{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T04:32:55Z","timestamp":1777264375217,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771545600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771545600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Istanbul Health and Technology University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurochem Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of intraperitoneal ozone therapy in a post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE) model. An in vivo PTE model was established in male Sprague\u2013Dawley rats, which were randomised to control (n\u2009=\u20098), PTE (n\u2009=\u200910), and PTE\u2009+\u2009Ozone (n\u2009=\u200910) groups. 0.7\u00a0mg\/kg ozone was administered intraperitoneally for 3 consecutive days. Seizure activity was video recorded for 120\u00a0min and evaluated for latency, frequency, duration, and severity. Behavioral assessments of locomotor activity, anxiety, and spatial memory were conducted using open field, elevated plus, and radial arm maze tests on days 4\u20136 after the first ozone application. Blood and brain tissues were collected for biochemical assays (SUR1, TRPM4, IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, TNF-\u03b1, TAS, TOS, OSI, thiol\u2013disulfide homeostasis), histological analyses (H&amp;E, Cresyl Violet, and 8-OHdG immunostaining), and qRT-PCR of epilepsy-related miRNAs. Significant differences were observed among the groups for all serum and brain biomarkers (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). The PTE group showed marked increases in SUR1, TRPM4, IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, TNF-\u03b1, TOS, OSI, TT, NT, and DIS levels, accompanied by a decrease in TAS. Ozone treatment partially reversed these changes by reducing cytokine and oxidative stress markers, improving thiol\u2013disulfide balance, and restoring TAS levels. Behavioural testing revealed beneficial effects of ozone, including reduced immobility, fewer errors in the radial arm maze, and increased open-arm exploration. Although seizure severity, latency, and duration were not significantly altered, seizure frequency showed a decreasing trend (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.067). Immunofluorescence for 8-OHdG revealed increased hippocampal oxidative DNA damage in the PTE group, which was attenuated following ozone treatment. Analysis of miRNA expression revealed downregulation in the PTE group, whereas ozone treatment resulted in overall upregulation. There was no statistically significant difference between miRNA expression results and the PTE\u2009+\u2009Ozone group (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.056\u20130.076). Ozone therapy mitigated oxidative stress and inflammation, improved redox homeostasis, enhanced cognitive and locomotor performance, and reduced hippocampal DNA damage in the PTE model. Furthermore, the observed upregulation of specific miRNAs following ozone treatment highlights a potential molecular mechanism contributing to its neuroprotective effects\n                    <jats:bold>.<\/jats:bold>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-026-04695-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T09:34:37Z","timestamp":1771580077000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ozone Treatment Attenuates Neuroinflammation and Alters miRNA Expression in a Rat Model of Post-Traumatic Epilepsy"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5263-2793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H\u00fcseyin","family":"Demir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5226-6730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cumaali","family":"Demirtas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4234-7155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hava","family":"Yildirim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8073-3487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ecem","family":"Demir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4190-1553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sezin Kiroglu","family":"Uzun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8250-8227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kubra","family":"Sevgin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3706-5193","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hakan","family":"Beyazta\u015f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4351-1719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eray Metin","family":"G\u00fcler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5027-6756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gulam","family":"Hekimoglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1003-5544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ender Mehmet","family":"Coskunpinar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4192-9268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nafiye","family":"Sanlier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1798-5478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehmet","family":"Yildirim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"4695_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss6609a1","volume":"66","author":"CA Taylor","year":"2017","unstructured":"Taylor CA, Bell JM, Breiding MJ, Xu L (2017) Traumatic brain injury\u2013related emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and deaths \u2014 United States, 2007 and 2013. MMWR Surveill Summ 66(9):1\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.ss6609a1","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill Summ"},{"issue":"1","key":"4695_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nic.2017.09.010","volume":"28","author":"M Pervez","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pervez M, Kitagawa RS, Chang TR (2018) Definition of traumatic brain injury, neurosurgery, trauma orthopedics, neuroimaging, psychology, and psychiatry in mild traumatic brain injury. