{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T20:47:26Z","timestamp":1789159646022,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772236800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772236800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013360","name":"Universidade Do Extremo Sul Catarinense","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013360","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurochem Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Prenatal stress is related to the development of psychiatric disorders involving inflammation, oxidative stress, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of prenatal stress on behavior, inflammation, oxidative stress, and the HPA-axis in the dams and their offspring treated with lithium.\u00a0Thirteen pregnant Wistar rats were exposed to a prenatal chronic unpredictable stress protocol from the 14th day of gestation until birth. At the 60th postnatal day (PND), a treatment protocol was carried out in the offspring with lithium (intraperitoneally \u2013 47.5\u00a0mg\/kg) or saline for seven days (twice a day). The behavior was assessed in the open field test to evaluate free movements. The dams (21 PND) and offspring (after open field) were euthanized, their brains were dissected in frontal cortex, hippocampus, and striatum, and the serum was collected. In the brain and\/or serum, the levels of oxidative stress, inflammation, and HPA axis parameters were evaluated.\u00a0Female offspring from stressed dams showed hyperactivity. Besides behavior alterations, offspring brain and serum showed an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines, oxidative damage markers, and HPA axis hormones levels. Lithium administration only reduced the biochemical alterations. The prenatal stress protocol induced long-lasting behavior, inflammatory, oxidative stress, and HPA-axis alterations in the offspring which could underlie the development of psychiatric disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-026-04672-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T07:51:45Z","timestamp":1772265105000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Prenatal Stress Induces Changes in Behavior, HPA Axis, Inflammation, and Oxidative Stress in Adult Rats Offspring"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4786-1388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge M.","family":"Aguiar-Geraldo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeft\u00e9","family":"Peper-Nascimento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Henrique","family":"Cararo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taise","family":"Possamai-Della","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra I.","family":"Zugno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anilkumar","family":"Pillai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3114-6611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Quevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4824-7742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samira S.","family":"Valvassori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"4672_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23996","DOI":"10.1073\/PNAS.1905890116\/-\/DCSUPPLEMENTAL","volume":"116","author":"K Walsh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Walsh K, McCormack CA, Webster R et al (2019) Maternal prenatal stress phenotypes associate with fetal neurodevelopment and birth outcomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 116:23996\u201324005. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/PNAS.1905890116\/-\/DCSUPPLEMENTAL","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"4672_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/BS.IRN.2019.11.002","volume":"150","author":"A Lautarescu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lautarescu A, Craig MC, Glover V (2020) Prenatal stress: effects on fetal and child brain development. Int Rev Neurobiol 150:17\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/BS.IRN.2019.11.002","journal-title":"Int Rev Neurobiol"},{"key":"4672_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/J.NEUBIOREV.2017.07.003","volume":"117","author":"BRH Van den Bergh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Van den Bergh BRH, van den Heuvel MI, Lahti M et al (2020) Prenatal developmental origins of behavior and mental health: the influence of maternal stress in pregnancy. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 117:26\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.NEUBIOREV.2017.07.003","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"4672_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/J.TINS.2017.10.004","volume":"41","author":"A Sale","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sale A (2018) A systematic look at environmental modulation and its impact in brain development. Trends Neurosci 41:4\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.TINS.2017.10.004","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"4672_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.EARLHUMDEV.2024.106009","author":"S Mandl","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mandl S, Alexopoulos J, Doering S et al (2024) The effect of prenatal maternal distress on offspring brain development: a systematic review. Early Hum Dev. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.EARLHUMDEV.2024.106009","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"4672_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/J.NEUBIOREV.2017.05.016","volume":"117","author":"L Cao-Lei","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cao-Lei L, de Rooij SR, King S et al (2020) Prenatal stress and epigenetics. