/dju186","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/dju186"},{"key":"5558_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gandy K, Scoggins MA, Jacola LM, Litten M, Reddick WE, Krull KR (Oct 2021) Structural and functional brain imaging in long-term survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with chemotherapy: a systematic review. JNCI Cancer Spectr 5(5). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jncics\/pkab069","DOI":"10.1093\/jncics\/pkab069"},{"issue":"33","key":"5558_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5283","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2005.03.8547","volume":"20","author":"EN Kiehna","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kiehna EN, Mulhern RK, Li C, Xiong X, Merchant TE (Nov 2006) Changes in attentional performance of children and young adults with localized primary brain tumors after conformal radiation therapy. J Clin Oncol 20(33):5283\u20135290. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/jco.2005.03.8547","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol Nov"},{"issue":"21","key":"5558_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2181","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2017.76.4696","volume":"20","author":"KR Krull","year":"2018","unstructured":"Krull KR, Hardy KK, Kahalley LS, Schuitema I, Kesler SR (Jul 2018) Neurocognitive outcomes and interventions in long-term survivors of childhood cancer. J Clin Oncol 20(21):2181\u20132189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/jco.2017.76.4696","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol Jul"},{"issue":"11","key":"5558_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e27947","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.27947","volume":"66","author":"J van Kooten","year":"2019","unstructured":"van Kooten J, Maurice-Stam H, Schouten AYN et al (Nov 2019) High occurrence of sleep problems in survivors of a childhood brain tumor with neurocognitive complaints: The association with psychosocial and behavioral executive functioning. Pediatr Blood Cancer 66(11):e27947. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pbc.27947","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer Nov"},{"issue":"4","key":"5558_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(22)00380-7","volume":"7","author":"R van Litsenburg","year":"2023","unstructured":"van Litsenburg R, Kamara D, Irestorm E et al (2023) Sleep problems during and after paediatric brain tumours. Lancet Child Adolesc Health 7(4):280\u2013287. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2352-4642(22)00380-7","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"5558_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4362","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-021-10794-1","volume":"268","author":"R Cordani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cordani R, Veneruso M, Napoli F et al (Nov 2021) Sleep disturbances in craniopharyngioma: a challenging diagnosis. J Neurol 268(11):4362\u20134369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-021-10794-1","journal-title":"J Neurol Nov"},{"issue":"3","key":"5558_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12636","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12636","volume":"27","author":"E Reynaud","year":"2018","unstructured":"Reynaud E, Vecchierini MF, Heude B, Charles MA, Plancoulaine S (Jun 2018) Sleep and its relation to cognition and behaviour in preschool-aged children of the general population: a systematic review. J Sleep Res 27(3):e12636. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jsr.12636","journal-title":"J Sleep Res Jun"},{"issue":"16","key":"5558_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.20.02338","volume":"1","author":"A Oyefiade","year":"2021","unstructured":"Oyefiade A, Paltin I, De Luca CR et al (Jun 2021) Cognitive risk in survivors of pediatric brain tumors. J Clin Oncol 1(16):1718\u20131726. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/jco.20.02338","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol Jun"},{"issue":"1","key":"5558_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1017\/s1355617712000987","volume":"19","author":"KE Robinson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Robinson KE, Fraley CE, Pearson MM, Kuttesch JF Jr., Compas BE (Jan 2013) Neurocognitive late effects of pediatric brain tumors of the posterior fossa: a quantitative review. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 19(1):44\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1355617712000987","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc Jan"},{"key":"5558_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jurbergs N, Harman JL, Kenney AE, Semenkovich K, Molnar AE Jr., Willard VW (Nov 2019) Cognitive and psychosocial development in young children with brain tumors: observations from a clinical sample. Children (Basel) 19(11). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children6110128","DOI":"10.3390\/children6110128"},{"issue":"1","key":"5558_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-020-1951-3","volume":"5","author":"H Alias","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alias H, Morthy SK, Zakaria SZS, Muda Z, Tamil AM (Feb 2020) Behavioral outcome among survivors of childhood brain tumor: a case control study. BMC Pediatr 5(1):53. