{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T19:44:47Z","timestamp":1785527087063,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781740800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30CA008748"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30CA008748"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30CA008748"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30CA008748"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30CA008748"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30CA008748"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30CA008748"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30CA008748"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30CA008748"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30CA008748"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30CA008748"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30CA008748"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30CA008748"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30CA008748"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30CA008748"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30CA008748"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30CA008748"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30CA008748"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30CA008748"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30CA008748"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30CA008748"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30CA008748"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30CA008748"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30CA008748"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30CA008748"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30CA008748"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30CA008748"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30CA008748"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30CA008748"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30CA008748"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30CA008748"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30CA008748"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neurooncol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-026-05670-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T00:51:35Z","timestamp":1781743895000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Stereotactic radiosurgery and multimodal integration approaches for germ cell tumor brain relapse"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"178","author":[{"given":"Chengcheng","family":"Gui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel A.","family":"Funt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lillian A.","family":"Boe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alok","family":"Deshane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Zinovoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn","family":"Beal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gustav Y.","family":"Cederquist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher B.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Connor J.","family":"Kinslow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nelson S.","family":"Moss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshiya","family":"Yamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzanne L.","family":"Wolden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luke R. G.","family":"Pike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darren R.","family":"Feldman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brandon S.","family":"Imber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"5670_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1997.15.2.594","volume":"15","author":"The International Germ Cell Cancer Collaborative Group","year":"1997","unstructured":"The International Germ Cell Cancer Collaborative Group (1997) International germ cell consensus classification: A prognostic factor-based staging system for metastatic germ cell cancers. J Clin Oncol 15:594\u2013603","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"4","key":"5670_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2015.62.7000","volume":"34","author":"DR Feldman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Feldman DR, Lorch A, Kramar A, Albany C, Einhorn LH, Giannatempo P, Necchi A, Flechon A, Boyle H, Chung P et al (2016) Brain Metastases in Patients With Germ Cell Tumors: Prognostic Factors and Treatment Options\u2013An Analysis From the Global Germ Cell Cancer Group. J Clin Oncol 34(4):345\u2013351","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"4","key":"5670_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(19990215)85:4<988::AID-CNCR29>3.0.CO;2-R","volume":"85","author":"SD Foss\u00e5","year":"1999","unstructured":"Foss\u00e5 SD, Bokemeyer C, Gerl A, Culine S, Jones WG, Mead GM, Germa-Luch JR, Pont J, Schmoll HJ, Tjulandin S (1999) Treatment outcome of patients with brain metastases from malignant germ cell tumors. Cancer: Interdisciplinary Int J Am Cancer Soc 85(4):988\u2013997","journal-title":"Cancer: Interdisciplinary Int J