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 28(1):1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nic.2017.09.010","journal-title":"Neuroimaging Clin N Am"},{"key":"4695_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang W, Wang Z, Yin J, Bai Y, Qiu F, Zhang H, et al. 2020 Clinical study of radiofrequency ozone and injection of anti-inflammatory analgesic solution into the internal orifice of nerve root combined with traditional chinese medicine hook operation in the treatment of lumbar disc herniation","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-138941\/v1"},{"key":"4695_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4081\/ozone.2017.6745","author":"S Pandolfi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pandolfi S, Zammitti A, Franzini M, Simonetti V, Liboni W, Valdenassi L et al (2017) Effects of oxygen ozone therapy on cardiac function in a patient with a prior myocardial infarction. Ozone Therapy. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4081\/ozone.2017.6745","journal-title":"Ozone Therapy"},{"key":"4695_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4081\/ozone.2018.7512","author":"S Pandolfi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pandolfi S, Zammitti A, Franzini M, Simonetti V, Liboni W, Valdenassi L et al (2018) Oxygen-ozone therapy in prevention and rehabilitation of myocardium infarct. Ozone Therapy. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4081\/ozone.2018.7512","journal-title":"Ozone Therapy"},{"issue":"1","key":"4695_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-9668.82319","volume":"2","author":"AM Elvis","year":"2011","unstructured":"Elvis AM, Ekta JS (2011) Ozone therapy: a clinical review. J Nat Sci Biol Med 2(1):66\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0976-9668.82319","journal-title":"J Nat Sci Biol Med"},{"key":"4695_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14444\/1017","author":"J Buric","year":"2014","unstructured":"Buric J, Rigobello L, Hooper D (2014) Five and ten year follow-up on intradiscal ozone injection for disc herniation. Int J Spine Surg. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14444\/1017","journal-title":"Int J Spine Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"4695_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.4149\/bll_2018_015","volume":"119","author":"B Resitoglu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Resitoglu B, Celik Y, Komur M, Polat A, Erdogan S, Arslankoylu AE et al (2018) The efficacy of ozone therapy in neonatal rats with hypoxic ischemic brain injury. Bratisl Lek Listy 119(2):81\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4149\/bll_2018_015","journal-title":"Bratisl Lek Listy"},{"issue":"5","key":"4695_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucie.2025.500663","volume":"36","author":"N Balcin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Balcin N, Ozsen M, Eser P, Kala T, Ocakoglu G, Dogan S (2025) Topical and systemic effects of medical ozone therapy on epidural fibrosis: experimental research. Neurocirug\u00eda (English Edition) 36(5):500663. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neucie.2025.500663","journal-title":"Neurocirug\u00eda (English Edition)"},{"key":"4695_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14091051","author":"G Demiral","year":"2024","unstructured":"Demiral G, Mercantepe T, Altuntas G, Pergel A, Kalcan S, Ozdemir A et al (2024) Evaluation of endoplasmic reticulum stress in an experimental intestinal ischemia-reperfusion model in rats: the role of ozone therapy and trimetazidine. Biomolecules. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom14091051","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"issue":"2","key":"4695_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2008.02007.x","volume":"50","author":"A Pitk\u00e4nen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pitk\u00e4nen A, Immonen RJ, Gr\u00f6hn OH, Kharatishvili I (2009) From traumatic brain injury to posttraumatic epilepsy: what animal models tell us about the process and treatment options. Epilepsia 50(2):21\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2008.02007.x","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"2","key":"4695_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2006.23.241","volume":"23","author":"A Pitk\u00e4nen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pitk\u00e4nen A, McIntosh TK (2006) Animal models of post-traumatic epilepsy. J Neurotrauma 23(2):241\u2013261. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/neu.2006.23.241","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"2","key":"4695_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1994.80.2.0291","volume":"80","author":"A Marmarou","year":"1994","unstructured":"Marmarou A, Foda MA, van den Brink W, Campbell J, Kita H, Demetriadou K (1994) A new model of diffuse brain injury in rats. Part I: pathophysiology and biomechanics. J Neurosurg 80(2):291\u2013300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/jns.1994.80.2.0291","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"1","key":"4695_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-18643-5","volume":"12","author":"LK Dill","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dill LK, Sims NA, Shad A, Anyaegbu C, Warnock A, Mao Y et al (2022) Localized, time-dependent responses of rat cranial bone to repeated mild traumatic brain injuries. Sci Rep 12(1):14175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-18643-5","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"4695_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.14673","volume":"149","author":"B Fehily","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fehily B, Bartlett CA, Lydiard S, Archer M, Milbourn H, Majimbi M et al (2019) Differential responses to increasing numbers of mild traumatic brain injury in a rodent closed-head injury model. J Neurochem 149(5):660\u2013678. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jnc.14673","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"issue":"6","key":"4695_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.5137\/1019-5149.Jtn.37599-22.2","volume":"33","author":"AC Karaoglu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Karaoglu AC, Atci IB, Demirel N, Turk O, Hurdag C, Baran O et al (2023) Investigation of neuroprotective effect of shilajit extract in experimental head trauma model created in rats. Turk Neurosurg 33(6):976\u2013981. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5137\/1019-5149.Jtn.37599-22.2","journal-title":"Turk Neurosurg"},{"issue":"8","key":"4695_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-020-03042-x","volume":"45","author":"M Efendioglu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Efendioglu M, Basaran R, Akca M, Ceman D, Demirtas C, Yildirim M (2020) Combination therapy of gabapentin and N-acetylcysteine against posttraumatic epilepsy in rats. Neurochem Res 45(8):1802\u20131812. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11064-020-03042-x","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"4695_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(72)90177-0","volume":"32","author":"RJ Racine","year":"1972","unstructured":"Racine RJ (1972) Modification of seizure activity by electrical stimulation: II. Motor seizure. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 32(3):281\u2013294. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0013-4694(72)90177-0","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"4695_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2019.04.010","volume":"182","author":"M Mousavi-Hasanzadeh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mousavi-Hasanzadeh M, Rezaeian-Varmaziar H, Shafaat O, Jand A, Palizvan MR (2019) The effect of co-administration of pentylenetetrazole with pilocarpine: new modified PTZ models of kindling and seizure. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 182:7\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pbb.2019.04.010","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"issue":"5","key":"4695_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-025-04541-5","volume":"50","author":"U Aykin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Aykin U, Demirtas C, Uzun SK, Yildirim M (2025) Probiotics co-administered with LCM enhance antiepileptic efficacy in the experimental post-traumatic epilepsy model. Neurochem Res 50(5):290. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11064-025-04541-5","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"4695_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.70546","volume":"15","author":"C Demirtas","year":"2025","unstructured":"Demirtas C, Akca M, Aykin U, Surmeneli YE, Yildirim H, Yildirim M (2025) Effective protection against status epilepticus caused by lithium-pilocarpine: combination of midazolam and lacosamide. Brain Behav 15(5):e70546. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/brb3.70546","journal-title":"Brain Behav"},{"issue":"5","key":"4695_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6490","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-025-04690-2","volume":"62","author":"AR Mazi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mazi AR, Karakoc Y, Demirtas C, Aykin U, Yildirim M (2025) Extracellular matrix alterations due to early-life adversity: implications for auditory learning in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Mol Neurobiol 62(5):6490\u20136502. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12035-025-04690-2","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"issue":"18","key":"4695_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2014.09.026","volume":"47","author":"O Erel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Erel O, Neselioglu S (2014) A novel and automated assay for thiol\/disulphide homeostasis. Clin Biochem 47(18):326\u2013332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2014.09.026","journal-title":"Clin Biochem"},{"key":"4695_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.13258","author":"B Snyder","year":"2017","unstructured":"Snyder B, Shell B, Cunningham JT, Cunningham RL (2017) Chronic intermittent hypoxia induces oxidative stress and inflammation in brain regions associated with early-stage neurodegeneration. Physiol Rep. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14814\/phy2.13258","journal-title":"Physiol Rep"},{"key":"4695_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2015.10.002","volume":"33","author":"B Lucke-Wold","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lucke-Wold B, Nguyen L, Turner RC, Logsdon AF, Chen Y, Smith K et al (2015) Traumatic brain injury and epilepsy: underlying mechanisms leading to seizure. Seizure 33:13\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.seizure.2015.10.002","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"4695_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.01149","author":"S Xu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xu S, Sun Q, Fan J, Jiang Y, Yang W, Cui Y et al (2019) Role of astrocytes in post-traumatic epilepsy. Front Neurol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2019.01149","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"4695_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/7792791","volume":"2022","author":"W L\u00fc","year":"2022","unstructured":"L\u00fc W, Wu Z, Zhang C, Gao T, Ling X, Xu M et al (2022) Jujuboside a exhibits an antiepileptogenic effect in the rat model via protection against traumatic epilepsy-induced oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2022:1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2022\/7792791","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"4695_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/eneuro.0385-17.2018","volume":"5","author":"EA Newell","year":"2018","unstructured":"Newell EA, Todd BP, Mahoney JC, Pieper AA, Ferguson PJ, Bassuk AG (2018) Combined blockade of interleukin-1\u03b1 and -1\u03b2 signaling protects mice from cognitive dysfunction after traumatic brain injury. eNeuro 5(2):ENEURO.0385-17.2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/eneuro.0385-17.2018","journal-title":"eNeuro"},{"key":"4695_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2019.00006","author":"J Popovitz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Popovitz J, Mysore SP, Adwanikar H (2019) Long-term effects of traumatic brain injury on anxiety-like behaviors in mice: behavioral and neural correlates. Front Behav Neurosci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnbeh.2019.00006","journal-title":"Front Behav Neurosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"4695_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159x12666140923205715","volume":"12","author":"B Martinc","year":"2015","unstructured":"Martinc B, Grabnar I, Vovk T (2015) Antioxidants as a preventive treatment for epileptic process: a review of the current status. Curr Neuropharmacol 12(6):527\u2013550. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1570159x12666140923205715","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4695_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1093\/jrr\/rrs073","volume":"54","author":"FA G\u00fcltekin","year":"2012","unstructured":"G\u00fcltekin FA, Bakkal BH, G\u00fcven B, Ta\u015fd\u00f6ven \u0130, Bekta\u015f S, Can M et al (2012) Effects of ozone oxidative preconditioning on radiation-induced organ damage in rats. J Radiat Res 54(1):36\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jrr\/rrs073","journal-title":"J Radiat Res"},{"key":"4695_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2019.101278","volume":"26","author":"T Shekh\u2010Ahmad","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shekh\u2010Ahmad T, Lieb A, Kovac S, Gola L, Wigley WC, Abramov AY et al (2019) Combination antioxidant therapy prevents epileptogenesis and modifies chronic epilepsy. Redox Biol 26:101278. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.redox.2019.101278","journal-title":"Redox Biol"},{"key":"4695_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-023-04695-2","author":"S Sandouka","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sandouka S, Singh PK, Saadi A, Taiwo RO, Sheeni Y, Zhang T et al (2023) Repurposing dimethyl fumarate as an antiepileptogenic and disease-modifying treatment for drug-resistant epilepsy. J Transl Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12967-023-04695-2","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"4695_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2021.113946","volume":"348","author":"VM Golub","year":"2022","unstructured":"Golub VM, Reddy DS (2022) Contusion brain damage in mice for modelling of post-traumatic epilepsy with contralateral hippocampus sclerosis: comprehensive and longitudinal characterization of spontaneous seizures, neuropathology, and neuropsychiatric comorbidities. Exp Neurol 348:113946. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.expneurol.2021.113946","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"4695_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2022.105633","volume":"165","author":"T Singh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Singh T, Batabyal T, Kapur J (2022) Neuronal circuits sustaining neocortical-injury-induced status epilepticus. Neurobiol Dis 165:105633. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nbd.2022.105633","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"4695_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14248713","author":"BS Esneault","year":"2025","unstructured":"Esneault BS, Maddox MB, Loewe EM, Pappolla MA, Parker-Actlis TQ, Shekoohi S et al (2025) Pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic pain management in patients with traumatic brain injury: a multidisciplinary approach. J Clin Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm14248713","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"4695_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharep.2016.10.001","volume":"69","author":"T Singh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Singh T, Goel RK (2017) Adjuvant neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibition for combined treatment of epilepsy and comorbid depression. Pharmacol Rep 69(1):143\u2013149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pharep.2016.10.001","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"4695_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2705","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.26044","volume":"233","author":"N Braidy","year":"2017","unstructured":"Braidy N, Izadi M, Sureda A, Jafari NJ, Banki A, Nabavi SF et al (2017) Therapeutic relevance of ozone therapy in degenerative diseases: focus on diabetes and spinal pain. J Cell Physiol 233(4):2705\u20132714. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcp.26044","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4695_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1097\/fjc.0b013e31827a820d","volume":"61","author":"L Delgado-Roche","year":"2013","unstructured":"Delgado-Roche L, Mart\u0131\u0301nez-S\u00e1nchez G, Re L (2013) Ozone oxidative preconditioning prevents atherosclerosis development in New Zealand White rabbits. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 61(2):160\u2013165. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/fjc.0b013e31827a820d","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4695_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1080\/15384101.2019.1691763","volume":"19","author":"Z Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li Z, Xu R, Zhu X, Li Y, Wang Y, Xu W (2020) MicroRNA-23a-3p improves traumatic brain injury through modulating the neurological apoptosis and inflammation response in mice. Cell Cycle 19(1):24\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15384101.2019.1691763","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"4695_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci7050046","author":"R Eme","year":"2017","unstructured":"Eme R (2017) Neurobehavioral outcomes of mild traumatic brain injury: a mini review. Brain Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci7050046","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"4695_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.18219","volume":"66","author":"M Heiskanen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Heiskanen M, Ndode-Ekane XE, Ali I, Santana-Gomez C, Puhakka N, Gupta SD et al (2025) Plasma microRNAs as prognostic biomarkers for development of severe epilepsy after experimental traumatic brain injury-EpiBioS4Rx project 1 study. Epilepsia 66(3):870\u2013885. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/epi.18219","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"4695_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2023.107089","volume":"191","author":"AM Nomair","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nomair AM, Mekky JF, El-Hamshary SA, Nomeir HM (2023) Circulating miR-146a-5p and miR-132-3p as potential diagnostic biomarkers in epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 191:107089. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2023.107089","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res"},{"key":"4695_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2021.108763","volume":"699","author":"S Paul","year":"2021","unstructured":"Paul S, Ruiz-Manriquez LM, Ledesma-Pacheco SJ, Benavides-Aguilar JA, Torres-Copado A, Morales-Rodr\u00edguez JI et al (2021) Roles of microRNAs in chronic pediatric diseases and their use as potential biomarkers: a review. Arch Biochem Biophys 699:108763. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.abb.2021.108763","journal-title":"Arch Biochem Biophys"},{"issue":"1-3","key":"4695_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2009.06.056","volume":"616","author":"V Gaur","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gaur V, Aggarwal A, Kumar A (2009) Protective effect of naringin against ischemic reperfusion cerebral injury: possible neurobehavioral, biochemical and cellular alterations in rat brain. Eur J Pharmacol 616(1\u20133):147\u2013154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejphar.2009.06.056","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4695_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-024-02684-6","volume":"24","author":"C Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang C, Zhu Y, Liu W, Ren L, Wu Z, Chen J (2024) Efficacy of ozonated autohemotherapy for improvement of myocardial injury following traumatic brain injury. BMC Anesthesiol 24(1):324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12871-024-02684-6","journal-title":"BMC Anesthesiol"}],"container-title":["Neurochemical Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11064-026-04695-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11064-026-04695-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11064-026-04695-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T03:36:43Z","timestamp":1777261003000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11064-026-04695-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["4695"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11064-026-04695-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["0364-3190","1573-6903"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0364-3190","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-6903","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 January 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 February 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 February 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"82"}}