{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T16:33:55Z","timestamp":1789576435286,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006988","name":"John S. Dunn Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006988","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Donna and Kenneth R. Peak, the Kenneth R. Peak Foundation"},{"name":"Taub Foundation"},{"name":"Blanche Green Fund of the Pauline Sterne Wolff Memorial Foundation"},{"name":"The Methodist Hospital Foundation"},{"name":"Veralan Foundation"},{"name":"Donations in honor of Will McKone"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neurooncol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-026-05685-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T07:32:00Z","timestamp":1783063920000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Optimizing the Stupp protocol for treatment of glioblastoma: eliminating age bias, enhancing treatment timing, use of stereotactically-guided sequential boost, and dexamethasone dosing"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"178","author":[{"given":"Martyn A.","family":"Sharpe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra M.","family":"Baskin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin S.","family":"Teh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. Brian","family":"Butler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David Stuart","family":"Baskin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"5685_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stupp R, Mason WP, Bent MJ (2005) Radiotherapy plus concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide for glioblastoma. N Engl J Med 352","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa043330"},{"issue":"8","key":"5685_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noab106","volume":"23","author":"DN Louis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Louis DN, Perry A, Wesseling P et al (2021) The 2021 WHO Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System: a summary. Neuro Oncol 23(8):1231\u20131251","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"issue":"8","key":"5685_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1093\/jjco\/hyac075","volume":"52","author":"Y Arakawa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Arakawa Y, Mineharu Y, Uto M, Mizowaki T (2022) Optimal managements of elderly patients with glioblastoma. Jpn J Clin Oncol 52(8):833\u2013842","journal-title":"Jpn J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5685_CR4","first-page":"vdac007","volume":"4","author":"MJ Zorman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zorman MJ, Webb P, Nixon M et al (2022) Surgical and oncological score to estimate the survival benefit of resection and chemoradiotherapy in elderly (\u2265\u200970 years) glioblastoma patients: A preliminary analysis. Neurooncol Adv 4(1):vdac007","journal-title":"Neurooncol Adv"},{"issue":"2","key":"5685_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-018-2964-8","volume":"140","author":"DH Heiland","year":"2018","unstructured":"Heiland DH, Haaker G, Watzlawick R et al (2018) One decade of glioblastoma multiforme surgery in 342 elderly patients: what have we learned? J Neurooncol 140(2):385\u2013391","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"5685_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.10.110","volume":"109","author":"R D\u00edez Valle","year":"2018","unstructured":"D\u00edez Valle R, Becerra Castro V, Marigil S\u00e1nchez M, G\u00e1llego P\u00e9rez-Larraya J, N\u00fa\u00f1ez-C\u00f3rdoba JM, Tejada Solis S (2018) Results of a Policy of Fast Tapering of Steroids After Resection Surgery in Glioblastoma. World Neurosurg 109:e845\u2013e852","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"issue":"4","key":"5685_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.21873\/anticanres.14163","volume":"40","author":"EC Mantilla","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mantilla EC, Abramowitz J, Dan TU, Pan E (2020) Prolonged Steroid Dependence in Adult Patients With Glioma. Anticancer Res 40(4):2059","journal-title":"Anticancer Res"},{"key":"5685_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scheffler P, Fung C, Momjian S et al (2024) Dexamethasone in patients with glioblastoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancers (Basel) 16(7)","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16071393"},{"issue":"1","key":"5685_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-021-02461-9","volume":"21","author":"B Huang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Huang B, Yu Z, Liang R (2021) Effect of long-term adjuvant temozolomide chemotherapy on primary glioblastoma patient survival. BMC Neurol 21(1):424","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"5685_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aww046","volume":"139","author":"KL Pitter","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pitter KL, Tamagno I, Alikhanyan K et al (2016) Corticosteroids compromise survival in glioblastoma. Brain 139(5):1458\u20131471","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"1","key":"5685_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22425","volume":"70","author":"M Preusser","year":"2011","unstructured":"Preusser M, de Ribaupierre S, Wohrer A et al (2011) Current concepts and management of glioblastoma. Ann Neurol 70(1):9\u201321","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"5685_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(09)70025-7","volume":"10","author":"R Stupp","year":"2009","unstructured":"Stupp R, Hegi ME, Mason WP et al (2009) Effects of radiotherapy with concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide versus radiotherapy alone on survival in glioblastoma in a randomised phase III study: 5-year analysis of the EORTC-NCIC trial. Lancet Oncol 10(5):459\u2013466","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"issue":"10","key":"5685_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa043330","volume":"352","author":"R Stupp","year":"2005","unstructured":"Stupp R, Mason WP, van den Bent MJ et al (2005) Radiotherapy plus concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide for glioblastoma. N Engl J Med 352(10):987\u2013996","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"5685_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-019-03152-9","volume":"143","author":"TJ Kruser","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kruser TJ, Bosch WR, Badiyan SN et al (2019) NRG brain tumor specialists consensus guidelines for glioblastoma contouring. J Neurooncol 143(1):157\u2013166","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"issue":"17","key":"5685_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198710223171717","volume":"317","author":"RD Mosteller","year":"1987","unstructured":"Mosteller RD (1987) Simplified calculation of body-surface area. N Engl J Med 317(17):1098","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"5685_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Cns28","DOI":"10.2217\/cns-2018-0007","volume":"8","author":"UN Chukwueke","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chukwueke UN, Wen PY (2019) Use of the Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology (RANO) criteria in clinical trials and clinical practice. CNS Oncol 8(1):Cns28","journal-title":"CNS Oncol"},{"issue":"33","key":"5685_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5187","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.23.01059","volume":"41","author":"PY Wen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wen PY, van den Bent M, Youssef G et al (2023) RANO 2.0: Update to the Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology Criteria for High- and Low-Grade Gliomas in Adults. J Clin Oncol 41(33):5187\u20135199","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"2","key":"5685_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-021-04776-5","volume":"164","author":"M Niare","year":"2022","unstructured":"Niare M, Desrousseaux J, Cavandoli C et al (2022) Outcome of glioblastoma resection in patients 80-years-of-age and older. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 164(2):373\u2013383","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)"},{"issue":"2","key":"5685_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.2307\/2531021","volume":"39","author":"DA Schoenfeld","year":"1983","unstructured":"Schoenfeld DA (1983) Sample-size formula for the proportional-hazards regression model. Biometrics 39(2):499\u2013503","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"6","key":"5685_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-2456(00)00104-5","volume":"21","author":"FY Hsieh","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hsieh FY, Lavori PW (2000) Sample-Size Calculations for the Cox Proportional Hazards Regression Model with Nonbinary Covariates. Control Clin Trials 21(6):552\u2013560","journal-title":"Control Clin Trials"},{"issue":"7","key":"5685_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16071374","volume":"16","author":"AE Barnett","year":"2024","unstructured":"Barnett AE, Ozair A, Bamashmos AS et al (2024) MGMT Methylation and Differential Survival Impact by Sex in Glioblastoma. Cancers 16(7):1374","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"issue":"3","key":"5685_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.2217\/cns.14.20","volume":"3","author":"J G\u00e1llego P\u00e9rez-Larraya","year":"2014","unstructured":"G\u00e1llego P\u00e9rez-Larraya J, Ducray F (2014) Treating glioblastoma patients with poor performance status: where do we go from here? CNS Oncol 3(3):231\u2013241","journal-title":"CNS Oncol"},{"issue":"3","key":"5685_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1215\/S1152851703000620","volume":"6","author":"KR Lamborn","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lamborn KR, Chang SM, Prados MD (2004) Prognostic factors for survival of patients with glioblastoma: recursive partitioning analysis. Neuro Oncol 6(3):227\u2013235","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"issue":"Suppl 5","key":"5685_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"v1","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noac202","volume":"24","author":"QT Ostrom","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ostrom QT, Price M, Neff C et al (2022) CBTRUS Statistical Report: Primary Brain and Other Central Nervous System Tumors Diagnosed in the United States in 2015\u20132019. Neuro Oncol 24(Suppl 5):v1\u2013v95","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"issue":"6","key":"5685_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nou349","volume":"17","author":"SA Almenawer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Almenawer SA, Badhiwala JH, Alhazzani W et al (2015) Biopsy versus partial versus gross total resection in older patients with high-grade glioma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuro Oncol 17(6):868\u2013881","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5685_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9595","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-66608-3","volume":"10","author":"I Zur","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zur I, Tzuk-Shina T, Guriel M, Eran A, Kaidar-Person O (2020) Survival impact of the time gap between surgery and chemo-radiotherapy in Glioblastoma patients. Sci Rep 10(1):9595","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"13","key":"5685_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2192","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2007.14.8163","volume":"26","author":"AA Brandes","year":"2008","unstructured":"Brandes AA, Franceschi E, Tosoni A et al (2008) MGMT promoter methylation status can predict the incidence and outcome of pseudoprogression after concomitant radiochemotherapy in newly diagnosed glioblastoma patients. J Clin Oncol 26(13):2192\u20132197","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"5685_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Attarian F, Taghizadeh-Hesary F, Fanipakdel A et al (2021) A systematic review and meta-analysis on the number of adjuvant temozolomide cycles in newly diagnosed glioblastoma. Front Oncol 11","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.779491"},{"key":"5685_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727707","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.727707","volume":"12","author":"L Zhou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhou L, Shen Y, Huang T et al (2021) The Prognostic Effect of Dexamethasone on Patients With Glioblastoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Pharmacol 12:727707","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"5685_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e493","DOI":"10.3747\/co.21.1769","volume":"21","author":"X Kostaras","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kostaras X, Cusano F, Kline GA, Roa W, Easaw J (2014) Use of dexamethasone in patients with high-grade glioma: a clinical practice guideline. Curr Oncol (Toronto Ont) 21(3):e493\u2013e503","journal-title":"Curr Oncol (Toronto Ont)"},{"issue":"2","key":"5685_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-09731-5","volume":"268","author":"F Petrelli","year":"2021","unstructured":"Petrelli F, De Stefani A, Ghidini A et al (2021) Steroids use and survival in patients with glioblastoma multiforme: a pooled analysis. J Neurol 268(2):440\u2013447","journal-title":"J Neurol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neuro-Oncology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11060-026-05685-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11060-026-05685-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11060-026-05685-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T18:07:29Z","timestamp":1785521249000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11060-026-05685-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["5685"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11060-026-05685-2","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-9762282\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0167-594X","1573-7373"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0167-594X","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7373","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 May 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The examination of patient records was undertaken following institutional review board approval.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"88"}}