Am Cancer Soc"},{"key":"5670_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-019-03123-0","volume":"142","author":"DL Casey","year":"2019","unstructured":"Casey DL, Pitter KL, Imber BS, Lin A, Chan TA, Beal K, Yamada Y, Feldman DR, Yang TJ (2019) High-dose radiation therapy is needed for intracranial control and long-term survival in patients with non-seminomatous germ cell tumor brain metastases. J Neurooncol 142:523\u2013528","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"issue":"4","key":"5670_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1997.15.4.1449","volume":"15","author":"C Bokemeyer","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bokemeyer C, Nowak P, Haupt A, Metzner B, K\u00f6hne H, Hartmann JT, Kanz L, Schmoll HJ (1997) Treatment of brain metastases in patients with testicular cancer. J Clin Oncol 15(4):1449\u20131454","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5670_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-3016(92)90977-P","volume":"22","author":"WT Spears","year":"1992","unstructured":"Spears WT, Morphis IIJG, Lester SG, Williams SD, Einhorn LH (1992) Brain metastases and testicular tumors: long-term survival. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 22(1):17\u201322","journal-title":"Int J Radiation Oncology* Biology* Phys"},{"issue":"11","key":"5670_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.28629","volume":"120","author":"A Hardt","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hardt A, Krell J, Wilson PD, Harding V, Chowdhury S, Mazhar D, Berney D, Stebbing J, Shamash J (2014) Brain metastases associated with germ cell tumors may be treated with chemotherapy alone. Cancer 120(11):1639\u20131646","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"5670_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1007\/s12094-014-1179-5","volume":"16","author":"R Girones","year":"2014","unstructured":"Girones R, Aparicio J, Roure P, Germa-Lluch JR, Garcia Del Muro X, Vazquez-Estevez S, Saenz A, Sastre J, Arranz Arija J, Gallardo E, Gonzalez-Billalabeitia E (2014) Synchronous versus metachronous brain metastasis from testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT): an analysis from the Spanish Germ Cell Cancer Group data base. Clin Transl Oncol 16:959\u2013965","journal-title":"Clin Transl Oncol"},{"issue":"11","key":"5670_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2042.2009.02391.x","volume":"16","author":"N Nonomura","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nonomura N, Nagahara A, Oka D, Mukai M, Nakai Y, Nakayama M, Nishimura K, Kakimoto K, Nakamura T, Usami M, Okuyama A (2009) Brain metastases from testicular germ cell tumors: a retrospective analysis. Int J Urol 16(11):887\u2013893","journal-title":"Int J Urol"},{"key":"5670_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-005-0004-6","volume":"29","author":"M Salvati","year":"2006","unstructured":"Salvati M, Piccirilli M, Raco A, Santoro A, Frati R, Lenzi J, Lanzetta G, Agrillo A, Frati A (2006) Brain metastasis from non-seminomatous germ cell tumors of the testis: indications for aggressive treatment. Neurosurg Rev 29:130\u2013137","journal-title":"Neurosurg Rev"},{"key":"5670_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-008-9668-4","volume":"90","author":"R Gremmer","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gremmer R, Schr\u00f6der ML, Ten Huinink WB, Brandsma D, Boogerd W (2008) Successful management of brain metastasis from malignant germ cell tumours with standard induction chemotherapy. J Neurooncol 90:335\u2013339","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"issue":"11","key":"5670_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1093\/jjco\/hyw116","volume":"46","author":"T Kawahara","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kawahara T, Kawai K, Yoshino T, Ikeda A, Ishizuka R, Kandori S, Takaoka EI, Kojima T, Joraku A, Suetomi T, Miyazaki J (2016) The clinical presentation and favorable prognosis of patients with isolated metachronous brain metastasis from germ cell tumors. Jpn J Clin Oncol 46(11):1047\u20131052","journal-title":"Jpn J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"5","key":"5670_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008388328809","volume":"11","author":"C Kollmannsberger","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kollmannsberger C, Nichols C, Bamberg M, Hartmann JT, Schleucher N, Beyer J, Sch\u00f6ffski P, Derigs G, R\u00fcther U, B\u00f6hlke I, Schmoll HJ (2000) First-line high-dose chemotherapy\u00b1radiation therapy in patients with metastatic germ-cell cancer and brain metastases. Ann Oncol 11(5):553\u2013560","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5670_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19820101)49:1<12::AID-CNCR2820490104>3.0.CO;2-Q","volume":"49","author":"CJ Logothetis","year":"1982","unstructured":"Logothetis CJ, Samuels ML, Trindade A (1982) The management of brain metastases in germ cell tumors. Cancer 49(1):12\u201318","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"5670_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1016009432387","volume":"58","author":"J Lutterbach","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lutterbach