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 117:198\u2013210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.NEUBIOREV.2017.05.016","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"4672_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1134\/S160767292202003X","volume":"503","author":"NS Bondarenko","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bondarenko NS, Voronova SN, Voronezhskaya EE, Melnikova VI (2022) Prenatal stress and adaptive behavior of offspring: the role of placental serotonin. Dokl Biochem Biophys 503:104\u2013107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1134\/S160767292202003X","journal-title":"Dokl Biochem Biophys"},{"key":"4672_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291713000780","volume":"44","author":"QA Class","year":"2014","unstructured":"Class QA, Abel KM, Khashan AS et al (2014) Offspring psychopathology following preconception, prenatal and postnatal maternal bereavement stress. Psychol Med 44:71\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291713000780","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"4672_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2014.187","volume":"2014","author":"I Knuesel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Knuesel I, Chicha L, Britschgi M et al (2014) Maternal immune activation and abnormal brain development across CNS disorders. Nat Rev Neurol 2014(11):643\u2013660. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrneurol.2014.187","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4672_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-23169-w","volume":"8","author":"ZM Thayer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Thayer ZM, Wilson MA, Kim AW, Jaeggi A (2018) Impact of prenatal stress on offspring glucocorticoid levels: a phylogenetic meta-analysis across 14 vertebrate species. Sci Rep 8(1):1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-23169-w","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"4672_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/J.BRAINRESREV.2010.06.002","volume":"65","author":"A Charil","year":"2010","unstructured":"Charil A, Laplante DP, Vaillancourt C, King S (2010) Prenatal stress and brain development. Brain Res Rev 65:56\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.BRAINRESREV.2010.06.002","journal-title":"Brain Res Rev"},{"key":"4672_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.PSYNEUEN.2023.106115","author":"GR Rinne","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rinne GR, Hartstein J, Guardino CM, Dunkel Schetter C (2023) Stress before conception and during pregnancy and maternal cortisol during pregnancy: a scoping review. Psychoneuroendocrinology. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.PSYNEUEN.2023.106115","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"4672_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1159\/000362736","volume":"22","author":"NC Nicolaides","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nicolaides NC, Kyratzi E, Lamprokostopoulou A et al (2015) Stress, the stress system and the role of glucocorticoids. Neuroimmunomodulation 22:6\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000362736","journal-title":"Neuroimmunomodulation"},{"key":"4672_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1159\/000331345","volume":"95","author":"CS Wyrwoll","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wyrwoll CS, Holmes MC (2012) Prenatal excess glucocorticoid exposure and adult affective disorders: a role for serotonergic and catecholamine pathways. Neuroendocrinology 95:47\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000331345","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"4672_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/J.NEUBIOREV.2021.04.032","volume":"127","author":"KC Creutzberg","year":"2021","unstructured":"Creutzberg KC, Sanson A, Viola TW et al (2021) Long-lasting effects of prenatal stress on HPA axis and inflammation: a systematic review and multilevel meta-analysis in rodent studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 127:270\u2013283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.NEUBIOREV.2021.04.032","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"4672_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e47044","DOI":"10.7759\/CUREUS.47044","volume":"15","author":"A Jagtap","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jagtap A, Jagtap B, Jagtap R et al (2023) Effects of prenatal stress on Behavior, Cognition, and psychopathology: A comprehensive. Rev Cureus 15:e47044. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/CUREUS.47044","journal-title":"Rev Cureus"},{"key":"4672_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.PNPBP.2024.111162","author":"R Orso","year":"2025","unstructured":"Orso R, Creutzberg KC, Begni V et al (2025) Emotional dysregulation following prenatal stress is associated with altered prefrontal cortex responsiveness to an acute challenge in adolescence. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.PNPBP.2024.111162","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"4672_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1126\/SCIENCE.AAG3194","volume":"353","author":"ML Estes","year":"2016","unstructured":"Estes ML, McAllister AK (2016) Maternal immune activation: implications for neuropsychiatric disorders. Science 353:772\u2013777. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/SCIENCE.AAG3194","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"9","key":"4672_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-021-00530-8","volume":"17","author":"VX Han","year":"2021","unstructured":"Han VX, Patel S, Jones HF, Dale RC (2021) Maternal immune activation and neuroinflammation in human neurodevelopmental disorders. Nat Rev Neurol 17(9):564\u2013579. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41582-021-00530-8","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"4672_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/IJMS222111516","author":"A Zawadzka","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zawadzka A, Cie\u015blik M, Adamczyk A (2021) The role of maternal immune activation in the pathogenesis of autism: a review of the evidence, proposed mechanisms and implications for treatment. Int J Mol Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/IJMS222111516","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"4672_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.5114\/FN.2017.66712","volume":"55","author":"LK Bernhardt","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bernhardt LK, Madhyastha S, Bairy L, Kishore A (2017) Status of the brain antioxidant system at different growing periods after prenatal stress and N-acetyl cysteine administration. Folia Neuropathol 55:38\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5114\/FN.2017.66712","journal-title":"Folia Neuropathol"},{"key":"4672_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.NEULET.2019.134368","author":"J Dowell","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dowell J, Elser BA, Schroeder RE, Stevens HE (2019) Cellular stress mechanisms of prenatal maternal stress: heat shock factors and oxidative stress. Neurosci Lett. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.NEULET.2019.134368","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"4672_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/J.PSYNEUEN.2015.10.014","volume":"63","author":"M Belvederi Murri","year":"2016","unstructured":"Belvederi Murri M, Prestia D, Mondelli V et al (2016) The HPA axis in bipolar disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology 63:327\u2013342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.PSYNEUEN.2015.10.014","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"4672_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1111\/PCN.12852","volume":"73","author":"T Kato","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kato T (2019) Current understanding of bipolar disorder: toward integration of biological basis and treatment strategies. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 73:526\u2013540. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/PCN.12852","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"4672_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1159\/000515594","volume":"28","author":"ME Bauer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bauer ME, Teixeira AL (2021) Neuroinflammation in mood disorders: role of regulatory immune cells. Neuroimmunomodulation 28:99\u2013107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000515594","journal-title":"Neuroimmunomodulation"},{"key":"4672_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/APPY.12564","author":"Z Gui","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gui Z, Zhang Q, Sha S et al (2024) Bipolar disorder and oxidative stress: a bibliometric perspective. Asia Pac Psychiatry. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/APPY.12564","journal-title":"Asia Pac Psychiatry"},{"key":"4672_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/J.AJOG.2019.06.013","volume":"221","author":"BJS al-Haddad","year":"2019","unstructured":"al-Haddad BJS, Oler E, Armistead B et al (2019) The fetal origins of mental illness. Am J Obstet Gynecol 221:549\u2013562. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.AJOG.2019.06.013","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"4672_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/J.EURONEURO.2022.02.002","volume":"58","author":"N Cattane","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cattane N, Vernon AC, Borsini A et al (2022) Preclinical animal models of mental illnesses to translate findings from the bench to the bedside: molecular brain mechanisms and peripheral biomarkers associated to early life stress or immune challenges. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 58:55\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.EURONEURO.2022.02.002","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"4672_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-023-03348-1","author":"T Possamai-Della","year":"2023","unstructured":"Possamai-Della T, Cararo JH, Aguiar-Geraldo JM et al (2023) Prenatal stress induces long-term behavioral sex-dependent changes in rats offspring: the role of the HPA axis and epigenetics. Mol Neurobiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12035-023-03348-1","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"4672_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/J.PSYNEUEN.2018.09.003","volume":"99","author":"NM Molenaar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Molenaar NM, Tiemeier H, van Rossum EFC et al (2019) Prenatal maternal psychopathology and stress and offspring HPA axis function at 6 years. Psychoneuroendocrinology 99:120\u2013127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.PSYNEUEN.2018.09.003","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"4672_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1046\/J.1471-4159.2003.01873.X","volume":"86","author":"AK Kinnunen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kinnunen AK, Koenig JI, Bilbe G (2003) Repeated variable prenatal stress alters pre- and postsynaptic gene expression in the rat frontal pole. J Neurochem 86:736\u2013748. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/J.1471-4159.2003.01873.X","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"4672_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(01)00171-3","volume":"105","author":"B Clancy","year":"2001","unstructured":"Clancy B, Darlington RB, Finlay BL (2001) Translating developmental time across mammalian species. Neuroscience 105:7\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0306-4522(01)00171-3","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"4672_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1002\/DEV.420220104","volume":"22","author":"MM Myers","year":"1989","unstructured":"Myers MM, Brunelli SA, Squire JM et al (1989) Maternal behavior of SHR rats and its relationship to offspring blood pressures. Dev Psychobiol 22:29\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/DEV.420220104","journal-title":"Dev Psychobiol"},{"key":"4672_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/J.PHYSBEH.2015.01.001","volume":"148","author":"DO Popoola","year":"2015","unstructured":"Popoola DO, Borrow AP, Sanders JE et al (2015) Can low-level ethanol exposure during pregnancy influence maternal care? An investigation using two strains of rat across two generations. Physiol Behav 148:111\u2013121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.PHYSBEH.2015.01.001","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"4672_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-019-0494-6","volume":"9","author":"SS Valvassori","year":"2019","unstructured":"Valvassori SS, Dal-Pont GC, Resende WR et al (2019) Validation of the animal model of bipolar disorder induced by Ouabain: face, construct and predictive perspectives. Translat Psych 9:1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41398-019-0494-6","journal-title":"Translat Psych"},{"key":"4672_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1111\/BDI.12503","volume":"19","author":"SS Valvassori","year":"2017","unstructured":"Valvassori SS, Resende WR, Dal-Pont G et al (2017) Lithium ameliorates sleep deprivation-induced mania-like behavior, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis alterations, oxidative stress and elevations of cytokine concentrations in the brain and serum of mice. Bipolar Disord 19:246\u2013258. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/BDI.12503","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord"},{"key":"4672_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1159\/000386484","volume":"1","author":"PL Broadhurst","year":"1959","unstructured":"Broadhurst PL (1959) The place of animal psychology in the development of psychosomatic research. Fortschr Psychosom Med 1:63\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000386484","journal-title":"Fortschr Psychosom Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"4672_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)52451-6","volume":"193","author":"OH Lowry","year":"1951","unstructured":"Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ (1951) Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J biol Chem 193(1):265\u2013275. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)52451-6","journal-title":"J biol Chem"},{"key":"4672_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(77)90043-4","volume":"83","author":"GL Peterson","year":"1977","unstructured":"Peterson GL (1977) A simplification of the protein assay method of Lowry et al. which is more generally applicable. Anal Biochem 83:346\u2013356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0003-2697(77)90043-4","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"key":"4672_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1146\/ANNUREV.NEURO.24.1.1161\/CITE\/REFWORKS","volume":"24","author":"MJ Meaney","year":"2001","unstructured":"Meaney MJ (2001) Maternal care, gene expression, and the transmission of individual differences in stress reactivity across generations. Annu Rev Neurosci 24:1161\u20131192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/ANNUREV.NEURO.24.1.1161\/CITE\/REFWORKS","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"4672_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/J.BRAINRES.2008.03.035","volume":"1213","author":"S Baker","year":"2008","unstructured":"Baker S, Chebli M, Rees S et al (2008) Effects of gestational stress: 1. Evaluation of maternal and juvenile offspring behavior. Brain Res 1213:98\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.BRAINRES.2008.03.035","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"4672_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1002\/DNEU.22387","volume":"76","author":"Y Golub","year":"2016","unstructured":"Golub Y, Canneva F, Funke R et al (2016) Effects of in utero environment and maternal behavior on neuroendocrine and behavioral alterations in a mouse model of prenatal trauma. Dev Neurobiol 76:1254\u20131265. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/DNEU.22387","journal-title":"Dev Neurobiol"},{"key":"4672_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/10253890.2017.1389883","volume":"21","author":"R Orso","year":"2018","unstructured":"Orso R, Wearick-Silva LE, Creutzberg KC et al (2018) Maternal behavior of the mouse dam toward pups: implications for maternal separation model of early life stress. Stress 21:19\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10253890.2017.1389883","journal-title":"Stress"},{"key":"4672_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/J.YHBEH.2013.07.009","volume":"64","author":"C P\u00e9rez-Laso","year":"2013","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Laso C, Ortega E, Mart\u00edn JLR et al (2013) Maternal care interacts with prenatal stress in altering sexual dimorphism in male rats. Horm Behav 64:624\u2013633. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.YHBEH.2013.07.009","journal-title":"Horm Behav"},{"key":"4672_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/J.BBR.2018.06.027","volume":"353","author":"M Schmidt","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schmidt M, Braun K, Brandwein C et al (2018) Maternal stress during pregnancy induces depressive-like behavior only in female offspring and correlates to their hippocampal Avp and Oxt receptor expression. Behav Brain Res 353:1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.BBR.2018.06.027","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"4672_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1002\/JDN.10265","volume":"83","author":"F Bagheri","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bagheri F, Goudarzi I (2023) Postnatal melatonin administration to stressed dams for ameliorating risk-taking behaviour in rat pups through maternal care improvement. Int J Dev Neurosci 83:374\u2013382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/JDN.10265","journal-title":"Int J Dev Neurosci"},{"key":"4672_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.BBR.2023.114831","author":"S Chou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chou S, Wu R, Li M (2024) Long-term impacts of prenatal maternal immune activation and postnatal maternal separation on maternal behavior in adult female rats: relevance to postpartum mental disorders. Behav Brain Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.BBR.2023.114831","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"4672_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/J.BIOPSYCH.2019.04.028","volume":"86","author":"GE Hodes","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hodes GE, Epperson CN (2019) Sex differences in vulnerability and resilience to stress across the life span. Biol Psychiatry 86:421\u2013432. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.BIOPSYCH.2019.04.028","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"4672_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S11920-018-0961-4","author":"S Sutherland","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sutherland S, Brunwasser SM (2018) Sex differences in vulnerability to prenatal stress: a review of the recent literature. Curr Psychiatry Rep. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S11920-018-0961-4","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"key":"4672_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/J.PHYSBEH.2011.02.021","volume":"104","author":"KM Schulz","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schulz KM, Pearson JN, Neeley EW et al (2011) Maternal stress during pregnancy causes sex-specific alterations in offspring memory performance, social interactions, indices of anxiety, and body mass. Physiol Behav 104:340\u2013347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.PHYSBEH.2011.02.021","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"4672_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/J.NEUBIOREV.2019.09.016","volume":"107","author":"AA Mack","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mack AA, Gao Y, Ratajczak MZ et al (2019) Review of animal models of bipolar disorder that alter ion regulation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 107:208\u2013214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.NEUBIOREV.2019.09.016","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"4672_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1590\/0001-3765202020190981","volume":"92","author":"AC Afonso","year":"2020","unstructured":"Afonso AC, Pacheco FD, Canever L et al (2020) Schizophrenia-like behavior is not altered by melatonin supplementation in rodents. An Acad Bras Cienc 92:1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/0001-3765202020190981","journal-title":"An Acad Bras Cienc"},{"key":"4672_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.NTT.2022.107079","author":"X Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li X, Yu J, Wu X et al (2022) Ketamine enhances dopamine D1 receptor expression by modulating microRNAs in a ketamine-induced schizophrenia-like mouse model. Neurotoxicol Teratol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.NTT.2022.107079","journal-title":"Neurotoxicol Teratol"},{"key":"4672_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743718773728","volume":"64","author":"IR Winship","year":"2019","unstructured":"Winship IR, Dursun SM, Baker GB et al (2019) An overview of animal models related to schizophrenia. Can J Psychiatry 64:5\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0706743718773728","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"key":"4672_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1111\/J.1476-5381.2011.01386.X","volume":"164","author":"C Jones","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jones C, Watson D, Fone K (2011) Animal models of schizophrenia. Br J Pharmacol 164:1162\u20131194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/J.1476-5381.2011.01386.X","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"4672_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JAD.2007.03.003","volume":"104","author":"J Garnham","year":"2007","unstructured":"Garnham J, Munro A, Slaney C et al (2007) Prophylactic treatment response in bipolar disorder: results of a naturalistic observation study. J Affect Disord 104:185\u2013190. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JAD.2007.03.003","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"4672_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867416664794","volume":"51","author":"S Sportiche","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sportiche S, Geoffroy PA, Brichant-Petitjean C et al (2017) Clinical factors associated with lithium response in bipolar disorders. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 51:524\u2013530. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0004867416664794","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Psychiatry"},{"key":"4672_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JAD.2022.04.025","volume":"308","author":"G Jones","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jones G, Rong C, Vecera CM et al (2022) The role of lithium treatment on comorbid anxiety symptoms in patients with bipolar depression. J Affect Disord 308:71\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JAD.2022.04.025","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"4672_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/J.PSYNEUEN.2018.12.010","volume":"102","author":"SA Kinlein","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kinlein SA, Phillips DJ, Keller CR, Karatsoreos IN (2019) Role of corticosterone in altered neurobehavioral responses to acute stress in a model of compromised hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function. Psychoneuroendocrinology 102:248\u2013255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.PSYNEUEN.2018.12.010","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"4672_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-199903000-00006","volume":"61","author":"C Kirschbaum","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kirschbaum C, Kudielka BM, Gaab J et al (1999) Impact of gender, menstrual cycle phase, and oral contraceptives on the activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis. Psychosom Med 61:154\u2013162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00006842-199903000-00006","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"key":"4672_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/J.YFRNE.2014.03.002","volume":"35","author":"L Panagiotakopoulos","year":"2014","unstructured":"Panagiotakopoulos L, Neigh GN (2014) Development of the HPA axis: where and when do sex differences manifest? Front Neuroendocrinol 35:285\u2013302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.YFRNE.2014.03.002","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"4672_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/J.YFRNE.2013.11.001","volume":"35","author":"RJ Handa","year":"2014","unstructured":"Handa RJ, Weiser MJ (2014) Gonadal steroid hormones and the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. Front Neuroendocrinol 35:197\u2013220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.YFRNE.2013.11.001","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"4672_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.YFRNE.2022.100998","author":"H Klusmann","year":"2022","unstructured":"Klusmann H, Schulze L, Engel S et al (2022) HPA axis activity across the menstrual cycle - a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Front Neuroendocrinol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.YFRNE.2022.100998","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"4672_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/J.SCHRES.2019.07.003","volume":"213","author":"K Cherian","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cherian K, Schatzberg AF, Keller J (2019) HPA axis in psychotic major depression and schizophrenia spectrum disorders: cortisol, clinical symptomatology, and cognition. Schizophr Res 213:72\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.SCHRES.2019.07.003","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"4672_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1016\/J.PSYNEUEN.2012.08.007","volume":"38","author":"AP Harris","year":"2013","unstructured":"Harris AP, Holmes MC, De Kloet ER et al (2013) Mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptor balance in control of HPA axis and behaviour. Psychoneuroendocrinology 38:648\u2013658. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.PSYNEUEN.2012.08.007","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"4672_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1038\/MP.2016.120","volume":"22","author":"J Keller","year":"2017","unstructured":"Keller J, Gomez R, Williams G et al (2017) HPA axis in major depression: cortisol, clinical symptomatology and genetic variation predict cognition. Mol Psychiatry 22:527\u2013536. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/MP.2016.120","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"4672_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-1372-5_13","volume":"10","author":"V Glover","year":"2015","unstructured":"Glover V (2015) Prenatal stress and its effects on the fetus and the child: possible underlying biological mechanisms. Adv Neurobiol 10:269\u2013283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4939-1372-5_13","journal-title":"Adv Neurobiol"},{"key":"4672_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/AJPREGU.00766.2005","author":"SL Bealer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bealer SL, Lipschitz DL, Ramoz G, Crowley WR (2006) Oxytocin receptor binding in the hypothalamus during gestation in rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/AJPREGU.00766.2005","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"4672_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786271","DOI":"10.3389\/FENDO.2022.786271\/BIBTEX","volume":"13","author":"N Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu N, Yang H, Han L, Ma M (2022) Oxytocin in women\u2019s health and disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 13:786271. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/FENDO.2022.786271\/BIBTEX","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"4672_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.PHARMTHERA.2020.107602","author":"SR Sharma","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sharma SR, Gonda X, Dome P, Tarazi FI (2020) What\u2019s love got to do with it: role of oxytocin in trauma, attachment and resilience. Pharmacol Ther. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.PHARMTHERA.2020.107602","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"4672_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1124\/PR.120.019398","volume":"72","author":"C Sue Carter","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sue Carter C, Kenkel WM, Maclean EL et al (2020) Is oxytocin \u201cnature\u2019s medicine\u201d? Pharmacol Rev 72:829\u2013861. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1124\/PR.120.019398","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"4672_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1007\/S12035-014-9070-5","volume":"53","author":"Y Tang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tang Y, Le W (2016) Differential roles of M1 and M2 microglia in neurodegenerative diseases. Mol Neurobiol 53:1181\u20131194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S12035-014-9070-5","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"4672_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Abd Aziz CB, Ahmad AH, Hasim H (2022) Pain response following prenatal stress and its modulation by antioxidants. Treatments, mechanisms, and adverse reactions of anesthetics and analgesics 487\u2013497. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-820237-1.00041-7","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-820237-1.00041-7"},{"key":"4672_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1080\/00325481.2021.2006514","volume":"134","author":"Z Ansari","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ansari Z, Pawar S, Seetharaman R (2022) Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in schizophrenia: are these opportunities for repurposing? Postgrad Med 134:187\u2013199. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00325481.2021.2006514","journal-title":"Postgrad Med"},{"key":"4672_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2020.05.001","volume":"25","author":"S Bhatt","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bhatt S, Nagappa AN, Patil CR (2020) Role of oxidative stress in depression. Drug Discov Today 25:1270\u20131276. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drudis.2020.05.001","journal-title":"Drug Discov Today"},{"key":"4672_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/IJMS23115938","author":"DM Teleanu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Teleanu DM, Niculescu AG, Lungu II et al (2022) An overview of oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and neurodegenerative diseases. Int J Mol Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/IJMS23115938","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"4672_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JAD.2018.10.371","volume":"245","author":"W Kim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kim W, Won SY, Yoon BJ (2019) CRMP2 mediates GSK3\u03b2 actions in the striatum on regulating neuronal structure and mania-like behavior. J Affect Disord 245:1079\u20131088. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JAD.2018.10.371","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"4672_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/S40263-013-0039-0","volume":"27","author":"GS Malhi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Malhi GS, Tanious M, Das P et al (2013) Potential mechanisms of action of lithium in bipolar disorder. Current understanding. CNS Drugs 27:135\u2013153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S40263-013-0039-0","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"4672_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/NEU.2016.69","volume":"30","author":"BE Leonard","year":"2018","unstructured":"Leonard BE (2018) Inflammation and depression: a causal or coincidental link to the pathophysiology? Acta Neuropsychiatr 30:1\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/NEU.2016.69","journal-title":"Acta Neuropsychiatr"},{"key":"4672_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(15)00309-0","volume":"2","author":"IC Passos","year":"2015","unstructured":"Passos IC, Vasconcelos-Moreno MP, Costa LG et al (2015) Inflammatory markers in post-traumatic stress disorder: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. Lancet Psychiatry 2:1002\u20131012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2215-0366(15)00309-0","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"4672_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1177\/011542650802300135","volume":"23","author":"MH DeLegge","year":"2008","unstructured":"DeLegge MH, Smoke A (2008) Neurodegeneration and inflammation. Nutr Clin Pract 23:35\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/011542650802300135","journal-title":"Nutr Clin Pract"},{"key":"4672_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.YFRNE.2019.100800","author":"M Majd","year":"2020","unstructured":"Majd M, Saunders EFH, Engeland CG (2020) Inflammation and the dimensions of depression: a review. Front Neuroendocrinol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.YFRNE.2019.100800","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocrinol"}],"container-title":["Neurochemical Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11064-026-04672-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11064-026-04672-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11064-026-04672-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T03:37:43Z","timestamp":1777261063000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11064-026-04672-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["4672"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11064-026-04672-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["0364-3190","1573-6903"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0364-3190","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-6903","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 November 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 January 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 February 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"JQ has clinical research support from LivaNova, Neumora Therapeutics, and Johnson and Johnson; has been a consultant for LivaNova; and receives copyrights from Artmed Editora, Artmed Panamericana, and Elsevier\/Academic Press. All other authors have no conflicts of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"91"}}