{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T18:49:13Z","timestamp":1792090153685,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neurooncol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-026-05794-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T01:51:17Z","timestamp":1789696277000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Characterizing intradural spinal metastasis in the metastatic cascade: clinical course, dissemination timing, and molecular features in 69 patients"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"179","author":[{"given":"Yuanxuan","family":"Xia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lansaol","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Davidson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taha","family":"Khalilullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Connor","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuodan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Christenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Theodore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy F.","family":"Witham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Bydon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jon D.","family":"Weingart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chetan","family":"Bettegowda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David O.","family":"Kamson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Lubelski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"5794_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2012.05.002","volume":"84","author":"S Vignot","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vignot S, Besse B, Andr\u00e9 F et al (2012) Discrepancies between primary tumor and metastasis: a literature review on clinically established biomarkers. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 84(3):301\u2013313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2012.05.002","journal-title":"Crit Rev Oncol Hematol"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"5794_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevOncog.v18.i1-2.40","volume":"18","author":"TN Seyfried","year":"2013","unstructured":"Seyfried TN, Huysentruyt LC (2013) On the origin of cancer metastasis. Crit Rev Oncog 18(1\u20132):43\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1615\/CritRevOncog.v18.i1-2.40","journal-title":"Crit Rev Oncog"},{"key":"5794_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Remsik J, Chi Y, Tong X et al (2022) Leptomeningeal metastatic cells adopt two phenotypic states. Cancer Rep 5(4):e1236. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cnr2.1236","DOI":"10.1002\/cnr2.1236"},{"issue":"6","key":"5794_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.5858\/2008-132-931-MPOCRF","volume":"132","author":"SW French","year":"2008","unstructured":"French SW (2008) Metastatic patterns of cancers: results from a large autopsy study. Arch Pathol Lab Med 132(6):931\u2013939. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5858\/2008-132-931-MPOCRF","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"5794_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2012.04.005","volume":"79","author":"W-S Sung","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sung W-S, Sung M-J, Chan JH et al (2013) Intramedullary spinal cord metastases: a 20-year institutional experience with a comprehensive literature review. World Neurosurg 79(3\u20134):576\u2013584. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2012.04.005","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"5794_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Payer S, Mende KC, Westphal M, Eicker SO (2015) Intramedullary spinal cord metastases: an increasingly common diagnosis. Neurosurg Focus 39(2):E15. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2015.5.FOCUS15149","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.5.FOCUS15149"},{"issue":"7","key":"5794_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4079","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol31070304","volume":"31","author":"HV Salvotti","year":"2024","unstructured":"Salvotti HV, Lein A, Proescholdt M et al (2024) Characteristics and outcome of surgically treated patients with intradural extra-and intramedullary spinal metastasis-etastasis-a single-center retrospective case series and review. Curr Oncol 31(7):4079\u20134092. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/curroncol31070304","journal-title":"Curr Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5794_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-024-07741-2","volume":"25","author":"L Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu L, Shi L, Su Y et al (2024) Epidemiological features of spinal intradural tumors, a single-center clinical study in Beijing, China. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 25(1):613. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12891-024-07741-2","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"5794_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Freret ME, Boire A (2024) The anatomic basis of leptomeningeal metastasis. J Exp Med 221:e20212121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084\/jem.20212121","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20212121"},{"issue":"9596","key":"5794_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61602-X","volume":"370","author":"E Von Elm","year":"2007","unstructured":"Von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, G\u00f8tzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP (2007) The strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. Lancet 370(9596):1453\u20131457. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61602-X","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"7","key":"5794_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noaa298","volume":"23","author":"E Le Rhun","year":"2021","unstructured":"Le Rhun E, Devos P, Weller J, Seystahl K, Mo F, Compter A, Berghoff AS, Jongen JLM, Wolpert F, Rud\u00e0 R, Brandsma D, van den Bent M, Preusser M, Herrlinger U, Weller M (2021) Prognostic validation and clinical implications of the EANO ESMO classification of leptomeningeal metastasis from solid tumors. Neuro Oncol 23(7):1100\u20131112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/neuonc\/noaa298","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"5794_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2025.124773","volume":"206","author":"B Ozoner","year":"2026","unstructured":"Ozoner B, Alioglu H, Osama M et al (2026) Surgical management and outcomes of intradural spinal metastases. World Neurosurg 206:124773","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"issue":"7","key":"5794_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3251","DOI":"10.21873\/anticanres.15814","volume":"42","author":"P Palmisciano","year":"2022","unstructured":"Palmisciano P, Chen AL, Sharma M et al (2022) Intradural extramedullary spinal metastases from non-neurogenic primary tumors: a systematic review. Anticancer Res 42(7):3251\u20133259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21873\/anticanres.15814","journal-title":"Anticancer Res"},{"key":"5794_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cheng H, Perez-Soler R (2018) Leptomeningeal metastases in non-small-cell lung cancer. Lancet Oncol 19(1):e43\u2013e55. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1470-2045(17)30689-7","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(17)30689-7"},{"issue":"1","key":"5794_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-023-00304-x","volume":"3","author":"NL Hudock","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hudock NL, Mani K, Khunsriraksakul C et al (2023) Future trends in incidence and long-term survival of metastatic cancer in the United States. Commun Med (Lond) 3(1):76. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s43856-023-00304-x","journal-title":"Commun Med (Lond)"},{"issue":"4","key":"5794_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI96149","volume":"128","author":"I Ullah","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ullah I, Karthik G-M, Alkodsi A, Kj\u00e4llquist U, St\u00e5lhammar G, L\u00f6vrot J, Martinez N-F, Lagergren J, Hautaniemi S, Hartman J, Bergh J (2018) Evolutionary history of metastatic breast cancer reveals minimal seeding from axillary lymph nodes. J Clin Invest 128(4):1355\u20131370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI96149","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"5794_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-07-0096","volume":"13","author":"JB Aragon-Ching","year":"2007","unstructured":"Aragon-Ching JB, Zujewski JA (2007) CNS metastasis: an old problem in a new guise. Clin Cancer Res 13:1644\u20131647. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-07-0096","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"5794_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noac009","volume":"24","author":"O Barzilai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Barzilai O, Martin A, Reiner AS et al (2022) Clinical reliability of genomic data obtained from spinal metastatic tumor samples. Neuro Oncol 24(7):1090\u20131100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/neuonc\/noac009","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"5794_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hessey S, Bunkum A, Huebner A et al (2026) Evolutionary characterization of lung cancer metastasis. Nature 653:911\u2013922. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-026-10428-4","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-026-10428-4"},{"issue":"1","key":"5794_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2025.09.140","volume":"37","author":"MM Zheng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zheng MM, Xia Y, Pan K et al (2025) The evolving landscape of leptomeningeal metastases from NSCLC: an international, contemporary, multicenter cohort study. Ann Oncol 37(1):104\u2013116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.annonc.2025.09.140","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5794_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-024-04902-0","volume":"172","author":"JW Zhu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhu JW, Shum M, Qazi MA et al (2025) Cerebral spinal fluid analyses and therapeutic implications for leptomeningeal metastatic disease. J Neurooncol 172(1):31\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11060-024-04902-0","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"issue":"3","key":"5794_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-017-2742-z","volume":"137","author":"A Kimura","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kimura A, Takemura M, Serrero G et al (2018) Higher levels of progranulin in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with lymphoma and carcinoma with CNS metastasis. J Neurooncol 137(3):455\u2013462. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11060-017-2742-z","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"issue":"5","key":"5794_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-03538-5","volume":"31","author":"M-M Zheng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zheng M-M, Zhou Q, Chen H-J et al (2025) Cerebrospinal fluid circulating tumor DNA profiling for risk stratification and matched treatment of central nervous system metastases. Nat Med 31(5):1547\u20131556. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-025-03538-5","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"5794_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1080\/14737159.2025.2534961","volume":"25","author":"V Gristina","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gristina V, Pepe F, Ogliari FR et al (2025) Smaller, cheaper, faster: where next for liquid biopsies? Expert Rev Mol Diagn 25(9):555\u2013573. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14737159.2025.2534961","journal-title":"Expert Rev Mol Diagn"},{"issue":"22","key":"5794_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5434","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15225434","volume":"15","author":"G Alexandrou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alexandrou G, Mantikas K-T, Allsopp R et al (2023) The evolution of affordable technologies in liquid biopsy diagnostics: the key to clinical implementation. Cancers (Basel) 15(22):5434. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers15225434","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"issue":"6","key":"5794_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtocrr.2022.100330","volume":"3","author":"Y Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen Y, Paz-Ares L, Reinmuth N, Garassino MC, Statsenko G, Hochmair MJ, \u00d6zg\u00fcro\u011flu M, Verderame F, Havel L, Losonczy G, Conev NV, Hotta K, Ji JH, Spencer S, Dalvi T, Jiang H, Goldman JW (2022) Impact of brain metastases on treatment patterns and outcomes with first-line durvalumab plus platinum-etoposide in extensive-stage SCLC (CASPIAN): a brief report. JTO Clin Res Rep 3(6):100330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtocrr.2022.100330","journal-title":"JTO Clin Res Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"5794_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-024-01364-2","volume":"57","author":"M-S Kim","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kim M-S, Lee J, Lee JE et al (2025) Brain metastasis from non-small cell lung cancer: crosstalk between cancer cells and tumor microenvironment components. Exp Mol Med 57(1):1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s12276-024-01364-2","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"5794_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(06)71009-9","volume":"8","author":"DE Traul","year":"2007","unstructured":"Traul DE, Shaffrey ME, Schiff D (2007) Part I: spinal-cord neoplasms-intradural neoplasms. Lancet Oncol 8(1):35\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1470-2045(06)71009-9","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"5794_CR29","first-page":"1859","volume":"38","author":"JB Cooper","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cooper JB, Ronecker JS, Tobias ME et al (2018) Molecular sequence of events and signaling pathways in cerebral metastases. Anticancer Res 38:1859\u20131877","journal-title":"Anticancer Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"5794_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18722","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-54286-9","volume":"9","author":"M Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang M, Iyer RR, Azad TD et al (2019) Genomic landscape of intramedullary spinal cord gliomas. Sci Rep 9(1):18722. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-54286-9","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"5794_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-020-00913-w","volume":"8","author":"R-C Chai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chai R-C, Zhang Y-W, Liu Y-Q et al (2020) The molecular characteristics of spinal cord gliomas with or without H3 K27M mutation. Acta Neuropathol Commun 8(1):1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40478-020-00913-w","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"5794_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-017-0500-2","volume":"5","author":"R Banan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Banan R, Christians A, Bartels S et al (2017) Absence of MGMT promoter methylation in diffuse midline glioma, H3 K27M-mutant. Acta Neuropathol Commun 5(1):1\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40478-017-0500-2","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neuro-Oncology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11060-026-05794-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11060-026-05794-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11060-026-05794-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T18:01:52Z","timestamp":1792087312000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11060-026-05794-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["5794"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11060-026-05794-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["0167-594X","1573-7373"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0167-594X","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7373","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 August 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 September 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors have no personal, financial, or institutional interest in any of the drugs, materials, or devices described in this article. Ethical approval was waived by the local Ethics Committee of Johns Hospital in view of the retrospective nature of the study and all the procedures being performed were part of the routine care. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Disclosures","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical approval was waived by the local Ethics Committee of Johns Hospital in view of the retrospective nature of the study and all the procedures being performed were part of the routine care.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"87"}}