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12887-020-1951-3","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr Feb"},{"issue":"4","key":"5558_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020791018897","volume":"9","author":"LA Holmquist","year":"2002","unstructured":"Holmquist LA, Scott J (2002) Treatment, age, and time-related predictors of behavioral: outcome in pediatric brain tumor survivors. J Clin Psychol Med Settings 9(4):315\u2013321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1020791018897","journal-title":"J Clin Psychol Med Settings"},{"key":"5558_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Stavinoha PL, Askins MA, Powell SK, Pillay Smiley N, Robert RS (Sep 2018) Neurocognitive and psychosocial outcomes in pediatric brain tumor survivors. Bioeng (Basel) 11(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bioengineering5030073","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering5030073"},{"issue":"1","key":"5558_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsi016","volume":"30","author":"BD Moore","year":"2005","unstructured":"Moore BD (2005) Neurocognitive outcomes in survivors of childhood cancer. J Pediatr Psychol 30(1):51\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsi016","journal-title":"J Pediatr Psychol"},{"issue":"Pt 8","key":"5558_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr103","volume":"134","author":"V Anderson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Anderson V, Spencer-Smith M, Wood A (Aug 2011) Do children really recover better? Neurobehavioural plasticity after early brain insult. Brain 134(Pt 8):2197\u20132221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awr103","journal-title":"Brain Aug"},{"issue":"24","key":"5558_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3649","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2006.09.2486","volume":"20","author":"KA Schultz","year":"2007","unstructured":"Schultz KA, Ness KK, Whitton J et al (Aug 2007) Behavioral and social outcomes in adolescent survivors of childhood cancer: a report from the childhood cancer survivor study. J Clin Oncol 20(24):3649\u20133656. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/jco.2006.09.2486","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol Aug"},{"key":"5558_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Holmquist LA, Scott J, Treatment (2002) Age, and time-related predictors of behavioral outcome in pediatric brain tumor survivors. J Clin Psychol Med Settings 9(4):315\u2013321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1020791018897","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020791018897"},{"issue":"3","key":"5558_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-019-03180-5","volume":"143","author":"R Wier","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wier R, Aleksonis HA, Pearson MM et al (Jul 2019) Fronto-limbic white matter microstructure, behavior, and emotion regulation in survivors of pediatric brain tumor. J Neurooncol 143(3):483\u2013493. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11060-019-03180-5","journal-title":"J Neurooncol Jul"},{"issue":"10","key":"5558_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1017\/s1355617720000491","volume":"26","author":"I Moxon-Emre","year":"2020","unstructured":"Moxon-Emre I, Taylor MJ, Farb NAS et al (Nov 2020) Eye movements and white matter are associated with emotional control in children treated for brain tumors. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 26(10):978\u2013992. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1355617720000491","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc Nov"},{"issue":"3","key":"5558_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.25300","volume":"62","author":"MC Hocking","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hocking MC, McCurdy M, Turner E et al (Mar 2015) Social competence in pediatric brain tumor survivors: application of a model from social neuroscience and developmental psychology. Pediatr Blood Cancer 62(3):375\u2013384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pbc.25300","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer Mar"},{"issue":"12","key":"5558_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-010-0963-1","volume":"18","author":"F Schulte","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schulte F, Barrera M (Dec 2010) Social competence in childhood brain tumor survivors: a comprehensive review. Support Care Cancer 18(12):1499\u20131513. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00520-010-0963-1","journal-title":"Support Care Cancer Dec"},{"issue":"2","key":"5558_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.12809\/eaap2566","volume":"35","author":"JCC Lo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lo JCC, Yu ZHS, Chan PF et al (Jun 2025) Youth mental health services in Hong Kong: evidence, interconnectedness, and challenges. East Asian Arch Psychiatry 35(2):109\u2013122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12809\/eaap2566","journal-title":"East Asian Arch Psychiatry Jun"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neuro-Oncology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11060-026-05558-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11060-026-05558-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11060-026-05558-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T07:15:43Z","timestamp":1778224543000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11060-026-05558-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["5558"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11060-026-05558-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["0167-594X","1573-7373"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0167-594X","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7373","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"98"}}