{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T08:30:03Z","timestamp":1793694603602,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neurooncol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To review the clinical, molecular, and imaging landscape of pediatric supratentorial ependymoma (ST-EP) and outline current management principles guiding surgical and adjuvant treatment decisions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Synthesis of literature regarding biology, diagnosis, and management of ST-EP, focusing on recently emerging molecular subtypes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ST-EP is an important and clinically significant intracranial malignancy comprising roughly 30\u201340% of all ependymoma cases. The 2021 WHO molecular classification stratified ST-EP into ZFTA-fusion, YAP1-fusion, and NEC subtypes, fundamentally altering our understanding of this pathology. ZFTA-fused tumors represent the majority of ST-EP, are seen in older patients and harbor a relatively worse prognosis while YAP1-fused tumors, though rarer, are enriched for younger children and carry a substantially more favorable prognosis. Management of very young children presents a unique therapeutic challenge, balancing disease control against the neurocognitive sequelae of cranial irradiation and aggressive surgery in the developing brain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Across molecular subtypes, maximal safe surgical resection remains the dominant prognostic factor, with adjuvant focal radiotherapy well-supported based on tumor grade and extent of resection. Maintenance chemotherapy following radiotherapy has not demonstrated a survival benefit. Further multi-institutional investigation is needed to formalize molecularly-stratified treatment protocols, better characterize NEC subgroups, and identify targeted therapeutics for high-risk disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical trial number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Not applicable.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-026-05818-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T05:54:11Z","timestamp":1791438851000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Supratentorial ependymoma: a comprehensive review of molecular classification, management strategies, and clinical outcomes (Part II of pediatric ependymomas across compartments)"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"180","author":[{"given":"Frederic A.","family":"Vallejo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meredith A.","family":"Monsour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan S.","family":"Fredricks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derek S.","family":"Tsang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Koutsouras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy A.","family":"Ritzmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristian","family":"Aquilina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vijay","family":"Ramaswamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael C.","family":"Dewan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"5818_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"v1","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noac202","volume":"24","author":"QT Ostrom","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ostrom QT, Price M, Neff C, Cioffi G, Waite KA, Kruchko C, Barnholtz-Sloan JS (2022) CBTRUS Statistical Report: Primary Brain and Other Central Nervous System Tumors Diagnosed in the United States in 2015\u20132019. Neuro Oncol 24:v1\u2013v95. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/neuonc\/noac202","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"5818_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nox166","volume":"20","author":"R Ruda","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ruda R, Reifenberger G, Frappaz D, Pfister SM, Laprie A, Santarius T, Roth P, Tonn JC, Soffietti R, Weller M, Moyal EC (2018) EANO guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of ependymal tumors. Neuro Oncol 20:445\u2013456. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/neuonc\/nox166","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"5818_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"iii1","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noac161","volume":"24","author":"QT Ostrom","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ostrom QT, Price M, Ryan K, Edelson J, Neff C, Cioffi G, Waite KA, Kruchko C, Barnholtz-Sloan JS (2022) CBTRUS Statistical Report: Pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation Childhood and Adolescent Primary Brain and Other Central Nervous System Tumors Diagnosed in the United States in 2014\u20132018. Neuro Oncol 24:iii1\u2013iii38. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/neuonc\/noac161","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"5818_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i1","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noaf168","volume":"27","author":"M Price","year":"2025","unstructured":"Price M, Ballard CAP, Benedetti JR, Kruchko C, Barnholtz-Sloan JS, Ostrom QT (2025) CBTRUS Statistical Report: Pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation Childhood and Adolescent Primary Brain and Other Central Nervous System Tumors Diagnosed in the United States in 2017\u20132021. Neuro Oncol 27:i1\u2013i42. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/neuonc\/noaf168","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"5818_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.3171\/2008.9.Jns08117","volume":"110","author":"CS McGuire","year":"2009","unstructured":"McGuire CS, Sainani KL, Fisher PG (2009) Incidence patterns for ependymoma: a surveillance, epidemiology, and end results study. J Neurosurg 110:725\u2013729. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2008.9.Jns08117","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"5818_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noab106","volume":"23","author":"DN Louis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Louis DN, Perry A, Wesseling P, Brat DJ, Cree IA, Figarella-Branger D, Hawkins C, Ng HK, Pfister SM, Reifenberger G, Soffietti R, von Deimling A, Ellison DW (2021) The 2021 WHO Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System: a summary. Neuro Oncol 23:1231\u20131251. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/neuonc\/noab106","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"5818_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2015.04.002","volume":"27","author":"KW Pajtler","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pajtler KW, Witt H, Sill M, Jones DT, Hovestadt V, Kratochwil F, Wani K, Tatevossian R, Punchihewa C, Johann P, Reimand J, Warnatz HJ, Ryzhova M, Mack S, Ramaswamy V, Capper D, Schweizer L, Sieber L, Wittmann A, Huang Z, van Sluis P, Volckmann R, Koster J, Versteeg R, Fults D, Toledano H, Avigad S, Hoffman LM, Donson AM, Foreman N, Hewer E, Zitterbart K, Gilbert M, Armstrong TS, Gupta N, Allen JC, Karajannis MA, Zagzag D, Hasselblatt M, Kulozik AE, Witt O, Collins VP, von Hoff K, Rutkowski S, Pietsch T, Bader G, Yaspo ML, von Deimling A, Lichter P, Taylor MD, Gilbertson R, Ellison DW, Aldape K, Korshunov A, Kool M, Pfister SM (2015) Molecular Classification of Ependymal Tumors across All CNS Compartments, Histopathological Grades, and Age Groups. Cancer Cell 27:728\u2013743. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ccell.2015.04.002","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"5818_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1617169","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2025.1617169","volume":"15","author":"Z Pan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pan Z, Bao J, Wei S (2025) Optimizing outcomes in intracranial ependymoma: a contemporary review. Front Oncol 15:1617169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2025.1617169","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"5818_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.32074\/1591-951x-817","volume":"114","author":"L Bertero","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bertero L, Ricci AA, Tampieri C, Cassoni P, Modena P (2022) Ependymomas Pathologica 114:436\u2013446. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32074\/1591-951x-817","journal-title":"Ependymomas Pathologica"},{"key":"5818_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A8237","volume":"45","author":"N Soni","year":"2024","unstructured":"Soni N, Ora M, Bathla G, Desai A, Gupta V, Agarwal A (2024) Ependymal Tumors: Overview of the Recent World Health Organization Histopathologic and Genetic Updates with an Imaging Characteristic. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 45:1624\u20131634. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3174\/ajnr.A8237","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"5818_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-5751-10-7","volume":"10","author":"DW Ellison","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ellison DW, Kocak M, Figarella-Branger D, Felice G, Catherine G, Pietsch T, Frappaz D, Massimino M, Grill J, Boyett JM, Grundy RG (2011) Histopathological grading of pediatric ependymoma: reproducibility and clinical relevance in European trial cohorts. J Negat Results Biomed 10:7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1477-5751-10-7","journal-title":"J Negat Results Biomed"},{"key":"5818_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12664","volume":"29","author":"M Pag\u00e8s","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pag\u00e8s M, Pajtler KW, Puget S, Castel D, Boddaert N, Tauzi\u00e8de-Espariat A, Picot S, Debily MA, Kool M, Capper D, Sainte-Rose C, Chr\u00e9tien F, Pfister SM, Pietsch T, Grill J, Varlet P, Andreiuolo F (2019) Diagnostics of pediatric supratentorial RELA ependymomas: integration of information from histopathology, genetics, DNA methylation and imaging. Brain Pathol 29:325\u2013335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bpa.12664","journal-title":"Brain Pathol"},{"key":"5818_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2005.09.001","volume":"8","author":"MD Taylor","year":"2005","unstructured":"Taylor MD, Poppleton H, Fuller C, Su X, Liu Y, Jensen P, Magdaleno S, Dalton J, Calabrese C, Board J, Macdonald T, Rutka J, Guha A, Gajjar A, Curran T, Gilbertson RJ (2005) Radial glia cells are candidate stem cells of ependymoma. Cancer Cell 8:323\u2013335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ccr.2005.09.001","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"5818_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"vdad057","DOI":"10.1093\/noajnl\/vdad057","volume":"5","author":"CH Ng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ng CH, Obrecht D, Wells O, Zapotocky M, Sumerauer D, Coltin H, Khuong-Quang DA, Eisenstat DD, Kinross KM, White CL, Algar EM, Luck A, Witt H, Sch\u00fcller U, Mynarek M, Pietsch T, Gerber NU, Benesch M, Warmuth-Metz M, Kortmann R, Bison B, Taylor MD, Rutkowski S, Pfister SM, Jones DT, Gottardo NG, von Hoff K, Pajtler KW, Ramaswamy V, Hansford JR (2023) A multi-institutional retrospective pooled outcome analysis of molecularly annotated pediatric supratentorial ZFTA-fused ependymoma. Neurooncol Adv 5:vdad057. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/noajnl\/vdad057","journal-title":"Neurooncol Adv"},{"key":"5818_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181211","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2023.1181211","volume":"11","author":"W Mu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mu W, Dahmoush H (2023) Classification and neuroimaging of ependymal tumors. Front Pediatr 11:1181211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fped.2023.1181211","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"5818_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-10005-1","volume":"652","author":"SK Natarajan","year":"2026","unstructured":"Natarajan SK, Lum J, Skeans JH, Nenwani M, Eyunni S, Mota M, Bayliss JM, Deogharkar A, Hamanishi ET, Pun M, Sweha SR, Hoffman S, Young E, Zhang Q, Mehta R, Animasahun O, Narayanan P, Sunil S, Parolia A, Sajjakulnukit P, Panwalkar P, Doherty R, Clausen M, Dang D, Hawes D, Yang F, Santi M, Judkins AR, Wilson Y, Vigil T, Franson A, Mortensen RM, Ozawa T, Griesinger A, Holland EC, Foreman NK, Michealraj KA, Agnihotri S, Taylor M, Gilbertson RJ, Koschmann C, Chinnaiyan AM, Lyssiotis CA, Nagrath D, Venneti S (2026) ZFTA\u2013RELA ependymomas make itaconate to epigenetically drive fusion expression. Nature 652:1004\u20131015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-025-10005-1","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"5818_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noac012","volume":"24","author":"TA Ritzmann","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ritzmann TA, Chapman RJ, Kilday JP, Thorp N, Modena P, Dineen RA, Macarthur D, Mallucci C, Jaspan T, Pajtler KW, Giagnacovo M, Jacques TS, Paine SML, Ellison DW, Bouffet E, Grundy RG (2022) SIOP Ependymoma I: Final results, long-term follow-up, and molecular analysis of the trial cohort-A BIOMECA Consortium Study. Neuro Oncol 24:936\u2013948. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/neuonc\/noac012","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"5818_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2216","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.Cd-20-1052","volume":"11","author":"R Kupp","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kupp R, Ruff L, Terranova S, Nathan E, Ballereau S, Stark R, Sekhar Reddy Chilamakuri C, Hoffmann N, Wickham-Rahrmann K, Widdess M, Arabzade A, Zhao Y, Varadharajan S, Zheng T, Murugesan M, Pfister SM, Kawauchi D, Pajtler KW, Deneen B, Mack SC, Masih KE, Gryder BE, Khan J, Gilbertson RJ (2021) ZFTA Translocations Constitute Ependymoma Chromatin Remodeling and Transcription Factors. Cancer Discov 11:2216\u20132229. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/2159-8290.Cd-20-1052","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"key":"5818_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13109","volume":"506","author":"M Parker","year":"2014","unstructured":"Parker M, Mohankumar KM, Punchihewa C, Weinlich R, Dalton JD, Li Y, Lee R, Tatevossian RG, Phoenix TN, Thiruvenkatam R, White E, Tang B, Orisme W, Gupta K, Rusch M, Chen X, Li Y, Nagahawhatte P, Hedlund E, Finkelstein D, Wu G, Shurtleff S, Easton J, Boggs K, Yergeau D, Vadodaria B, Mulder HL, Becksfort J, Gupta P, Huether R, Ma J, Song G, Gajjar A, Merchant T, Boop F, Smith AA, Ding L, Lu C, Ochoa K, Zhao D, Fulton RS, Fulton LL, Mardis ER, Wilson RK, Downing JR, Green DR, Zhang J, Ellison DW, Gilbertson RJ (2014) C11orf95-RELA fusions drive oncogenic NF-\u03baB signalling in ependymoma. Nature 506:451\u2013455. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature13109","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"5818_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-020-02260-5","volume":"141","author":"V Zschernack","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zschernack V, Junger ST, Mynarek M, Rutkowski S, Garre ML, Ebinger M, Neu M, Faber J, Erdlenbruch B, Claviez A, Bielack S, Brozou T, Fruhwald MC, Dorner E, Dreschmann V, Stock A, Solymosi L, Hench J, Frank S, Vokuhl C, Waha A, Andreiuolo F, Pietsch T (2021) Supratentorial ependymoma in childhood: more than just RELA or YAP. Acta Neuropathol 141:455\u2013466. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00401-020-02260-5","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"5818_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1038\/s41417-023-00616-z","volume":"30","author":"GR de Sousa","year":"2023","unstructured":"de Sousa GR, Salom\u00e3o KB, Nagano LFP, Riemondy KA, Chagas PS, Veronez LC, Saggioro FP, Marie SKN, Yunes JA, Cardinalli IA, Brandalise SR, de Paula Queiroz RG, Scrideli CA, Donson AM, Foreman NK, Tone LG, Valera ET (2023) Identification of HDAC4 as a potential therapeutic target and prognostic biomarker for ZFTA-fused ependymomas. Cancer Gene Ther 30:1105\u20131113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41417-023-00616-z","journal-title":"Cancer Gene Ther"},{"key":"5818_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s10014-022-00429-2","volume":"39","author":"D Chinnam","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chinnam D, Gupta K, Kiran T, Saraswati A, Salunke P, Madan R, Kumar N, Radotra BD (2022) Molecular subgrouping