J, Spetzger U, Bartelt S, Pagenstecher A (2002) Malignant germ cell tumors metastatic to the brain: a model for a curable neoplasm? The Freiburg experience and a review of the literature. J Neurooncol 58:147\u2013156","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"issue":"4","key":"5670_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.9839","volume":"316","author":"PD Brown","year":"2016","unstructured":"Brown PD, Jaeckle K, Ballman KV, Farace E, Cerhan JH, Anderson SK, Carrero XW, Barker FG, Deming R, Burri SH, M\u00e9nard C (2016) Effect of radiosurgery alone vs radiosurgery with whole brain radiation therapy on cognitive function in patients with 1 to 3 brain metastases: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 316(4):401\u2013409","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"8","key":"5670_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(17)30441-2","volume":"18","author":"PD Brown","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brown PD, Ballman KV, Cerhan JH, Anderson SK, Carrero XW, Whitton AC, Greenspoon J, Parney IF, Laack NN, Ashman JB, Bahary JP (2017) Postoperative stereotactic radiosurgery compared with whole brain radiotherapy for resected metastatic brain disease (NCCTG N107C\/CEC\u00b7 3): a multicentre, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 18(8):1049\u20131060","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"issue":"5","key":"5670_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2007.11.005","volume":"70","author":"DM Doyle","year":"2008","unstructured":"Doyle DM, Einhorn LH (2008) Delayed effects of whole brain radiotherapy in germ cell tumor patients with central nervous system metastases. Int J Radiation Oncology Biology Phys 70(5):1361\u20131364","journal-title":"Int J Radiation Oncology* Biology* Phys"},{"key":"5670_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1385\/MO:22:1:045","volume":"22","author":"A Nicolato","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nicolato A, Ria A, Foroni R, Manno P, Alessandrini F, Sava T, Lupidi F, Leone P, Maluta S, Cetto GL, Gerosa M (2005) Gamma knife radiosurgery in brain metastases from testicular tumors. Med Oncol 22:45\u201356","journal-title":"Med Oncol"},{"key":"5670_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yamamoto M, Serizawa T, Shuto T, Akabane A, Higuchi Y, Kawagishi J, Yamanaka K, Sato Y, Jokura H, Yomo S, Nagano O (2014) Stereotactic radiosurgery for patients with multiple brain metastases (JLGK0901): a multi-institutional prospective observational study. Lancet Oncol 15(4):387\u2013395","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(14)70061-0"},{"key":"5670_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Upadhyay R, Ayan AS, Jain S, Klamer BG, Perlow HK, Zoller W, Blakaj DM, Beyer S, Grecula J, Arnett A, Thomas E (2024) Dose-Volume Tolerance of the Brain and Predictors of Radiation Necrosis After 3-Fraction Radiosurgery for Brain Metastases: A Large Single-Institutional Analysis. Int J Radiation Oncology Biology Phys 118(1):275\u2013284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2023.07.040"},{"key":"5670_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rusthoven CG, Yamamoto M, Bernhardt D et al (2020) Evaluation of first-line radiosurgery vs whole-brain radiotherapy for small cell lung cancer brain metastases: the FIRE-SCLC cohort study. JAMA Oncol 6(7):1028\u20131037","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2020.1245"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neuro-Oncology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11060-026-05670-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11060-026-05670-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11060-026-05670-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T18:08:38Z","timestamp":1785521318000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11060-026-05670-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["5670"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11060-026-05670-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["0167-594X","1573-7373"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0167-594X","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7373","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 April 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"SAF has received research support from AstraZeneca, Genentech\/Roche, ALX Oncology and Merck; is a consultant\/advisory board member for Merck and Daichi Sanko, and owns stock\/equity shares in Urogen, AllogeneTherapeutics, Doximity, Kronos Bio, and Vida Ventures. NSM reports speaking fees from Varian. LRGP reports consulting agreements with Monograph Capital, Genece Health, and DxCover Rx; research funding from Delfi Diagnostics, Varian Life Sciences, Caris Life Sciences, Harbinger Health, Genece Health, and the United States Department of Defense. BSI reports research funding to the institution from Novartis, GT Therapeutics, Kazia Therapeutics, and AstraZeneca; and other support from Bayer and GT Medical Technologies outside the submitted work. The remaining authors have no relevant conflicts of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"68"}}