of ependymoma across three anatomic sites and their prognostic implications. Brain Tumor Pathol 39:151\u2013161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10014-022-00429-2","journal-title":"Brain Tumor Pathol"},{"key":"5818_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1871","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noad055","volume":"25","author":"RJ Chapman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chapman RJ, Ghasemi DR, Andreiuolo F, Zschernack V, Espariat AT, Buttarelli FR, Giangaspero F, Grill J, Haberler C, Paine SML, Scott I, Jacques TS, Sill M, Pfister S, Kilday JP, Leblond P, Massimino M, Witt H, Modena P, Varlet P, Pietsch T, Grundy RG, Pajtler KW, Ritzmann TA (2023) Optimizing biomarkers for accurate ependymoma diagnosis, prognostication, and stratification within International Clinical Trials: A BIOMECA study. Neuro Oncol 25:1871\u20131882. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/neuonc\/noad055","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"5818_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2200","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.Cd-20-1066","volume":"11","author":"A Arabzade","year":"2021","unstructured":"Arabzade A, Zhao Y, Varadharajan S, Chen HC, Jessa S, Rivas B, Stuckert AJ, Solis M, Kardian A, Tlais D, Golbourn BJ, Stanton AJ, Chan YS, Olson C, Karlin KL, Kong K, Kupp R, Hu B, Injac SG, Ngo M, Wang PR, De Le\u00f3n LA, Sahm F, Kawauchi D, Pfister SM, Lin CY, Hodges HC, Singh I, Westbrook TF, Chintagumpala MM, Blaney SM, Parsons DW, Pajtler KW, Agnihotri S, Gilbertson RJ, Yi J, Jabado N, Kleinman CL, Bertrand KC, Deneen B, Mack SC (2021) ZFTA-RELA Dictates Oncogenic Transcriptional Programs to Drive Aggressive Supratentorial Ependymoma. Cancer Discov 11:2200\u20132215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/2159-8290.Cd-20-1066","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"key":"5818_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Adnani L, Dixit R, Chen X, Balakrishnan A, Modi H, Touahri Y, Logan C, Schuurmans C (2018) Plag1 and Plagl2 have overlapping and distinct functions in telencephalic development. Biol Open 7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/bio.038661","DOI":"10.1242\/bio.038661"},{"key":"5818_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-020-02169-z","volume":"140","author":"ST J\u00fcnger","year":"2020","unstructured":"J\u00fcnger ST, Andreiuolo F, Mynarek M, Wohlers I, Rahmann S, Klein-Hitpass L, D\u00f6rner E, Zur M\u00fchlen A, Velez-Char N, von Hoff K, Warmuth-Metz M, Kortmann RD, Timmermann B, von Bueren A, Rutkowski S, Pietsch T (2020) CDKN2A deletion in supratentorial ependymoma with RELA alteration indicates a dismal prognosis: a retrospective analysis of the HIT ependymoma trial cohort. Acta Neuropathol 140:405\u2013407. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00401-020-02169-z","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"5818_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noz069","volume":"21","author":"SA Upadhyaya","year":"2019","unstructured":"Upadhyaya SA, Robinson GW, Onar-Thomas A, Orr BA, Billups CA, Bowers DC, Bendel AE, Hassall T, Crawford JR, Partap S, Fisher PG, Tatevossian RG, Seah T, Qaddoumi IA, Vinitsky A, Armstrong GT, Sabin ND, Tinkle CL, Klimo P, Indelicato DJ, Boop FA, Merchant TE, Ellison DW, Gajjar A (2019) Molecular grouping and outcomes of young children with newly diagnosed ependymoma treated on the multi-institutional SJYC07 trial. Neuro Oncol 21:1319\u20131330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/neuonc\/noz069","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"5818_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12659","volume":"29","author":"F Andreiuolo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Andreiuolo F, Varlet P, Tauziede-Espariat A, Junger ST, Dorner E, Dreschmann V, Kuchelmeister K, Waha A, Haberler C, Slavc I, Corbacioglu S, Riemenschneider MJ, Leipold A, Rudiger T, Korholz D, Acker T, Russo A, Faber J, Sommer C, Armbrust S, Rose M, Erdlenbruch B, Hans VH, Bernbeck B, Schneider D, Lorenzen J, Ebinger M, Handgretinger R, Neumann M, van Buiren M, Prinz M, Roganovic J, Jakovcevic A, Park SH, Grill J, Puget S, Messing-Junger M, Reinhard H, Bergmann M, Hattingen E, Pietsch T (2019) Childhood supratentorial ependymomas with YAP1-MAMLD1 fusion: an entity with characteristic clinical, radiological, cytogenetic and histopathological features. Brain Pathol 29:205\u2013216. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bpa.12659","journal-title":"Brain Pathol"},{"key":"5818_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3914","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11884-5","volume":"10","author":"KW Pajtler","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pajtler KW, Wei Y, Okonechnikov K, Silva PBG, Vouri M, Zhang L, Brabetz S, Sieber L, Gulley M, Mauermann M, Wedig T, Mack N, Imamura Kawasawa Y, Sharma T, Zuckermann M, Andreiuolo F, Holland E, Maass K, Korkel-Qu H, Liu HK, Sahm F, Capper D, Bunt J, Richards LJ, Jones DTW, Korshunov A, Chavez L, Lichter P, Hoshino M, Pfister SM, Kool M, Li W, Kawauchi D (2019) YAP1 subgroup supratentorial ependymoma requires TEAD and nuclear factor I-mediated transcriptional programmes for tumorigenesis. Nat Commun 10:3914. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-019-11884-5","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"5818_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nic.2025.08.008","volume":"36","author":"AG Thomas","year":"2026","unstructured":"Thomas AG, Chattopadhyay A, Dineen RA (2026) Ependymal Tumors. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 36:69\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nic.2025.08.008","journal-title":"Neuroimaging Clin N Am"},{"key":"5818_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A7462","volume":"43","author":"AG Osborn","year":"2022","unstructured":"Osborn AG, Louis DN, Poussaint TY, Linscott LL, Salzman KL (2022) The 2021 World Health Organization Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System: What Neuroradiologists Need to Know. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 43:928\u2013937. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3174\/ajnr.A7462","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"5818_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noae166","volume":"27","author":"D Obrecht-Sturm","year":"2025","unstructured":"Obrecht-Sturm D, Schoof M, Eckhardt A, Mynarek M, Gilbert MR, Aldape K, Armstrong TS, Ramaswamy V, Bockmayr M, von Hoff K, Fleischhack G, Adolph JE, Tippelt S, Pfister SM, Pajtler K, Sturm D, Drexler R, Ricklefs FL, Stepien N, Gojo J, Pietsch T, Warmuth-Metz M, Kortmann R, Timmermann B, Haberler C, Rutkowski S, Sch\u00fcller U (2025) Distinct relapse pattern across molecular ependymoma types. Neuro Oncol 27:267\u2013276. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/neuonc\/noae166","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"5818_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1159\/000353685","volume":"48","author":"T Tanaka","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tanaka T, Kato N, Hasegawa Y, Nonaka Y, Abe T (2012) Long-term survival following gross total resection of pediatric supratentorial ependymomas without adjuvant therapy. Pediatr Neurosurg 48:379\u2013384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000353685","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg"},{"key":"5818_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.01585","volume":"10","author":"Q Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang Q, Cheng J, Li J, Zhang S, Liu W, Ju Y, Hui X (2020) The Survival and Prognostic Factors of Supratentorial Cortical Ependymomas: A Retrospective Cohort Study and Literature-Based Analysis. Front Oncol 10:1585. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2020.01585","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"5818_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyy239","volume":"85","author":"JC Lillard","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lillard JC, Venable GT, Khan NR, Tatevossian RG, Dalton J, Vaughn BN, Klimo P (2019) Pediatric Supratentorial Ependymoma: Surgical, Clinical, and Molecular Analysis. Neurosurgery 85:41\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/neuros\/nyy239","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"5818_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s11864-017-0496-7","volume":"18","author":"H Leeper","year":"2017","unstructured":"Leeper H, Felicella MM, Walbert T (2017) Recent Advances in the Classification and Treatment of Ependymomas. Curr Treat Options Oncol 18:55. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11864-017-0496-7","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Oncol"},{"key":"5818_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1111\/neup.12087","volume":"34","author":"Z Liu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Liu Z, Li J, Liu Z, Wang Q, Famer P, Mehta A, Chalif D, Wang Y, Li JY (2014) Supratentorial cortical ependymoma: case series and review of the literature. Neuropathology 34:243\u2013252. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/neup.12087","journal-title":"Neuropathology"},{"key":"5818_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.3171\/2024.7.JNS241102","volume":"142","author":"J Wach","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wach J, Vychopen M, Basaran AE, G\u00fcresir A, Seidel C, K\u00fchnapfel A, G\u00fcresir E (2025) Efficacy and safety of intraoperative MRI in glioma surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective randomized controlled trials. J Neurosurg 142:1319\u20131330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2024.7.JNS241102","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"5818_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.3171\/2023.4.Peds22296","volume":"32","author":"D Bhanja","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bhanja D, Sciscent BY, Daggubati LC, Ryan CA, Pahapill NK, Hazard SW, Rizk EB (2023) Awake craniotomies in the pediatric population: a systematic review. J Neurosurg Pediatr 32:428\u2013436. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2023.4.Peds22296","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"key":"5818_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.3171\/2011.5.Peds11173","volume":"8","author":"FA Boop","year":"2011","unstructured":"Boop FA (2011) Repeat surgery for residual ependymoma. J Neurosurg Pediatr 8:244\u2013245 discussion 245. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2011.5.Peds11173","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"key":"5818_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.3171\/2011.6.Peds1142","volume":"8","author":"M Massimino","year":"2011","unstructured":"Massimino M, Solero CL, Garr\u00e8 ML, Biassoni V, Cama A, Genitori L, Di Rocco C, Sardi I, Viscardi E, Modena P, Potepan P, Barra S, Scarzello G, Galassi E, Giangaspero F, Antonelli M, Gandola L (2011) Second-look surgery for ependymoma: the Italian experience. J Neurosurg Pediatr 8:246\u2013250. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2011.6.Peds1142","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"key":"5818_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.3171\/2011.6.PEDS11158","volume":"8","author":"M Van Poppel","year":"2011","unstructured":"Van Poppel M, Klimo P, Dewire M, Sanford RA, Boop F, Broniscer A, Wright K, Gajjar AJ (2011) Resection of infantile brain tumors after neoadjuvant chemotherapy: the St. Jude experience: Clinical article. J Neurosurgery: Pediatr PED 8:251\u2013256. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2011.6.PEDS11158","journal-title":"J Neurosurgery: Pediatr PED"},{"key":"5818_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887544","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.887544","volume":"13","author":"P Leblond","year":"2022","unstructured":"Leblond P, Massimino M, English M, Ritzmann TA, Gandola L, Calaminus G, Thomas S, Perol D, Gautier J, Grundy RG, Frappaz D (2022) Toward Improved Diagnosis Accuracy and Treatment of Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults With Ependymoma: The International SIOP Ependymoma II Protocol. Front Neurol 13:887544. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2022.887544","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"5818_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"on behalf of the interdisciplinary Sewg, Rubio-San-Sim\u00f3n A, Ritzmann TA, Obrecht-Sturm D, Benesch M, Timmermann B, Leblond P, Kilday J-P, Poggi G, Thorp N, Massimino M, van Veelen M-L, Schuhmann M, Thomale U-W, Tippelt S, Sch\u00fcller U, Rutkowski S, Grundy RG, Bolle S, Fern\u00e1ndez-Teijeiro A, Pajtler KW (2025) European standard clinical practice recommendations for newly diagnosed ependymoma of childhood and adolescence. EJC Pediatr Oncol 5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejcped.2025.100227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcped.2025.100227"},{"key":"5818_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noaf285","volume":"28","author":"AA Smith","year":"2026","unstructured":"Smith AA, Onar-Thomas A, Lensing S, Dalton J, Bennett J, Tatevossian RG, Bertrand K, Lindsay H, Tabori U, Owens-Pickle E, Blackburn PR, Handler MH, Chambwe N, El Khoury L, Lau C, Kunin-Batson A, Sands S, Wu S, Zhou T, Chang A, Merchant TE, Leary S, Fouladi M, Gajjar A, Pollack IF, Foreman NK, Ellison DW (2026) Phase 3 randomized trial of postirradiation chemotherapy in patients with newly diagnosed ependymoma: A report from the Children\u2019s Oncology Group. Neuro Oncol 28:1286\u20131297. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/neuonc\/noaf285","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"5818_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.18.01765","volume":"37","author":"TE Merchant","year":"2019","unstructured":"Merchant TE, Bendel AE, Sabin ND, Burger PC, Shaw DW, Chang E, Wu S, Zhou T, Eisenstat DD, Foreman NK, Fuller CE, Anderson ET, Hukin J, Lau CC, Pollack IF, Laningham FH, Lustig RH, Armstrong FD, Handler MH, Williams-Hughes C, Kessel S, Kocak M, Ellison DW, Ramaswamy V (2019) Conformal Radiation Therapy for Pediatric Ependymoma, Chemotherapy for Incompletely Resected Ependymoma, and Observation for Completely Resected, Supratentorial Ependymoma. J Clin Oncol 37:974\u2013983. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/JCO.18.01765","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"5818_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noaf218","volume":"28","author":"K von Hoff","year":"2026","unstructured":"von Hoff K, Obrecht-Sturm D, Ghasemi DR, Wenning J, Mynarek M, Gerber NU, Benesch M, Juhnke BO, Bison B, Warmuth-Metz M, Timmermann B, Faldum A, Tippelt S, Fleischhack G, Grotzer M, Hern\u00e1iz Driever P, Beilken A, Ebinger M, Graf N, Fr\u00fchwald MC, Schmid I, Slavc I, Koch A, Bergmann M, Hagel C, Coras R, Bl\u00fcmcke I, Reifenberger G, Felsberg J, Keyvani K, Harter PN, Prinz M, Staszewski O, Acker T, Stadelmann-Nessler C, Hartmann C, von Deimling A, Sommer C, Hasselblatt M, Riemenschneider MJ, Monoranu CM, Rushing E, Haberler C, Kool M, Sill M, Pfister SM, Sch\u00fcller U, Pietsch T, Kortmann RD, Kwiecien R, Witt H, Pajtler KW, Rutkowski S (2026) Developing an advanced risk stratification model for pediatric intracranial ependymoma based on the prospective trial E-HIT2000 and subsequent registries. Neuro Oncol 28:520\u2013534. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/neuonc\/noaf218","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"5818_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noaa217","volume":"23","author":"DS Tsang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tsang DS, Kim L, Liu ZA, Janzen L, Khandwala M, Bouffet E, Laperriere N, Dama H, Keilty D, Craig T, Ramaswamy V, Hodgson DC, Mabbott D (2021) Intellectual changes after radiation for children with brain tumors: which brain structures are most important? Neurooncology 23:487\u2013497. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/neuonc\/noaa217","journal-title":"Neurooncology"},{"key":"5818_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2021.01.027","volume":"110","author":"DJ Indelicato","year":"2021","unstructured":"Indelicato DJ, Ioakeim-Ioannidou M, Bradley JA, Mailhot-Vega RB, Morris CG, Tarbell NJ, Yock T, MacDonald SM (2021) Proton Therapy for Pediatric Ependymoma: Mature Results From a Bicentric Study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 110:815\u2013820. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2021.01.027","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"5818_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2009.09.013","volume":"46","author":"RG Grundy","year":"2010","unstructured":"Grundy RG, Wilne SH, Robinson KJ, Ironside JW, Cox T, Chong WK, Michalski A, Campbell RHA, Bailey CC, Thorp N, Pizer B, Punt J, Walker DA, Ellison DW, Machin D, Committee CCLGUBT (2010) Primary postoperative chemotherapy without radiotherapy for treatment of brain tumours other than ependymoma in children under 3 years: Results of the first UKCCSG\/SIOP CNS 9204 trial. Eur J Cancer 46:120\u2013133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejca.2009.09.013","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"5818_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/not163","volume":"16","author":"DR Strother","year":"2014","unstructured":"Strother DR, Lafay-Cousin L, Boyett JM, Burger P, Aronin P, Constine L, Duffner P, Kocak M, Kun LE, Horowitz ME, Gajjar A (2014) Benefit from prolonged dose-intensive chemotherapy for infants with malignant brain tumors is restricted to patients with ependymoma: a report of the Pediatric Oncology Group randomized controlled trial 9233\/34. Neuro Oncol 16:457\u2013465. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/neuonc\/not163","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"5818_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-013-1111-9","volume":"113","author":"R Venkatramani","year":"2013","unstructured":"Venkatramani R, Ji L, Lasky J, Haley K, Judkins A, Zhou S, Sposto R, Olshefski R, Garvin J, Tekautz T, Kennedy G, Rassekh SR, Moore T, Gardner S, Allen J, Shore R, Moertel C, Atlas M, Dhall G, Finlay J (2013) Outcome of infants and young children with newly diagnosed ependymoma treated on the Head Start III prospective clinical trial. J Neurooncol 113:285\u2013291. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11060-013-1111-9","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"5818_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e28426","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.28426","volume":"67","author":"TA Ritzmann","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ritzmann TA, Rogers HA, Paine SML, Storer LCD, Jacques TS, Chapman RJ, Ellison D, Donson AM, Foreman NK, Grundy RG (2020) A retrospective analysis of recurrent pediatric ependymoma reveals extremely poor survival and ineffectiveness of current treatments across central nervous system locations and molecular subgroups. Pediatr Blood Cancer 67:e28426. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pbc.28426","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"key":"5818_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e28930","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.28930","volume":"68","author":"JW Tsai","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tsai JW, Manoharan N, Alexandrescu S, Zimmerman MA, Scully J, Chordas C, Clymer J, Wright KD, Filbin M, Ullrich NJ, Marcus KJ, Haas-Kogan D, Chi SN, Bandopadhayay P, Yeo KK (2021) Outcomes after first relapse of childhood intracranial ependymoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer 68:e28930. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pbc.28930","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"key":"5818_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-018-2815-7","volume":"138","author":"B De","year":"2018","unstructured":"De B, Khakoo Y, Souweidane MM, Dunkel IJ, Patel SH, Gilheeney SW, De Braganca KC, Karajannis MA, Wolden SL (2018) Patterns of relapse for children with localized intracranial ependymoma. J Neurooncol 138:435\u2013445. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11060-018-2815-7","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"5818_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1854","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noad096","volume":"25","author":"AM Donson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Donson AM, Bertrand KC, Riemondy KA, Gao D, Zhuang Y, Sanford B, Norris GA, Chapman RJ, Fu R, Willard N, Griesinger AM, Ribeiro de Sousa G, Amani V, Grimaldo E, Hankinson TC, Booker F, Sill M, Grundy RG, Pajtler KW, Ellison DW, Foreman NK, Ritzmann TA (2023) Significant increase of high-risk chromosome 1q gain and 6q loss at recurrence in posterior fossa group A ependymoma: A multicenter study. Neuro Oncol 25:1854\u20131867. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/neuonc\/noad096","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"5818_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-022-03975-z","volume":"157","author":"ZM Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu ZM, Han Z, Wang JM, Sun T, Liu W, Li B, Gong J, Li CD, Zhao F, Tian YJ (2022) Treatment and outcome of pediatric intracranial ependymoma after first relapse. J Neurooncol 157:385\u2013396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11060-022-03975-z","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"5818_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2023.04.008","volume":"117","author":"J Desrousseaux","year":"2023","unstructured":"Desrousseaux J, Claude L, Chaltiel L, Tensaouti F, Padovani L, Bolle S, Escande A, Alapetite C, Supiot S, Bernier-Chastagner V, Huchet A, Leseur J, Truc G, Leblond P, Bertozzi AI, Ducassou A, Laprie A (2023) Respective Roles of Surgery, Chemotherapy, and Radiation Therapy for Recurrent Pediatric and Adolescent Ependymoma: A National Multicentric Study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 117:404\u2013415. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2023.04.008","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"5818_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-025-03553-w","volume":"67","author":"A Stock","year":"2025","unstructured":"Stock A, Krumma J, Fleischhack G, Tippelt S, Rink L, Pietsch T, Mynarek M, Obrecht-Sturm D, Rutkowski S, Pfister SM, Sturm D, Pajtler KW, Schuller U, Timmermann B, Kortmann RD, Bison B, Pham M, Warmuth-Metz M (2025) Recurrence patterns in pediatric intracranial ependymal neoplasm: a systematic imaging work-up. Neuroradiology 67:767\u2013781. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00234-025-03553-w","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"5818_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sum YY, Bennett J, Ramaswamy V, Das A, Liu AP, Huang A, Tabori U, Dirks P, Nassiri F, Keilty DM, Tsang DS (2026) Reirradiation for patients with recurrent ependymoma across the age spectrum. Adv Radiation Oncol 11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.adro.2026.102039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adro.2026.102039"},{"key":"5818_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noy191","volume":"21","author":"DS Tsang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tsang DS, Murray L, Ramaswamy V, Zapotocky M, Tabori U, Bartels U, Huang A, Dirks PB, Taylor MD, Hawkins C, Bouffet E, Laperriere N (2019) Craniospinal irradiation as part of re-irradiation for children with recurrent intracranial ependymoma. Neurooncology 21:547\u2013557. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/neuonc\/noy191","journal-title":"Neurooncology"},{"key":"5818_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2001.94.1.0027","volume":"94","author":"CD Good","year":"2001","unstructured":"Good CD, Wade AM, Hayward RD, Phipps KP, Michalski AJ, Harkness WF, Chong WK (2001) Surveillance neuroimaging in childhood intracranial ependymoma: how effective, how often, and for how long? J Neurosurg 94:27\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/jns.2001.94.1.0027","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"5818_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1007\/s11912-022-01260-w","volume":"24","author":"R Rud\u00e0","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rud\u00e0 R, Bruno F, Pellerino A, Soffietti R (2022) Ependymoma: Evaluation and Management Updates. Curr Oncol Rep 24:985\u2013993. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11912-022-01260-w","journal-title":"Curr Oncol Rep"},{"key":"5818_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1159\/000327584","volume":"76","author":"S Shalitin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Shalitin S, Gal M, Goshen Y, Cohen I, Yaniv I, Phillip M (2011) Endocrine outcome in long-term survivors of childhood brain tumors. Horm Res Paediatr 76:113\u2013122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000327584","journal-title":"Horm Res Paediatr"},{"key":"5818_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13068","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.13068","volume":"32","author":"C Kresbach","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kresbach C, Neyazi S, Schuller U (2022) Updates in the classification of ependymal neoplasms: The 2021 WHO Classification and beyond. Brain Pathol 32:e13068. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bpa.13068","journal-title":"Brain Pathol"},{"key":"5818_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1093\/jjco\/hyad056","volume":"53","author":"J Yamaguchi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yamaguchi J, Ohka F, Motomura K, Saito R (2023) Latest classification of ependymoma in the molecular era and advances in its treatment: a review. Jpn J Clin Oncol 53:653\u2013663. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jjco\/hyad056","journal-title":"Jpn J Clin Oncol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neuro-Oncology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11060-026-05818-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11060-026-05818-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11060-026-05818-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T08:14:22Z","timestamp":1793693662000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11060-026-05818-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["5818"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11060-026-05818-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["0167-594X","1573-7373"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0167-594X","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7373","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 August 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 September 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 October 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This is an observational and review study. Ethics board approval is not required.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"<b>Ethical approval<\/b>","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Claude AI (Anthropic) was utilized for assistance with manuscript editing for grammar and organization as well as assistance with formatting Fig.\n                      \n                      .","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"AI use declaration","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"8"}}